...Research of Literature for Case Study #5 Primary Hyperparathyroidism Carrie Virgil Gillette College Case Study #5 Primary Hyperparathyroidism Introduction Hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder involving the parathyroid glands. According to Timby and Smith (2010), Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid gland dysfunctions. Primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism are two disorders that occur when the parathyroid gland dysfunctions (Timby and Smith, 2010). This case study will focus on primary hyperparathyroidism. Timby and Smith (2010) report that primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when excess parathormone is secreted from an enlarged parathyroid gland. Mayo Clinic (2011) notes the excess hormone results in increased phosphorus released in the urine and an excessive loss of calcium from the bones. According to Mayo Clinic (2010), the excess calcium in the blood stream causes hypercalcemia, which can cause a variety of health problems. Timby and Smith (2010) confirm that hypercalcemia can depress the responsiveness of the peripheral nerves, which can result in fatigue and muscle weakness. Fuleihan and Silverberg (2012) report severe bone loss and kidney stones are major clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed by an elevated PTH concentration or by a normal PTH concentration with an elevated serum calcium concentration (Fuleihan and Silverburg, 2012). Timby and Smith (2010) state a 24 hour urine...
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...effects all ages, and it quite often goes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed for other conditions mostly due to a lack of knowledge of the condition throughout the medical profession. I. INTRODUCTION A. It is benign, yet will slowly kill you within about twenty years if left untreated. It is one of the most underdiagnosed, undertreated and underreported endocrine conditions in the world, especially among the elderly, according to university studies performed at UCLA and Second University of Naples, Italy, Tulane Medical Center Department of Endocrinology, Norman Parathyroid Center in Tampa, Florida and the Center for Endocrine Surgery at Cleveland Clinic. Very noticeable symptoms in the young can seem quite vague in the elderly. So, what is it? It’s called primary hyperparathyroidism. B. Though there are two types of hyperparathyroidism, primary and secondary, I am going to focus on primary hyperparathyroidism for the purpose of this discussion as it is the most common according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Our four parathyroid (PT) glands, each normally the size of a grain of rice, are usually located in the neck on the backside of the thyroid gland, but have also been found higher or lower in the neck and chest area. So as to not confuse the two, the PT and the thyroid glands have completely different functions even though they are usually physically connected to one another. Our PT glands regulate...
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...endocrinology? * The study of hormones chemical messangers * Nucleus collectiom of cell bodies of neurons of CNS * Ganglia collection of cell bodies of PNS II. Neurotransmitters vs. hormones * Neurotransmitters: * released into synapses (aka synaptic cleft) via exocytosis * secreted from the secreting cell to the target * affinity of neurotransmitter receptor binding lower because more neurotransmitter concentrated in synapses * Hormones: * released into circulation by exocytosis hormones diluted in blood * received by distant target cell (endocrine) * affinity of hormone receptor binding higher affinity for hormone because hormone in diluted in blood III. 3 types of hormone signals: * endocrine signalclassic hormone; stimulated far away via blood * paracrine signalstimulates adjacent target cell (para= beside) * autocrine signal stimulates itself (auto= self) IV. Chemical classes of hormones: * Proteins multiple peptides/ long polypeptide chain - ex: glucagon/ insulin * Steroids made of cholesterol * ex: testosterone/ estrogen * cholesterol: * 20-22 desmolase acts on cholesterol to make a 21 carbon molecule called pregnenolane (aka P450SCC- Side Chain clearing) * 20-22 desmolase is the 1st enzyme to modify cholesterol during steroidegenisis (synthesis of a seriod) * Peptides short chain of amino acids via peptide bonds * ex: TRH- tripepide/ Thyroxine Releasing Hormone/ oT- nonapeptide ...
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...The Endocrine System- Hormones and Behavior The Endocrine System Hormones & Behaviors Our behavior is not solely a product of the nervous system. The endocrine glands are equally important parallel communication system in the body. The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream or the lymph system. I have found a table that shows which glands are in the body and what exactly they produce or do for a human. Adrenal glands - Divided into 2 regions; secrete hormones that influence the body's metabolism, blood chemicals, and body characteristics, as well as influence the part of the nervous system that is involved in the response and defense against stress. Hypothalamus - Activates and controls the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many body functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite. Ovaries and testicles - Secrete hormones that influence female and male characteristics, respectively. Pancreas -Secretes a hormone (insulin) that controls the use of glucose by the body. Parathyroid glands - Secrete a hormone that maintains the calcium level in the blood. Pineal body - Involved with daily biological cycles. Helps regulate the body rhythms and sleep cycles. Pituitary gland - Produces a number of different hormones that influence various other endocrine glands. Thymus gland - Plays a role in the body's immune...
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...Calcium and vitamin D combination therapy has been accepted as the baseline treatment for osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation reduced the risk of hip fractures and other non-vertebral fractures among elderly women in a three year clinical study and also show significant benefit after 18 months.60 Bisphosphonates Bisphosphonates are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat osteoporosis. The first bisphosphonate approved by the FDA was Alendronate, a once daily oral medication. Now other drug have been added to the list such as pamidronate; alendronate; ibandronate; etidronate, clodronate; risedronate prescribed daily, weekly, or monthly at varying doses; Zoledronic acid with a single intravenous transfusion annually. Bisphosphates...
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...recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes. However, optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have not been defined. This review summarizes evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density (BMD), lowerextremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer. For all endpoints, the most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D begin at 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), and the best are between 90 and 100 nmol/L (36 – 40 ng/mL). In most persons, these concentrations could not be reached with the currently recommended intakes of 200 and 600 IU vitamin D/d for younger and older adults, respectively. A comparison of vitamin D intakes with achieved serum concentrations of 25(OH)D for the purpose of estimating optimal intakes led us to suggest that, for bone health in younger adults and all studied outcomes in older adults, an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted. An intake for all adults of 1000 IU (40 g) vitamin D (cholecalciferol)/d is needed to bring vitamin D concentrations in no less than 50% of the population up to 75 nmol/L. The implications of higher doses for the entire adult population should be addressed in future studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:18 –28. KEY WORDS 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D intake, bone density, lower-extremity strength, colorectal cancer INTRODUCTION suppression of PTH or optimal calcium...
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...The endocrine system is made up of several glands that secrete different hormones. These glands are the: Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Pancreas, and Adrenal Glands as well as the ovaries and testes. All of these glands have a hand in generating hormones responsible for different behaviors either directly or indirectly. “Gender identity is how we feel about and express our gender and gender roles — clothing, behavior, and personal appearance. It is a feeling that we have as early as age two or three” ("Gender And Gender Identity", 2001). While there is much to say about the brain and its relationship to personal gender identity it is also very evident that the interaction between hormones and behavior is a deciding factor as well. Biological Factors & Gender Identity Our personal biology is what we are born with, things that are distinctive to us. Whether someone has red or blonde hair, brown or blue eyes, or light or dark skin is part of their biology. More specifically our sexual organs are perhaps the most distinctive parts of our biology because they set the groundwork for how we will be viewed by society, whether we personally feel that way or not. I say this because our sexual organs will inevitably determine our appearance. Having male organs causes boys/men secrete more androgens or male hormones (testosterone) than girls. Because they secrete a larger amount of these hormones they will develop more “male” characteristics as far as appearance, and...
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...the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3. Circulating hormone levels: Changing levels of growth hormone, androgens and estrogens, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin increase or decrease the rate of mineral deposition in bone. As a result, many disorders of the endocrine system will have an impact on the skeletal system. For example: 1. The age of the individual: During development, bone deposition occurs faster than...
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...Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives a short survey of the history of hypothyroidism and its treatment. 1. Introduction During the 50 years preceding World War I, medicine saw a wealth of new ideas and novel procedures, not in the least within the field of endocrinology. Among major achievements of this period were the recognition of the importance of the pituitary gland, first suggested by Oscar Minkowski (1858–1931) [1] and...
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...Overview Hypercalcemia is the most common life-threatening metabolic disorder associated with neoplastic diseases, occurring in an estimated 10% to 20% of all adults with cancer. It also occurs in children with cancer, but with much less frequency (approximately 0.5%–1%).[1-3] Solid tumors (such as lung or breast cancer tumors) as well as certain hematologic malignancies (particularly multiple myeloma) are most frequently associated with hypercalcemia.[4] Although early diagnosis followed by hydration and treatment with agents that decrease serum calcium concentrations (hypocalcemic drugs) can produce symptomatic improvements within a few days, diagnosis may be complicated because symptoms may be insidious at onset and can be confused with those of many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, diagnosis and timely interventions not only are lifesaving in the short term but also may enhance the patient’s compliance with primary and supportive treatments and may improve quality of life.[5] When a patient has a refractory, widely disseminated malignancy for which specific therapy is no longer being pursued, the patient may want to consider withholding therapy for hypercalcemia. For patients or families who have expressed their wishes regarding end-of-life issues, this may represent a preferred timing and/or mode of death (as compared with a more prolonged death from advancing metastatic disease). This option is best considered long before the onset of severe hypercalcemia or...
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...cancers such as oral cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and gastric cancer. Salivary diagnostics is also used in cardiology, in risk evaluation for cardiovascular diseases in people with insulin resistance or for acute miocardial infarction. In patients with cystic fibrosis increased levels of prostaglandins and decreased concentrations of protease enzyme were recorded in saliva. The changes in hormones such as cortisol, alpha-amylase and glutathion in anxiety disorders, persons with intellectual disability, ADHD, autism and dental phobia has been clearly demonstrated. In addition, an extensive variety of stressors have been investigated in occupational and environmental medicine. Since testosterone in saliva is free, unbound with proteins, the use of saliva for its determination is completely justified and recently, determinations of testosterone levels are widely used in evaluating the extent of aggression, depression, violence, and antisocial behavior in psychiatric patients. Finally, saliva is used to screen the levels of aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, glucose, and...
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...the motor neurons slowly degenerate eventually leading to a person’s death. When the motor neurons die our brain loses the ability to initiate and control muscle movement. As the neurons die, a person’s body loses voluntary muscle action. This causes people to lose the ability to speak, eat, move and breathe. There are two different types of ALS, sporadic and familial. Sporadic is the most common form of the disease, with 90 – 95 percent of the cases (2016). Familial means the disease is inherited, accounting for 5 to 10 percent of the cases. According to The ALS Association a population study has show that a little over 5,600 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS each year (2016). 60% of the people with ALS are men and 93% are Caucasian. People usually develop ALS between the ages of 40 – 70, but has occurred when a person is in their twenties and thirties (2016). ALS is 20% more common in men than in women. Heredity is also a risk factor with 5 to 10 percent of people with ALS inheriting the disease (Mayo, 2014). A recent study has shown that people with familial ALS and non-inherited ALS have some of the same genetic variations (Mayo, 2014). Exposure to cigarette smoking, lead, and other metals have also been found as being a risk factor for ALS. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord (Coupe, Gordon, 2013). ALS...
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...PATHO Exam 3 Study Guide * Define KEY WORDS (terminology) listed in the syllabus * Answer the OUTCOMES in the syllabus as if they are questions * Review all Activities, Games, extra videos, journal articles, etc. posted in course contents * Review the handouts from class: case studies, matching, charts, etc. Normal Values | Intracranial pressure | 5-10 mm Hg | Blood glucose | 70-130 | Hgb A1c | <5.7% | Thyroid levels | | Parathyroid levels | | Types of bone cells | Osteoblasts | Bone forming cellsThey are responsible for bone growth and repair | Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have become trapped, imprisoned within mineralized bone matrix (MATURE BONE CELLS) | Osteoclasts | Reabsorb or remove bone during growth and repair (also assist in the release of calcium and phosphate)**bone reabsorption; bone destroying cells | *So, if one is immobilized then the osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity in bone marrow decreases. This is why we have debone mineralization during immobilization. Maintenance of bone integrity | This occurs through remodeling and it is a 3 phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down [repairs bone, does not heal bones] | Phase 1 | Activation phaseThis is where a stimulus occurs, such as a weight baring exercise, causing the formation of osteoclasts | Phase 2 | Resorption This is where osteoclasts form a cutting zone and resorb or remove bone | Phase 3 | Formation...
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...Midterm Reviewer General Psychology Psychology – is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Wilehelm Wundt – “Father of psychology” * Aristotle – methods of Contemporary Science. * Francis Bacon – Deductive Reasoning in the study of behavior. * Charles Darwin – 1859, Theory of Evolution. * Psyche – mind / soul * Locos – study 4 Goals of Psychology * Describe – Detailed of record of ascertain behaviour. Qualitative – names, sex, and nationality, rating/ranking. Quantitative – weights; height, speed, distance, no. of age. * Understand - explain or interpret facts about behavior. The causes of certain. Sign learning. Verbal punishment. Dispositional – nature of personality/ reason. * Predict – predict future behavior. a) Scientific b) Casual c) Cause and Effect * Control – controlling behavior may be done thought planning based on accurate prediction. Traditional Schools of Psychology * Structuralism – structure of the mind. (Edward B. Titchener) a) Sensation b) Image c) Feelings Introspection – a method of metal self-analysis w/c feeling, thinking, & behavior. * Functionalism – how the mind function in the adjustment of man to his environment. ( William James) [ Experimental ] * Functional * Advises * Gestalt – the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ( Max Weltheirmer, Wolfgang Kholer, & Kurt Koffka ) [ Experimental ] * Behaviorism – The important of learning &...
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...Oral Oncology 50 (2014) 577–586 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Oral Oncology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oraloncology Review ACR Appropriateness CriteriaÒ thyroid carcinoma Joseph K. Salama a,⇑, Daniel W. Golden b, Sue S. Yom c, Madhur Kumar Garg d, Joshua Lawson e, Mark W. McDonald f, Harry Quon g, John A. Ridge h, Nabil Saba i, Richard V. Smith j, Francis Worden k, Anamaria Reyna Yeung l, Jonathan J. Beitler m a Duke University, Durham, NC, United States University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States d Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States e Lexington Medical Center, West Columbia, SC, United States f Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States g Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States h American College of Surgeons, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States i American Society of Clinical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States j American College of Surgeons, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States k American Society of Clinical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States l University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States m Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States b c a r t i c l e i n f o s u m m a r y The ACR Head and Neck Cancer Appropriateness Criteria Committee reviewed relevant medical...
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