...shortage: a situation in which consumers want more of a good or service than producers are willing to make available at particular prices • entrepreneur: a person who decides how to combine resources to create goods and services • factors of production: the resources that are used to make goods and services Chapter 1, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3 Key Terms, cont. • land: all natural resources used to produce goods and services • labor: the effort people devote to tasks for which they are paid • capital: any human-made resource that is used to produce other goods and services • physical capital: the human-made objects used to create other goods and services • human capital: the knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience Chapter 1, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4 Chapter 1, Section: What is Economics? EQ: How does scarcity force people to make economic choices? – Scarcity forces all of us to make choices by making us decide which options are most important to us. – The principle of scarcity states that there are limited goods and services for unlimited wants. Thus, people need to make choices in order to satisfy the wants that are most important to...
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...Impact on child’s mentality over styles of parenting. Is parenting really momentous? Does the style of parenting have a prominent effect on his or her child’s life? Through different researches done all over the world, It is been proved that the style of parenting does have an absolute impact on the child’s mentality and social skills. In 1971, Diana Baumrind, a popular psychologist who conducted a plenty of observations about parent-child relationships, was able to come up with three main styles of parenting. According to Baumrind, the three parenting styles are: “authoritarian style- parents are highly controlling, strict and highly value obedience, authoritative style- parents allow the chid to explore more freely and let the child make their own decisions, permissive style- parents treat the child kind and warm, but a lack of rule-setting skills can be seen” (Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88). With time, one more style of parenting was introduced. It is “uninvolved parentingminimum involvement in the child’s day today life”. Apparently, each parenting style has varying characteristics with different child- parent relationships and different parent-child relationships. Children who experience positive parent-child relationships carry developed mentality and social skills. According to researches, it has been found that ‘authoritative parenting’ works best for children, since it carries a lot of positive qualities of a successful relationship. Authoritative...
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...Once a parent becomes incarcerated there are a vary of services and resources available. The Parenting Inside Out is an evidence-based parenting skills program that was developed for parents involved with the criminal justice system. It is a prison parenting program which suitable for both incarcerated mothers and fathers who are parenting from prison (Parenting Inside Out, 2018). This program has assisted thousands of parents reconstruct their relationship with their children and families. This program is based on the social learning and cognitive behavioral theories to create change with criminal justice involved persons. The program includes a complete curriculum manual with lesson plans, parenting coach manual, materials for participants, and a webinar-based training program. The topics covered are communication skills, problem-solving skills, emotion regulation (anger management), child development, nurturing children through reading and play, family dynamics, giving effective directions and using positive reinforcement, child guidance and non-violent discipline techniques, adult development and parenting role, and transition planning and family reintegration (Parenting Inside Out, 2018). Evaluation of the...
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...“Children of Mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder: Identifying Parenting Behaviors as Potential Targets for Intervention” According to the study, children of mothers suffering with Borderline Personality Disorders (BPD) should be classified as being in a high-risk group. BPD characteristics include: unhealthy and stormy relationships, impulsivity, uncontrollable anger and emotional instability, thought disturbances and continual suicidal ideations. Generally speaking, persons with BPD are miserable, even after their suicidal thoughts and impulsivity subside. A larger percentage of those diagnosed with BPD are women (in clinical settings, 75%) and in the U.S., there are over six million women diagnosed with BPD. One can conclude that a large number of these women are mothers. The issue concerning the general public is that functional impairment is a major characteristic of someone with BPD; mixed in with the large number of mothers with BPD, this becomes an important issue. The study aims to review the implications on children of mothers with BPD and those interventions which can minimize the impact on these kids and help the mothers to become better parents (Stepp S, Whalen D, Pilkonis P, Hipwell A, Levine M. 2011). Evidence does exist to show that mothers with BPD sometimes transmit their disorder to their offspring. There was a four to twenty fold increase in BPD prevalence in diagnoses and traits within first degree relatives. It seems...
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...INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON SOCIAL SKILLS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION There is a great agreement among developmental psychologists that parenting styles have important implications for child development (Darling, et al, 1993). Child rearing or commonly known as parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviours that work individually or together to influence child outcomes. The relationship between a student and his or her parents has been noted to have an influential impact on not only the student performance in school but also in his/her life generally. Parenting styles have been analysed and grouped by educationists. Numerous studies such as Baumrind, (1991), Maccoby & Martin, (1983), Mandara, (2006) and Micki, (2008), have shown that the parenting style experienced by children contribute in no small measure to the moulding of the behavioral pattern generally and specifically, the social skills and academic performance of the children. Miki (2008) noted that the relationship between parenting styles and their children's social skills and academic performance has shown that parents can have a dramatic impact on their children’s performance, often resulting in a vast improvement. Also, though; not as preventing, it is also shown that parents can have a powerful impact on their children's behaviour in the classroom and at other...
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...infants and early childhood development is empty and absorbable like a sponge throughout adulthood. At infancy stage, the brain develops according to exposure to verbal expression exposure and visual physical observation exposure. The human being brain will utilize the exposures throughout the developing stages in life (Feldman, 2010). Parenting interaction with an infant and environmental condition affects the way infants develop. Hence, it is fundamental to set positive structure from the beginning because the exposure cannot be undone when raising a child. It is significantly important to provide a nurturing environment. The Affect Families Have On Infants and Childhood Development From infancy, the brain instantaneously goes through developmental change. The progress is an effect of genes and the environment the infant is exposing to and as an outcome of experiences. Early childhood experiences have two categories; experience-dependent and experience-expectant. Experience-expectant refers to the development of the nervous system and it is predictable to develop in a certain way. Standard cognitive growth is reliant of the positive type of environmental exposure. With the exception of any type of fetal damage to the brain, in order for the experience-expectant to be within usual range of development; when an infant is exposed to a loving gesture (as an example), it should respond cognitively. Experience-dependent growth refers to the conditioned behavior response...
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...comes to parenting and raising our kids we all want them to grow up and be responsible productive adults that contribute positively to society. Unfortunately this is not always to case, the way we raise our kids can either lead them to be positive impact on the society or they could go down the other road and have a negative impact on society. So as parents we are either too blame or given credit for how our children turn out. The parenting style you choose can have a very important impact on how your child lives as an adult. Parents are their children’s most important role models, it is important for parental control in each step of our children’s life and education. As parents we are our children’s most valuable and important role models, what they learn from us will guide who they are as adults. When our children are small one way they learn how to do things is by watching what others are doing and modeling what they do, and how they behave, this is what developmental psychologist Albert Bandura call social cognitive theory. Children are so impressionable they will model a parent’s behavior good or bad. The parenting style you use when raising your kids could have a large impact on the way they turn out as adults. According to developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind there are four different parenting styles when it comes to raising children Authorative, Authoritarian, permissive-indulgent, and rejecting-neglecting (Shriner & Shriner, 2013). Authorative parenting is when...
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...infants and early childhood development is empty and absorbable like a sponge throughout adulthood. At infancy stage, the brain develops according to exposure to verbal expression exposure and visual physical observation exposure. The human being brain will utilize the exposures throughout the developing stages in life (Feldman, 2010). Parenting interaction with an infant and environmental condition affects the way infants develop. Hence, it is fundamental to set positive structure from the beginning because the exposure cannot be undone when raising a child. It is significantly important to provide a nurturing environment. The Affect Families Have On Infants and Childhood Development From infancy, the brain instantaneously goes through developmental change. The progress is an effect of genes and the environment the infant is exposing to and as an outcome of experiences (Feldman, 2010). Early childhood experiences have two categories; experience-dependent and experience-expectant. Experience-expectant refers to the development of the nervous system and it is predictable to develop in a certain way. Standard cognitive growth is reliant of the positive type of environmental exposure. With the exception of any type of fetal damage to the brain, in order for the experience-expectant to be within usual range of development; when an infant is exposed to a loving gesture (as an example), it should respond cognitively. Experience-dependent growth refers to the conditioned behavior response...
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...RUNNING HEAD: CULTURE AND PARENTING Culture and parenting Introduction Parenting is the first and likely most important mechanism through which culture is reproduced (Cauce, 2008). Every child is born into a certain circumstance and learns through interactions with the surroundings. Parents are generally the first and key people in a child’s life, so it should come as no surprise that parenting has influences on the development of children’s temperament, which later impacts their school performance. This article is going to explore how parenting varies among different ethnic groups including Asian Americans, African American, Latinos, and European Americans. More specifically, what factors should be included when considering the parenting characteristics of a unique ethnic group and what implications might they have for schooling today. Theories Two of the modern theories that are concerned with cultural influences on human development are Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. First, Vygotsky’s theory defined culture as the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group. His Sociocultural Theory focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction – in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking...
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...development occurs. Infancy and early childhood development is a part of a crucial production of their lives. The development that forms their foundation for the absorbing of information and the security of a child. There are positive and negative attributes that can affect the key functions one could endure or be subjected to pre-delivery and post-delivery. The negative influence can call a halt in the progression of development. Family dynamics, and parenting styles are direct key influences over the child’s life. The parenting styles will contribute greatly in support in areas like socially, culturally, physically, and mentally. Understanding what parenting style you depict, will cause you to be aware of the effectiveness of the style toward the promotion of among criteria and cognitive development of a child Effect of Families on Development The family’s role on the effects of a child’s growth has more influence on a child’s development from the very early stages of life. Children develop better in a more supportive environment where the families are consistent, observant, and sensitive. Families are in charge of providing critical factors during infancy, such as a supportive comfort, love, facial cueing, interaction, and communication skills, which will improve in the later building of communication and understanding their peers (Berger, 2011). The first line of communication is usually imparted by the immediate family. If the family speaks another language this...
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...Influence of Parenting Styles on Junior Secondary School Students' Performance in Social Studies in ilorin Emirate AbdulRaheem Yusuf, Ayorinde Samuel Agbonna and Hamdalat Taiwo Yusuf Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of llorin, llorin Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of parenting styles on junior secondary school students' performance in social studies in llorin Emirate, Nigeria. The study used questionnaire and Proforma to collect data on parenting styles and students' performance. The data on junior school certificate and parenting styles were analyzed using frequency count, percentages and chi- square to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses raised in the study. The results showed that the parenting styles adopted had influence on the performance of the students. In addition, it was observed that students from authoritative parenting had better performance than students from other parenting styles. It was recommended among others that parents should adopt authoritative parenting style to enhance optimal performance of the students. In addition, the school should create structures and strengthen the existing ones that would provide parent training intervention. Introduction The relationship between a student and his or her parents has been noted to have an influential impact on not only the studen t performance in school but also in his/her life generally. Parenting styles have...
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...and they provide the first cultural context. The family is the foundation for psychosocial, cognitive, and biosocial development. An infant is completely dependent on the parent, caretaker, or surrogate. Early experiences that mold psychosocial and cognitive development are dependent on socialization within the child’s family. A newborn quickly learns to associate a mother’s smell to comfort and nourishment. A few months later, a child delights in the faces of his or her family. Gradually, the child will begin to sort through the speech stream and learn the language spoken by his or her parents. Arranz, Oliva, De Miguel, Olabarrieta, and Richards (2010) propose that the continuation of positive parental expectations, scaffolding, attachment style, attachment quality, and authoritative parenting throughout infancy and early childhood results in more advanced cognitive development. In early childhood, the child’s contextual experiences will expand to include teachers, community, playgroups, and new...
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...Chapter 2 Early Childhood Development Theories Abstract Developmental theories are useful towards understanding how children learn and grow, and by what means their trajectories can be supported. Most theorists agree that both biology and experience are key factors that shape developmental outcomes. Risk and protective factors are said to contribute to development and often can be modified through intervention efforts. The prevention model emphasizes a foundation of supports and services aimed to foster healthy development. Keywords Secure base behavior • Emotional regulation • Egocentric • Accommodation • Assimilation • Equilibrium • Zone of proximal development • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Punishment • Parenting styles • Modeling • Ecological theory • Risk and protective factors • Prevention model Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior or how personalities form, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into both the individual and societal influences on early development. The next section will briefly review the major developmental theories that help to explain how development unfolds, sources of vulnerability and protection that influence child development, and how the course of development may be altered by prevention and intervention efforts. Understanding factors which may support...
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...Successful Parent”). Being raised in a nontraditional family seems unmanageable to many yet over time it has become more established. In today’s society, several children have grown up to become emotionally stable and successful whether raised in a traditional or non-traditional family. The problem is in the difference of children raised in traditional families versus children raised in a non-traditional family. Are non–traditional families just as good as or better than traditional families when raising a successful child? Should good parenting and an individual’s parenting skills be more of a concern than the family’s structure when raising a successful child? With many assumptions, this topic has become a very interesting argument. What parents must understand is properly raising a child is more important than the structure of the family. Children of non-traditional families can be just as progressive with emotional, social and behavioral skills as those of a traditional family....
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...personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, "Because I said so." These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents "are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991). 2. Authoritative Parenting Like...
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