...Fall is a serious problem in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to the nature of the disease that impairs gait, motor, and cognition (Canning, et al., 2015; Gao, et al., 2014; Mirelman, et al., 2011). Sixty percent of people with PD fall annually and two-third of them fall repeatedly (Canning et al., 2015). Falls may lead to injury, pain, functional decline, fear of falling, and reduction in quality of life (Canning, et al., 2015; Gao, et al., 2014). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of exercise interventions that could prevent or reduce fall incidence in people with PD. Computerized literature searches were conducted using CINAHL and PubMed. For CINAHL, “fall prevention” AND “Parkinson’s disease” were used...
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...Parkinson’s disease Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder that affects the central nervous system. It affects the body’s movement abilities and creates symptoms such as involuntary shaking of the body. Researchers believe that at least 500,000 people in the United States currently have PD, although some estimates are much higher. Society pays an enormous price for PD. The total cost to the nation is estimated to exceed $6 billion annually. The risk of PD increases with age, so analysts expect the financial and public health impact of this disease to increase as the population gets older. To date, there are no specific diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Diagnosis can only be made by an expert examination after the person has already developed symptoms. Biochemical measures can be used such as a screening strategy monitoring the dopamine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Otherwise, specifically 6(18F)dopa positron emission tomography can be used for a direct measurement of dopamine activity. Using a computer to assess movement time is another test for Parkinson's disease. To examine the electrophysiological characteristics of tremor and preclinical nigral dysfunction characteristic of Parkinson's EMG (electromyography recordings) can be used. Finally, a symptomatic screening is often utilized and consists of nine symptom related questions, as well as disease specific and drug specific questions. This provides an indirect functional measure of the nigrostriatal...
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...Parkinson’s Disease The genetic disorder I chose as my final project is Parkinson’s disease. I chose this topic because I have had numerous patients with Parkinson’s disease and I wanted to learn more about it. Before my research, I didn’t know much about the genetic structures or processes that are involved with Parkinson’s, I just knew the symptoms my patients exhibited, some of which included: uncontrollable tremors, slow motor decline where the patient became unable to feed/dress/take care of self, and mental decline with dementia/hallucinations (www.pdf.org, 2014, para: symptoms). In my experience, it is a hard disease to control later in life because it tends to be a slow progressing disease, which tends to leave the patient completely...
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...Disorder Paper LaTridia M. Chambers Psych/575 November 15, 2012 Dr. Fred Benner Disorder Paper One of the mostly commonly know neurological disorders within society today is Parkinson’s disease. It is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder (Healthwise, 2010). As of today there isn’t a known cure for Parkinson’s disease. Most patients are diagnosed after age of 60, but symptoms can begin much sooner. The most well-known case of this happening is the case of celebrity Michael J. Fox that was diagnosed at the age of 30 with Parkinson’s disease (MedicineNet, 2004). In order to understand treatment methods, it is essential to understand the history, causes, symptoms and pathology of Parkinson’s disease. The disease received its name from James Parkinson, an English doctor (Jankovic, 2008). Parkinson wrote a paper in 1817 entitled “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy.” In the essay, Parkinson reviewed the cases of 6 of his patients who exhibited symptoms of what is now known as Parkinson’s disease. The disease is complicated to explain. It is caused by a defect in nerve cells in the brain. In normal brains, nerve cells make dopamine. Dopamine in turn is the chemical that tells parts of the brain to send signals that control movement. The disease takes place because there is a deficiency of dopamine because of a defect with the nerve cells that create the chemical (Freed, 2001). Dopamine in a healthy brain travels between two areas of the brain: The Substantia Nigra...
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...Parkinson’s Disease Description Parkinson’s Disease, also known as paralysis agitans, is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that affects a person’s movement and their ability to function. What that means is that Parkinson’s is long-lasting disease with no cure that will slowly get worse over time. It affects vital cells in a movement control center located in the brain stem called substantia nigra. These cells, or neurotransmitters, are responsible for producing dopamine which regulates movement and emotions. In a person diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, these neurotransmitters are either malfunctioning or dying off, thus creating a decrease in the amount of dopamine produced. Etiology (Cause) Scientists are currently at a...
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...Parkinson’s Disease Part 1 Melissa Whisman King University NURS 3005 Pathophysiology Jessica Belnap Parkinson’s Disease Part 1 Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common and complex neurodegenerative disorder. It is second only to Alzheimer’s disease in commonality (Lees, A. J.,2011). Parkinson’s disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disorder and is usually idiopathic. The first extensive description of Parkinson’s Disease was written over 2 hundred years ago. In 1817, English physician James Parkinson write an essay describing six causes of a condition called paralysis agitans (Lees, A.J., 2011). The essay, titled “Essay on the Shaking Palsy” described characteristic traits such as resting tremor, abnormal posture and gait, paralysis, and decreased muscle strength, and the way the condition progressed over a period of time (Lees, A.J., 2011). Early neurologists such as Trousseau, Gowers, Kinnier Wilson, and Erb made contributions to the knowledge of Parkinson’s disease. But the most noteworthy was Jean-Martin Charcot. His specific studies between 1868 and 1881 proved to be the turning point in gaining knowledge about the disease (Lees, A.J., 2011). During this particular period of time, Charcot was able to distinguish between muscle rigidity, muscle weakness, and the slowness of movement, also known as bradykinesia. Charcot was instrumental in renaming the disease in honor of James Parkinson. In 1912, Frederic Lewy observed microscopic particles in the...
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...------------------------------------------------- Cellular Disease: Parkinson’s Disease One characteristic that all living beings share is the fact that they are considered to be highly organized, complex creatures. One of the most complex creatures are human beings. The human body contains thousands of genes, proteins and other cellular membranes. Each cell responds to chemical signals from the body or the environment and modifies its behavior in response to signals (Tremblay, 2010). When these cells behave differently from their intended design, the dysfunction is called cellular disease. Cellular disease can include a mutation of the DNA cells, an increase of the amount of cells, insufficiencies in existing cells, or loss of vital cells. Parkinson disease is considered to be one of the most common cellular diseases. It affects the nervous system and causes its victims to experience loss of muscle control. The disease takes place when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. These nerve cells produce a chemical called dopamine that sends signals to the part of the brain that controls movement. It allows muscles to move smoothly and operate as intended (WebMd, 2005). When the cellular disease known as Parkinson’s is present, these nerve cells break down causing a scarcity in the dopamine that is being produced. When there is a deficiency in dopamine, the body tends to move uncontrollably. Parkinson disease is considered a chronic illness. As time progresses...
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...investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders. M1, Asses possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from the signs and symptoms. P1, Parkinson’s disease Nature of disaster Causes, Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of our brain and this is called substantia nigra. Also the nerve cells in our brain are responsible for producing a chemical and that is called the dopamine. However the dopamine acts like a messenger between the parts of the brain and then the nervous system that helps to control and to co-ordinate body movements. If our nerve cells gets damaged then the dopamine in our brain is reduced, and this shows that the part of our brain controlling movement will not work as before. It will cause the movements and abnormal to become slow. It is not known why the loss of nerve cells associated with Parkinson's disease occurs, currently; it is...
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...Ryan Walsh McHenry County College Fall 2015 Abstract: If a patient that has Parkinson's Disease (PD) there is an electrical implant they can receive called Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation (STN-DBS) that is extremely effective in curing the disabling neurological symptoms, most commonly the debilitating motor symptoms of PD. The reason I'm doing this doing this research is to see the negative outcomes of the surgery. I am looking for any emotional or cognitive consequences that can occur in the long-term or short-term time periods. Through my research, I have found that there are some side effects such as: change in mood and behavior, trouble creating and expressing words and having a hard time recognizing facial expressions. I have also found out that there have been cases that have occurred with no negative long-term or short-term effects. Regarding these possible negative consequences, I personally have worked as a caregiver taking care of multiple people with PD and I have seen the extreme negative consequences with the rigidity of their bodies and the danger they put themselves in when they try to do menial tasks such as trying to go to the bathroom. I feel as if the positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences with the STN-DBS implant. If I personally had PD, I would wait another 10-15 years until more research is done for the negative consequences. Annotated Bibliography Pham, U., Solbakk...
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...12/1/2012 Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects your movement. Parkinson's primarily affects neurons in the area of the brain called the substantia nigra. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while tremor may be the most well-known sign of Parkinson's disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement. In early stages of Parkinson's disease, your face may show little or no expression, or your arms may not swing when you walk. Your speech may become soft or slurred. Parkinson's disease symptoms worsen as your condition progresses over time. Although Parkinson's disease can't be cured, medications may markedly improve your symptoms. In occasional cases, your doctor may suggest surgery to regulate certain regions of your brain and improve your symptoms. In 2011, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of DaTscan for detecting images of the level of dopamine transporters in the brains of people with suspected parkinsonian syndromes. To perform DaTscan, doctors inject people with a small amount of a radioactive contrast agent that binds to dopamine transporters in the person’s brain. Then, doctors use a machine called a single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanner to measure the amount and location of the contrast agent, or compound in the brain.. Parkinson's disease symptoms and signs...
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...known that people suffering from chronic diseases have major impact in the healthcare delivery systems, including the elderly population over the age of 65. With the advances in technology combined with the aging population, more people are living longer with chronic diseases. Longer life expectancies count for higher costs in healthcare for the treatment, management and prevention of further complications arising from chronic diseases. The third most common chronic disease of the older adults is Parkinson’s disease. It is a debilitating disease affecting a person’s motor ability, causing tremors, rigidity, akinesia or slow movement, and postural instability. According to the National Institutes of Health, about 500, 000 individuals in the United States suffer from Parkinson’s Disease, and it is estimated that males are more often affected than females. Parkinson’s disease has a large economic impact and directly affects medical costs, as well as the affecting the person financially, such as lost wages and decreased productivity. According to a recent interview with a client suffering from PD over the course of ten years, the disability directly impacted his personal life, financial status, and family members. The next discussion talks about how the patient learned about his disease and the personal impact it created at the beginning of the disease process until the peak onset later in his life. How the patient learned about his disease During the interview with the 65 year...
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...Differential Diagnosis in Dementia By: M.K Parkinson Disease Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder that can cause your muscles to tighten and become rigid, making it difficult to walk and engage in daily activities. People with Parkinson’s disease also experience tremors and, in some cases, may ultimately develop cognitive problems, including memory loss and dementia. Parkinson's disease was first characterized extensively by an English doctor, James Parkinson, in 1817. Today, we understand Parkinson's disease to be a disorder of the central nervous system that results from the loss of cells in various parts of the brain, including a region called the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra cells produce dopamine, a chemical messenger responsible for transmitting signals within the brain that allow for coordination of movement, learning ability, reward feeling, and placebo effect. Decreased dopamine production causes neurons to fire without normal control, leaving patients less able to direct or control their movement and contributes to mood and cognitive disturbances later in the course of the disease. Parkinson's disease is one of several diseases categorized by clinicians as movement disorders. Parkinson's disease Triggers In Canada alone there is over 100,000 Canadians affected by Parkinson's disease. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease (after Alzheimer’s disease). Parkinson’s disease is most commonly found in people who are older than...
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...Genetic disorders are often caused by a change in one's DNA. One example of a genetic disorder that affects many people is Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a genetic disorder of the central nervous system that most commonly affects the motor system. Parkinson's disease in most cases occurs with no family history. It can’t be inherited because it is recessive which means two copies of the same gene are altered. If somebody were to have Parkinson's disease it would affect the movements of there body. Some things that would occur if someone had this disorder are the patient would feel a tremor in just one hand, the person's movements would feel very slow, your balance would be off, and you would have daytime sleepiness and often be having the same nightmares. As time goes on the patient’s movements would gradually become worse and worse starting off with slow movements and eventually becoming wheelchair bound. The early symptoms are one of the best indicators for a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. There are no definitive diagnostics test for Parkinsons. Before a doctor would diagnose a patient with Parkinson's disease, he would perform several tests and examinations. The doctor looks into family history to see if anyone in the family has had this disorder. After that they may do some sets of neurological tests to see if...
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...society we have yet to rectify the issue of health care for our population as a whole. This is especially true for out aging population not only in the United States but worldwide. There are a vast number of individuals who do not have access to health care to cover their medical needs and this leads to a plethora of problems down the line. Patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease are no exception to the need for adequate and affordable health care. In the European derived patients, Parkinson’s disease is increasing every year with 20 new cases per 100,000 patients. In the older population, that number increases to 160 per 100,000. The disease rate does not change over sex or location of country. With the number of people affected, it stands to say that we must begin to examine the public impact. In 1998, the direct costs for a patient with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom were evaluated. The economic impact was evaluated in 1988-1989 and found that the overall cost for Parkinson’s Disease was £126 million ($141,390,900.00 US). A study in Germany was a bit more specific. A survey of 40 Parkinson’s disease patients resulted in data showing the average cost per outpatient was around DM 14,500 (about $8,314 US dollars). The breakdown for these costs are: 45% on drugs, 39% for inpatient treatment, 5% for outpatient visits, 4% on physiotherapy, and 8% on various other medical aids and appliances. A survey in the United States investigated the costs for 109 patients who...
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...8/04/08 Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson’s, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to. Parkinson’s is progressive, which means it gets worse over time. But usually this happens slowly, over a period of many years. And there are good treatments that can help you live a full life. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited. The four main symptoms of Parkinson’s are: Tremor, (which means shaking or trembling) Tremor may affect your hands, arms, legs, or head. Stiff muscles, slow movement, Problems with balance or walking. People usually start to have symptoms between the ages of 50 and 60, but in some people symptoms start earlier Tremor may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone...
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