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...Parliament carries out several responsibilities. One of parliaments functions is legislation, which is making laws, as it is the major legislative body in the UK. They represent the people, as well as they are legitimate , a scrutiny and can be held or hold others accountable. They also carry out other functions. There is a significant difference between the House of Lords and House of Commons. Which is that the House of Lords is not voted in unlike the House of Commons who are more legitimate as they are voted in. Parliament is able to carry out its legislative function by passing acts of Parliament. The plans in which government are taking over the year in the queens speech, this is the legislative timetable. There is also an opportunity for the members bring forward their own bill , this is called the private members bill. Any legislation is thoroughly debated and reviewed and most go through various processes in the two houses before it is passed as a law. Though there is little to no free debates do discussion, due to various reasons such as the whips, who hold the MPs to account. A private member bill is unlikely to pass as only a few are even able to be discussed due to parliaments schedule. The House of Lords have very little to power as they have no say in any economic legislations, and can only block legislations not stop them, in which they have the powers to do this three times. It carries out functions that show it is legitimate such as taking the country...
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...What is the executive branch? | The executive branch is responsible for creating new policies and then overseeing their implementation. To do this the prime minister appoints a number of ministers from the legislative branch, who work in particular departments, each responsible for a different policy area.The most senior ministers are invited by the prime minister to be members of the cabinet which collectively makes the most important policy decisions. | Approximately how many government ministers are there? | There are 24 ministerial departments. There are 21 other senior ministers in the cabinet. Overall there are 121 government ministers and 99 other ministers. | Who heads the government? | The head of the government is the prime minister, which must be a MP. Be a party leader and must have a majority in the house of commons. | What is the Cabinet and, generally, who becomes a member? | The cabinet is the collective decision making body of the government, which includes the prime minister and a future 21 cabinet ministers. It involves the secretaries of state who run different government departments. Senior ministers are invited by the prime minister to become members of the cabinet. | What do some of the less obviously named government departments do? | | Within each government department, what are the different types of minister? | | What is the civil service? | The civil service are people who help ministers with the administrative work civil servants are...
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...'Parliament carries out none of its functions adequately.' Discuss (40 marks) In the UK, Parliament consists of the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. This has existed for centuries and has stood the test of time, in that it still exists. However a number of concerns have been raised about some of the functions and whether they function adequately enough (to a satisfactory or acceptable extent). Parliament currently carries out several functions and is the prime legislative body in the UK. It has many functions such as being representative, legitimising legislation, calling government to account as well as scrutinising and amending legislation. It is made up of representatives who are voted in order to represent the needs of their constituencies In the House of Commons. Government has to be drawn from Parliament as well as being accountable to it, accountability means that Parliament must justify its policies to Parliament as well as referring to representatives who are accountable for their electorates. Parliaments main function is not to obstruct and control the government as it will only do this if the government is seen to be abusing its power by not acting in the public’s interest. Predominately and most obviously parliaments “main function” is legislation and passing bills and in all fairness that’s what Parliament does, far more bills are efficiently passed through Parliament and become laws compared to the US who struggle to pass anything...
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...Parliament Source Questions (6/10) Specification a) Describe three functions of Parliament b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain why government needs an effective Parliament c) Analyse the main factors that limit the effectiveness of Parliament Jan 2010 a) With reference to source, what changes to the second chamber are proposed? b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain the arguments for a fully or partly elected chamber c) Make out a case against an elected second chamber Jan 2011 a) With reference to the source, describe two functions of the House of Commons b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain how the House of Commons can control the power of government c) To what extent is the House of Commons effective in carrying out its various functions? May 2011 a) With reference to the source, describe three proposals that seek to strengthen parliamentary representation by increasing popular participation b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain how three of these proposals seek to make government more accountable to Parliament c) To what extent will the coalition government’s proposals bring about an effective reform of Parliament? Jan 2012 a) With reference to the source, why are legislative committees needed? b) With reference to the source, and your own knowledge, explain the ways in which backbench MPs can call government to account c) To what extent has the...
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...A GUIDE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO by The Trinidad and Tobago Humanist Association PREFACE The Trinidad and (www.humanist.org.tt) principle of rational to meeting challenges Tobago Humanist Association is an organisation founded to promote the and ethical thought and action, and devoted on the basis of common humanity. The nation of Trinidad and Tobago has for some time been in a state of political crisis, characterised by ethnic tensions and by an increasing lack of confidence, on the part of the population, in the institutions of State. Many people and groups see the prospect of a lessening of tensions, and the beginnings of a return to social harmony and economic progress, in Constitutional reform. In response to these pressures, the present government has appointed a commission to review the constitution, and the work of that commission is now open for public comment in a series of open meetings. Response to the official draft has been sporadic but largely negative. The best informed commentators have unanimously seen in it an increase in the power of the Executive, although excessive executive power without adequate checks and balances was said to be the major problem of the existing Constitution. Some human rights organisations have detected in it the beginning of sever erosion of fundamental rights. In addition, other groups, including one newly-formed national political party, have prepared their own drafts, and suggestions for reform of particular...
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...JT1998(3)SC318, 1998(2)PLJR67, 1998(3)SCALE53, (1998)4SCC626, [1998]2SCR870 citation image IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Crl.A. Nos. 1207-1208 of 1997 [With Crl.A. Nos. 1209/97, 1210-12/97, 1213/97, 1214/97, 1215/97, 1216/97, 1217-18/97, 1219/97, 1220/97, 1221/97, 1222/97, 186/98 (Arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 2/98) and 187/98 (Arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 366/98)]. Decided On: 17.04.1998 Appellants: P.V. Narsimha Rao Vs. Respondent: State (CBI/SPE) Hon'ble Judges: S. C. Agrawal, G.N. Ray, A.S. Anand, S.B. Bharucha and S. Rajendra Babu, JJ. Counsels: Ashok H. Desai, Attorney General for India, T.R. Andhyarujina, Solicitor General, P.P. Rao, Kapil Sibal and D.D. Thakur, Sr. Advs., Ranjit Kumar, Anu Mohla, I.C. Pandey, C. Paramasivam, Ajay Talesara, Jamshed Bey, Rakhi Roy, Bina Gupta, Surat Singh, Ashok Mahajan, P.P. Singh, Chandrashekar, Girish Ananthamurthy, B.Y. Kulkarni, Navin Prakash, Arun Bhardwaj, K.C. Kaushik, Manish Sharma, D. Prakash Reddy, L. Nageshwara Rao, Indu Malhotra, Rajiv Dutta, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey, Bharat Sangal, R.P. Wadhwani, P.K. Manohar, P. Parameswaran, A. Mariarputham and S.C. Jain, Advs Subject: Media and Communication Subject: Criminal Acts/Rules/Orders: Privileges of Parliament Act, 1512 ;Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 108, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 164, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Section 173(8), Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 190, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 193, Code of Criminal Procedure,...
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...significance to the order in which questions appear. Each question is divided into three sections (a), (b) and (c). When choosing which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections, as follows: carries 5 marks carries 10 marks carries 25 marks The way you answer questions should be determined by the way assessment objectives are distributed. Assessment objectives provide the basis upon which examiners award marks. You need to be familiar with them to maximise your marks. They will help direct your revision and with the answers to the questions. A full explanation of...
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...using parliaments to make laws. See chapters 7 & 8. * A legal profession divided formally or informally into solicitors and barristers. See chapter 3. * A ‘common law’ system: * The system of law derived from the English legal system. Uses judicially decided cases as the basic form of law. See chapter 10. * The way that the law is made: Judges make law based on decided cases (precedents) and develop sets of legal principles which emerge from the judgments in decided cases.’ See chapter 12, 13, and 14. * The category of laws which grew from the medieval royal courts (‘the courts of common law’) and other areas of law, which came from the medieval Lord Chancellor’s role (‘equity’). See chapter 10. * Decision making in courts after an adversarial trial: derived from historical ‘trial by battle’ introduced by Normans. The battle has since then become a verbal one. See chapter 2. * A court system for dispute resolution: See chapter 11. However, Australian law has developed distinct characteristics of its own: * A federal system made up of a Commonwealth and States and Territories: separates out the powers of different bodies of government. See chapter 8. * A limited recognition of indigenous customary law: Mabo (No 2) held that native title to land could exist, separate from the common law and based on indigenous customary law. Other forms of recognition are ad hoc, but do exist: * Criminal justice system in NT carried out on a...
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...and has since been engaged in evolving common policies in Higher education such as the introduction of the three-year degree course. This was followed by a Secondary Education Commission which tried to introduce a number of uniform trends in a field where the Centre has had hardly any constitutional authority. No Commission was appointed in the field of Primary education. But the scheme of Basic education was declared to have gone beyond the stage of experimentation and was also adopted as the national pattern at the Elementary stage. The interest of the Central Government in Technical education and scientific research has been too obvious to need any illustration. Besides, an innumerable number of Committees and Reports have tried to iron out an all-India thought, policy and programme in almost every sector of education. Of still greater importance is the revival of the Central grants for education which had been discontinued in 1918-1919. In the period of post-war reconstruction as well...
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...LAWS OF KENYA The ConsTiTuTion of Kenya Revised Edition 2010 Published by the National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney General 2 Constitution of Kenya [Rev. 2010 THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA ARRANGEMENT OF ARTICLES PREAMBLE CHAPTER ONE—SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE AND SUPREMACY OF THIS CONSTITUTION 1—Sovereignty of the people. 2—Supremacy of this Constitution. 3—Defence of this Constitution. CHAPTER TWO—THE REPUBLIC 4—Declaration of the Republic. 5—Territory of Kenya. 6—Devolution and access to services. 7—National, official and other languages. 8—State and religion. 9—National symbols and national days. 10—National values and principles of governance. 11—Culture. CHAPTER THREE—CITIZENSHIP 12—Entitlements of citizens. 13—Retention and acquisition of citizenship. 14—Citizenship by birth. 15—Citizenship by registration. 16—Dual citizenship. 17—Revocation of citizenship. 18—Legislation on citizenship. CHAPTER FOUR—THE BILL OF RIGHTS Part 1—General Provisions relatinG to the Bill of riGhts 19—Rights and fundamental freedoms. 20—Application of Bill of Rights. 21—Implementation of rights and fundamental freedoms. 22—Enforcement of Bill of Rights. 23—Authority of courts to uphold and enforce the Bill of Rights. 24—Limitation of rights or fundamental freedoms. 25—Fundamental Rights and freedoms that may not be limited. Rev. 2010] Constitution of Kenya Part 2—riGhts and fundamental freedoms 3 26—Right to life. 27—Equality and freedom from discrimination...
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...UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI MANAGEMENT OF RESIDENTIAL RENTAL PREMISES. (CASE STUDY:NAIROBI-WEST) BY MURIITHI DAVIES MUGOH B04/23097/2008 A PROJECT PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN LAND ECONOMICS DEGREE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF REAL-ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI MAY, 2012. DECLARATION I, MURIITHI DAVIES MUGOH, hereby declare that this project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signed…………………….. Date……………………………… MURIITHI DAVIES MUGOH DECLARATION OF THE SUPERVISOR This research has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university supervisor. Signed……………………… Date………………………………….. Mr. NIKKY NZIOKI DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Muriithi who has patiently borne my education expenses right from primary school to the University and gave me continuous support & encouragement throughout my academic life. My siblings Faith Njoki, Peninah Njoki and Dennis Ragoi, thanks for being there for...
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...PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL AUDIT OFFICE A PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS IN TANZANIA THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS – TANZANIA POLICE FORCE AND THE MINISTRY OF WORKS A REPORT OF THE CONTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA i PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA National Audit Office of Tanzania Vision To be a centre of excellence in public sector auditing Mission To provide efficient audit services in order to enhance accountablity and value for money in the collection and use public resources Our core values Objectivity Excellence Integrity Peoples Focus Innovation ii PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................iii List of Tables and Figures...........................................................................v Preface.........................................................................................................vii Terminology used in this report.................................................................ix Map of Tanzania showing regions covered in this audit........................x Acronyms and Abbreviations...
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...increasingly complex and hazardous and there is general discontent in Nigeria. Evolution of Consumerism in Nigeria In a free economy, businesses can deliver abundant goods and services to those who can afford them, but could make consumers vulnerable due to unscrupulous practices of certain organizations. Nigeria as a third-world country has had consumerism more in the form of government legislation and enforcement than organized consumer associations. Thirty-Seven years after the first consumer protection agency was established, cases of consumer rights abuse are still preponderant. The aim of this exploratory and conceptual study is to assess the performance of agencies in charge of consumer rights protection based on their statutory functions. The study finds that, for the most part, the agencies are below par in performance with very poor level of awareness among Nigerian consumers who are reluctant to enforce their rights. This reluctance is largely due to poor level of education among Nigerian consumers, unnecessarily rigid judicial system that protects the manufacturers and marketers, coupled with the non-committed attitude of the government towards protecting consumer rights. The government should ensure immediate establishment of Consumer Protection Council committees in all states of the federation as provided by the Act, enforce the use of warranties, and direct other agencies to vigorously create awareness and bring defaulting...
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...Democracy & Constitutionalism in South Asia: The Bangladesh Experience Gowher Rizvi Ash Institute for Democratic Governance & Innovation Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Today democracy is a universal aspiration. Even the military dictatorships and authoritarian communist regimes seek to cloak themselves with democratic trappings and pretensions. To judge by the list of countries those that have held some sort of ‘popular elections’ to validate their regimes, there are very few governments around the world that would not be termed democratic. Under the rules of electoral head counting it would perhaps be impossible not to accord democratic status even to states like Iraq or Pakistan or North Korea. The leaders in all of these countries and numerous others have sought to legitimize their rule through varying degrees of popular ‘mandates’ and ‘endorsements’. Yet very few of these countries would actually be considered democratic if they were subjected to the more rigorous tests of constitutionalism. Popular elections and renewal of popular mandates are essential, but not sufficient, conditions for democracy. At best, a free and fair popular election is one step in the process of a constitutional democratic government. Constitutionalism, like democracy, is a dynamic and complex concept that is constantly evolving. Although there have been changes in emphases and its nuances, the core of constitutionalism has remained constant over time: constitutionalism is about...
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...OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT REVIEW March 2004 Chris Maxwell © State of Victoria Printed by State of Victoria, March 2004 ISBN 1920921044 This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from State of Victoria. Disclaimer: The content in this report is provided for information purposes only. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not purport to represent the position of the State of Victoria. Neither the author nor the State of Victoria accept any liability to any persons for the information (or the use of such information) which is provided in this review or incorporated into it by reference. The information in this Review is provided on the basis that all persons having access to it undertake responsibility for assessing the relevance and accuracy of its content. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT REVIEW March 2004 Chris Maxwell TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: A CONSULTATIVE INQUIRY CHAPTER 2: THE SAFETY CONSENSUS PART 1: NEW CHALLENGES FOR OHS 1 3 5 6 15 15 20 24 24 29 46 46 54 60 71 96 96 100 110 120 135 141 159 163 169 177 177 186 192 192 215 222 227 233 233 258 272 284 284 293 328 347 350 354 354 357 360 363 383 387 392 392 397 ...
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