...high blood pressure increases as you age. High blood pressure is more common in males at his 2age. High blood pressure is particularly common among African-Americans, so the fact that K.H. is African American poses a higher risk. His heart rate is normal and the description does not indicate family history of hypertension, but it is noted that K.H is 30 pounds over his ideal weight. Persons who are overweight have a higher risk of developing hypertension. Due to the fact that K.H. has been placed on a salt restricted diet, it is safe to assume that he was consuming high amounts of sodium in his diet prior, which is a primary risk factor of hypertension. K.H.âs has a systolic pressure is 135 and the diastolic pressure is 96. This is stage 1 hypertension. The rationale for treating the patient with an ACE inhibitor is that Angiotensin II needs to be controlled because that is what ultimately is narrowing the blood vessels and causing the blood pressure to increase. An ACE inhibitor slows the production of Angiotensin II. The mechanism of action includes the modification of the production of Angiotensin II. This is a vasoconstrictor. Vasoconstriction is what leads to the elevation of B/P. Angiotensin II is made from angiotensin I through the means of the angiotensin converting enzyme. ACE inhibitors impede the activity of the enzyme ACE and this leads to the decrease in production of angiotensin II. Consequently, you have vasodilation and blood pressure is...
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...E.O. is an 8-year-old girl with a history of asthma and allergy to bee stings. She has been brought to the clinic complaining of a throat infection. Her health care provider prescribes a course of penicillin to manage her current infection and cautions her parents to watch her closely for a reaction. Discussion Questions 1. What type of reaction is the health care provider concerned about and why? The type of reaction that the health care provider is concerned about is an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since E.O is already allergic to bee stings and has a history of asthma, which are both Type I hypersensitivities, it is very likely that E.O could have an allergic reaction to the penicillin. Since penicillin is found in cow milk and the patient could have been exposed to it through milk, breast milk, or in utero, E.O could become sensitized to it. If E.O is further exposed to the allergen (being that her health care provider prescribed her penicillin), there could be an allergic reaction to it. Exposure to penicillin can result in the degranulation in mast cells and the release of histamine, which could cause the reaction, which is even more likely since E.O has two Type I hypersensitivities. 2. Explain the role of IgE and mast cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Why might E.O. react adversely to the antibiotic with the first use? During sensitization, IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells, which makes the mast cells “sensitized.”...
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...indeed worsened in patients with asthma. (7) The release of IgE results in binding to immune cells such as mast cells, lymphocytes, basophils..etc. (1) The bindings of IgE to these cells in high risk (asthmatic) patients are at increased risk for anaphylactic shock than those without pre-existing conditions. (4)(7) Unfortunately, penicillin is notorious for reactions such as anaphylactic shock and if the patient is taking it for the first time, symptoms may not show up until the body has formed antibodies and once exposed the second time, attack commences and unforeseen systemic symptoms occur. (6) IgE is one type of antibody produced by B cells and plasma cells that can be found binding tightly to mast cell receptors in the mucosal tissues where it acts as a receptor.(7) Once allergen or antigen has entered the patients system, IgE isotypes make plenty of IgE antibodies on the first exposure and these antibodies will bind to their designated mast cells once circulated. (7) Consequently, on second encounter, IgE-mast cell complex in tissue interacts with the allergen, which cascades into an inflammatory sequestration of mast cell degranulation. (3) Mast cell degranulation can release granules containing cytokines, histamine and other response that cause sneezing, bronchiole constriction, hives, anaphylactic shock and even death. (1)(4)(5) E.O is...
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...Case Studies on Cardiac Function This is the first case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Case 1 A.O. is an 89-year-old woman with a long history of systolic heart failure secondary to a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s. She had poor activity tolerance and required assistance with activities of daily living. Even minimal activity was associated with moderately severe dyspnea and exertional chest pain, which was relieved by rest. A.O. also exhibited marked pedal edema bilaterally. She is being treated with digitalis, furosemide (Lasix), KCl, and sublingual nitroglycerin. Discussion Questions 1. Which type of heart failure (left or right sided) is usually associated with dyspnea? Left-sided heart failure is usually associated with dyspnea. What other clinical findings are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure? Other clinical findings that are likely to be present with left-sided heart failure include radiographic cardiomegaly, abnormal apical pulse and...
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...Being a 54 year old chronic alcoholic, having gastrointestinal bleeding/mental deterioration, and showing signs of cirrhosis, F.C. is in a very dangerous position. It is concerning that he was found to have a .18 BAC because this is a potentially fatal level of alcohol in the blood (Be Responsible About Drinking, 2013). Some common manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis that F.C. may experience include weight loss, loss of appetite/energy, edema/ascites, mood changes, and jaundice (WebMD 2012). Of these symptoms, ascites and jaundice are both secondary from hepatocellular failure, and weight loss and ascites are also secondary symptoms to portal hypertension (Copstead, pgs. 756-759). Unfortunately, with cirrhosis and portal hypertension also typically comes gastric or esophageal varices. These varices are pathways that open up when portal pressure becomes too high in order to redirect the blood flow back to the heart. When these pressures rise and these varices open up, it leaves the lining beneath the mucosa very susceptible for rupture, leading to major bleeding. Since F.C. has already had several incidents with GI bleeding, he is at an even greater risk for re-bleeding (Copstead, pg. 761). F.C’s mental deterioration is most likely caused by a disorder called hepatic encephalopathy. When cirrhosis occurs, the parts of the liver cannot function the way that they are supposed to. Since once of the major jobs of the liver is to clean out, or “detox” the blood, this function...
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...Kalie Kollmar ENG 3003 Professor Dale Ireland Essay 1 July 19, 2015 Is Your Hotel Information Safe? Checking into a hotel requires giving the hotel your personal information including name, address, phone number, and credit card. But is this information that you give them protected? Caroline Levander and Matthew Pratt Guterl use two modes of persuasion in their article, Are Hotels Dangerous?, to interest or appeal to the reader, those being pathos and logos. Levander and Guteral use pathos to relate to their readers that have stayed in hotel rooms; and logos by supporting their statements with facts. Such as, when they report that in a Supreme Court decision invalidated an ordinance that requires owners of a hotel to give law officials patron information without a warrant. They do not, however, use ethos effectively because there is not efficient credibility from the authors. Levander and Guterl do not use ethos, but successfully use pathos and logos to convince the readers that hotels are more unsafe than guests realize because police can access patrons information without a reasonable cause. Ethos refers to the credibility of a writer. Neither Levander nor Guterl, are experts or workers in the hospitality field. There is no background information about the writer that would lead the reader to trust the information that they are providing. Even though large amounts of information were provided in their Are Hotels Dangerous? article, they cannot personally...
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...Classical Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric. a. “Rhetoric” is “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Aristotle, On Rhetoric Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model.Let us first go through a simple situation.In a political meeting, the prospective leader delivers speech to the audience urging for more votes from the constituency. He tries to convince the crowd in the best possible way he can so that he emerges as a winner. What is he actually doing ?He is delivering his speech in a manner that the listeners would get convinced and cast their votes only in his favour, or in other words respond in the same manner the speaker wanted to. Here the leader or the speaker or the sender is the centre of attraction and the crowd simply the passive listeners. | The example actually explains the Aristotle model of communication. The Aristotle model of communication is the widely accepted and the most common model of communication where the sender sends the information or a message to the receivers to influence them and make them respond and act accordingly. Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule to excel in public speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear...
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...ethos of the two candidates is bridged and the audience is swayed in Kerry’s direction. Obama uses personal anecdotes to build excessive pathos which reduces the amount of logos necessary to convince the audience to vote for Kerry because the...
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...how the James Bulger Case is presented in texts 1, 2 and 3. The first text, ”Every parents nightmare”, is a news article written by Mark McKay for BBC in October 2000. The article, in a chronologically and neutrally fashion, objectively describes the James Bulger Case from beginning to end. The text is dense in terms of factual information, as one would expect from a news article. The second text, “Life after James”, is an article written by Blake Morrison for The Guardian Online in Februrary 2003. The article approaches the presentation of the James Bulger Case in a different way. By peaking behind thick curtains of opinions held by the public, the text man-ages to provoke thoughts and stimulate ideas. Blake Morris succesfully shifts the paradigm of the James Bulger Case by taking a step backwards, which leads the audience to the introduc-tion of the bigger picture, where he explains and examines his view; the James Bulger Case is a problem, but it is not the problem. The issue lies in the society itself. The third and last text, “James Bulger killing; 20 years on”, is an article written by Amelia Hill for The Guardian Online in Februrary 2013. Arguably, the article is an addendum to the previ-ous text, “Life after James”. Amelia Hill takes the reader back twenty years, where she daringly questions the method of which the public, the media and the politicians used to deal with the case. Analyse how Blake Morrison presents the James Bulger case in text 2. Here you must...
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...rhetoric are ethos, pathos, and logos. According to the video, the art of rhetoric is known as persuasive technique in advertising. The goal remains the same no matter where found – bill boards, radio or print media, to convince my audience of my point of view. The aim is to make emotional appeals to trust them, build credibility, and use logic and reasoning to appeal to people. It is important to note that advertisers do not often use all three, but most times, combine two. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle was the first to speak of the three methods below: Ethos is an appeal to ethics, which seeks to convince someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. We tend to believe those who we respect or hold in high esteem as someone worth listening to. In other words, their appearance or say so, establishes the credibility or character of the...
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...Ryan Chavez Patho 2 Case study 7 Case1 1. Due to D.K.’s signs and symptoms she probably has a urinary tract infection or urinary cystitis. 2. Since E. coli is the most common cause of urinary treat infections, antibiotics are an appropriate treatment for D.K. because she is symptomatic with frequency, urgency and burning upon urination. 3. The factors that predispose the development of a UTI are sexually active women,the us of a diaphragm, failure to void after intercourse, improper hygiene, female anatomy, low estrogen levels in postmenopausal women, catheters or a foreign object placed in the urinary tract for a long period time, pregnancy, and diabetes mellitus. 4. The strategies that D.K can take to avoid the recurrence of a UTI would be clean perineal hygiene, stay well hydrated, wear cotton crotched underwear, void after intercourse, avoid feminine hygiene deodorants, avoid harsh toilet paper, and avoid tight fitting pant. Case 2 1. Due to the loss of blood P.W is at risk for pre-renal acute renal failure and it may lead to poor renal perfusion. 2. The best type of treatment to prevent renal failure would be adequate fluid volume replacement with blood or any isotonic solution maintain proper blood volume circulation and to maintain adequate blood pressure and perfusion to the kidneys. 3. P.W. is in the stage of pre-renal oliguria. This means that the kidneys are functioning as the should if blood volume and pressure are low. The kidneys will conserve...
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...more convincing is the comparison of David Laska’s, “Minimum Need for a Minimum Wage Increase”, and Shamus Khan’s, “The Promise of More: Why We Should Raise the Minimum Wage”. By using rhetorical analysis on both opinion pieces Laska clearly makes a better argument. He makes use of logos by including statistics, an expert’s research in the field of minimum wage, and historical data to attack Obama’s decision to raising the minimum wage. He includes pathos to create a sense of disappointment and hopelessness in Obama’s decision effectively to convince his mainly conservative audience. In comparison, Khan also makes use of logos by mainly focusing on historical and some statistical data to convince his more liberal target audience. He also makes use of pathos to instill a sense of remorse for minimum wage workers, and also to call the readers to action. His evidence seems a little weak though, because in one case he forces the reader to open a link for another article for evidence and it seems that his claim relies too much on pathos. First, it is important to note how the author’s ethos affects the basic effectiveness of the article since credibility of writers is vital to convince the target audience. Interestingly, neither author makes use of the ethos appeal in their respective articles, but their credentials are readily available. David Laska is Communications Director of the New York State Republican Party. His credentials make him a credible source about the minimum wage...
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...that remain can be far more damaging. When a child grows up feeling unsafe and untrusting of adults, they are on a dangerous path that could turn them into unsafe and possibly abusive adults. It is our hope, through vigorously campaigning and the elements of persuasion we can alleviate the hardships that child abuse cause, on both the child and society. Understanding the importance of prevention and intervention, it is our mission to bring awareness as well as reform. Bullet 1- Savannah Thurman Discuss the nature and history of your issue: I. What is Child Abuse? A. Classic Signs 1. Physical State of Child 2. Emotional State of child II. History of child Abuse in the United States? 1. Reported child abuse cases from 1990-2000 vs 2000-2010 2. Intervention that caused the change in numbers Bullet 2 – Jessica Roberts Effects of Child Abuse on Society A. Children need to be able to respect and trust adults, whether it’s their parents or any other adults in society. 1. If a child is abused by an adult, they may feel as those they cannot trust adults as they are not safe. 2. This can also cause a child to lose respect for adults. 3. This can cause children to not get the help they need to be able to function in the world as they do not...
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...MCC204 Public Relations Contemporary Approaches: Assignment 1 Introduction – Public relations theories and impact on strategies Strategy helps us to identify the approaches to take in researching, planning and carrying out activities in order to obtain the best results. It also determines the most effective manner to communicate with an organization’s stakeholders. Strategies are guidelines consisting of planned actions and program components. Public relations practitioners have to analyze situations and conceptualize appropriate strategies to better the organization’s public relations position in the eyes of its stakeholders. In order to identify the appropriate strategy to use, public relations practitioners fall back on the four key theories of public relations – discourse, rhetorical, ethical and critical. These theories help in defining the public relations plan and strategy by assisting in evaluating, examining, planning and performing public relations activities such as gaining publicity, providing entertainment, disseminating information and developing national public information campaigns. Depending on the outcome the organization hopes to achieve and its current circumstances, professionals would seek to apply the most appropriate theory applicable to their situation. Rhetorical theory Rhetoric is defined as the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. (Online Oxford Dictionaries, 2012) Rhetorical theory, examines the various methods in which language...
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...Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Whenever you read an argument you must ask yourself, "is this persuasive? And if so, to whom?" There are several ways to appeal to an audience. Among them are appealing to logos, ethos and pathos. These appeals are prevalent in almost all arguments. To Appeal to Logic (logos) | To Develop Ethos | To Appeal to Emotion (pathos) | Theoretical, abstract language Literal and historical analogies Definitions Factual data and statistics Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed opinions | Language appropriate to audience and subject Restrained, sincere, fair minded presentation Appropriate level of vocabulary Correct grammar | Vivid, concrete language Emotionally loaded language Connotative meanings Emotional examples Vivid descriptions Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone Figurative language | | Effect | | Evokes a cognitive, rationale response | Demonstrates author's reliability, competence, and respect for the audience's ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy | Evokes an emotional response | Definitions Logos: The Greek word logos is the basis for the English word logic. Logos is a broader idea than formal logic--the highly symbolic and mathematical logic that you might study in a philosophy course. Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect, the general meaning of "logical argument." Everyday arguments rely heavily...
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