...These signs include the sudden onset of diarrhea or use of water samples, stinking followed, often. Giardia infection is often described as a loose, bulky, foam and / or lack of blood or mucus in oil, help differentiate giardiasis other acute diarrhea. And other gastrointestinal disorders associated with giardiasis gas, bloating, loss of appetite, seizures, and sulfuric belching foul. 3-4 days spontaneous remission in the acute phase, and there is no generally accepted giardiasis. Sometimes, however, they will continue to cause acute infections and malabsorption, steatorrhea, weight loss and weakness. Acute infection, but also to develop a subacute and chronic long-term infection or, in rare cases, several years. The typical patient may not experience loose stools yellow, foam, intestinal gurgling, swelling and associated chronic recurrent brief final bloating. Usually occur between...
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...V. Racaniello page 1 Viral Pathogenesis This lecture will define and discuss the basic principles of viral pathogenesis, the entire process by which viruses cause disease. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Interest in viral pathogenesis stems from the desire to treat or eliminate viral diseases that affect humans. This goal is achieved in part by identifying the viral and host genes that influence the production of disease. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis comes largely from studies of animal models. The mouse has become a particularly fruitful host for studying viral pathogenesis because the genome of this animal can be manipulated readily. In some cases, non-human hosts can be infected with the same viruses that infect humans, but close relatives of human viruses must often be used. Viral Entry Three requirements must be satisfied to ensure successful infection in an individual host: • Sufficient virus must be available to initiate infection • Cells at the site of infection must be accessible, susceptible, and permissive for the virus • Local host anti-viral defense systems must be absent or initially ineffective. To infect its host, a virus must first enter cells at a body surface. Common sites of entry include the mucosal linings of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts, the outer surface of the eye (conjunctival membranes or cornea), and the skin (Fig. 1). Figure...
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...Department of Biological Sciences Honors Biology Room #110 Disease of the Digestive System Crohn’s Disease Dr. Juliet Durant Cameron Palmer March 3rd, 2011 Lab Instructors Ashley Simpson Crohn’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tract, also referred to as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the GI tract, but it most commonly the ileum of the small intestine. The swelling extends deep into the lining of the affected organ and can cause pain; in addition to making the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. Crohn’s disease (also referred to as ileitis or enteritis) is an inflammatory bowel disease, the general name for diseases that cause swelling in the intestines. Because the symptoms of Crohn’s disease are similar to other intestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis, it can be difficult to diagnose. Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and ulcers in the top layer of the lining of the large intestine. In Crohn’s disease, all layers of the intestine may be involved, and normal healthy bowel can be found between sections of diseased bowel. Crohn’s disease affects men and women equally and seems to run in some families. Crohn’s disease can occur in people of all ages but is more often diagnosed in people between the ages of 20 and 30. People of Caucasian decent have an increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease, and African Americans are...
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...small and medium-sized arteries in the body, affecting the blood supply to the muscles in the heart. Kawasaki Disease (KD) is the leading cause of heart disease in children (Laurito, M; Stazi, A; Delogu, A; … and Crea, F; 2014). Kawasaki disease is also known as Kawasaki Syndrome (KS) and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome as it affects the skin, lymph nodes and mucous membranes in the mouth, nose and throat. The disease starts of with a high fever and a skin rash that results in peeling and while this can be scary to parents, it is treatable and most children recover without any side effects. Etiology The etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD) is unknown, but epidemiological and clinical characteristics show that infectious agents in its pathogenesis are involved. There is a believed hypothesis of a super-antigen which invades through the digestive and respiratory organs which are then processed by the lymphatic system in the organ. The way they have come to this hypothesis is by several findings: skin and mucosal changes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and peripheral t-lymphocytes. And while the investigation for this hypothesis is still on-going, and lack of...
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...Sherie Bowles Unit 6 Case Study 1: Zachary’s Story A. An ulcer starts by eroding the mucosa of the G.I. tract wall. What functions of digestion and/or reabsorption might be lost if this layer is no longer functional? What functions will be compromised if the ulcer eats through the submucosa and then the muscularis? Absorption would not happen correctly some of the ingested and secreted may seep out of the lumen. This also could create a pathway of entry for pathogens if the ulcer ate through to the muscularis mucosa and also lose some control of defacation. (Jenkins & Tortora pg. 825,826) B. If Zachary has a peptic ulcer affecting his stomach or duodenum, which components of the peritoneum will be affected? If the ulcer eats a hole into the wall of the stomach, bacteria and partially digested food can spill through the opening into the peritoneum causing severe inflammation of the abdominopelvic cavity and the visceral peritoneum, which covers some other organs. (J & T pg. 826) C. How can Zach’s stomach contribute to the formation of ulcers in other parts of the G.I. tract? Which cells directly participant in ulcer formation, and how do they contribute to the creation of lesions in the G.I. tract wall? Zachary’s stomach contributes to the formation of ulcers in other parts of the G.I. tract by the acids needed to breakdown food are excessive and cause the stomach to over work therefore causing surrounding parts to be over worked as well. If the stomach is always churring...
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...different OPV species cannot be distinguished by means of electron microscopy - OPV are closely related to each other with regard to antigens and show marked homology at the genome level - The genome of the poxviruses encodes for 150–200 different genes - Unlike other DNA viruses, poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells in so-called virus factories (Guarnieri inclusion bodies) - Originally, four different infectious virus particles were distinguished during OPV replication: intracellular mature enveloped virus particles, intracellular enveloped virus particles, cell-associated enveloped virus particles, and extracellular enveloped virus particles. Both intracellular and extracellular viruses play an important part for pathogenesis. - Intracellular and cell-associated viruses are involved in the spreading of the virus from cell to cell, whereas viruses released from the cell enable the dissemination within the infected organism. QUESTION 1: Which of the following can be administered to an individual infected with orthopoxvirus? a. Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Vaccine, Recombinant b. Zoster Vaccine, Live, (Oka/Merck) c. Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) d. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed ANSWER: C The only product currently available for treatment of complications of orthopox infection is vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG), which is an isotonic sterile solution of the immunoglobulin fraction of plasma from persons vaccinated with...
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...causes different symptoms such as Diarrhea, Iron and Vitamin D deficiency, weight loss, anemia, and osteoporosis. Celiac disease may be indulged to some as vogue; however, it is a major disorder, which alters the lives of...
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...The evolution of multi drug resistant strain shigella sonnei from its ancestor E. Coli and predecessor S. Flexneri and its spread to Vietnam Introduction Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella causes disease in primates, and is the only naturally found in humans and apes. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide and it is suggested that Shigella causes about 90 million cases of severe dysentery, with at least 100,000 of these resulting in death each year. Shigella originates from a human-adapted E. coli that has gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa, spreading through fecal-oral transmission via contaminated food or water. Depending on age and condition of the host, fewer than 100 bacterial cells can be enough to cause an infection. The infection results in the destruction of the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Some strains produce the enterotoxin shiga toxin, which is similar to the verotoxin of E. coli. The species invades the host through the cells in the gut epithelia of the small intestine. Shigella uses a type-III secretion system, which acts as a biological syringe to translocate toxic effector proteins to the target human cell. The effector proteins can alter the metabolism of the target cell, making it easier for intracellular...
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...organism produces that is important in the spread of this organism among patients. Clostridium difficile spores are extremely hardy, and can survive for long amounts of time in environments without of food. The spores are resistant to drying and heating. The ability of C. diff. to survive in this resistant form has quite a challenge for hospitals. Once spores find their way into your gut, can turn into the active form of the bacteria and cause infection. -Briefly describe the epidemiology of this pathogen infection. Between 1989 and 1992, a strain of C. difficile highly resistant to clindamycin was implicated in large outbreaks of diarrhea in four hospitals in the United States .The use of clindamycin is a specific risk factor for this strain, and colonization with the clindamycin-resistant strain increases the risk for developing C. difficile–associated diarrhea . In 2005, an increase in CDI rates was observed in North American hospitals. Thanks to molecular analysis a new strain of C. difficile was identified as the cause of a large number of cases, and it was characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis. Other characterizations include one obtained by pulse-field gel electrophoresis, North American pulse-field type (NAP1); this isolate is also referred to as ribotype 027 by PCR ribotyping.this epidemic strain is responsible for producing in vitro higher levels of toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). In Quebec, Canada, an increase in the frequency and severity of CDAD was observed in...
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...(under some conditions) anaerobic bacteria widely found in soil and water and they frequently occur in chains. Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae. In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, Escherichia species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host. While many Escherichia are killer commensals, particular strains of some species are human pathogens and are known as the most common cause of urinary tract infections, significant sources of gastrointestinal disease, ranging from simple diarrhea to dysentery as well as a wide range of other pathogenic states. While E. coli is responsible for the vast majority of Escherichia-related pathogenesis, other members of the genus have also been implicated in human disease. Mycoplasma refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae, which is an important cause of atypical pneumonia and other respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium, which is believed to be involved in pelvic inflammatory diseases....
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...Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy 2 S.S.D. Liver Transplant, Department of Clinical Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Paolo Caraceni, paolo.caraceni@unibo.it Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 11 May 2012 Academic Editor: Bruno Nardo Copyright © 2012 Luca Santi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mushroom poisoning is a relatively rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF). The present paper analyzes the pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic strategies of ALF secondary to ingestion of Amanita phalloides, which represents the most common and deadly cause of mushroom poisoning. Liver damage from Amanita phalloides is related to the amanitins, powerful toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II resulting in a deficient protein synthesis and cell necrosis. After an asymptomatic lag phase, the clinical picture is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by the liver and kidney involvement. Amatoxin poisoning may progress into ALF and eventually death if liver transplantation is not performed. The mortality rate after Amanita phalloides poisoning ranges from 10 to 20%. The management of amatoxin poisoning consists...
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...BLOOD AND TISSUE NEMATODES LYMPHATIC FILARIA PARASITES - Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi * One of the most debilitating diseases today * 120 million worldwide are affected > 25million men suffer from genital disease >15million suffer from lymphedema or elephantiasis * Disease of poverty * Adult – frequently infected * Habitat: Banana trees and Abaca plantation * Bicol region: hydroceles are more frequent * Mosquito-borne causative agents: - Wuchereria bancrofti or Bancroft’s filarial worm - Brugia malayi or the Malayan filarial worm * WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI * more widespread * adult worms: creamy, white, long, and filiform in shape * male worm: 2-4 cm.; female worm: 8-10 cm. * Disease: Bancroftian filariasis * causes chronic disfiguring disease which may present as lymphedema, elephantiasis, or hydrocele * microfilaria in fresh specimens appear as snake-like organisms moving among the RBC * when stained, central axis shows dark staining nuclei (serve as an important identifying feature) * column of nuclei is arranged in 2 or 3 rows * tapered tail but no tail nuclei * adult male and female are found tightly coiled in nodular dilatations in lymph vessels and sinuses of lymph glands * Biologic vectors: Aedes, Culex, Anopheles * Microfilaria ingested by the mosquito migrate to its muscles & develop into 3 larva stages: * First (L1) * Second (L2) ...
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...syndrome was created by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A confirmed case is defined by a case which meets the laboratory criteria and in which all five of the clinical criteria described below are present, (+/- desquamation as patient death may occur before the desquamation occurs). A probable case meets the laboratory criteria and four of the five clinical criteria described. 5,6 Fever: temperature ≥102.0°F Rash: diffuse macular erythroderma Desquamation: 1-2 weeks after onset of rash Hypotension: systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mm Hg for adults or less than 5th% by age for children aged less than 16 years Multisystem involvement (three or more of the following organ systems): Gastrointestinal: vomiting or diarrhea Muscular: myalgia or creatine phosphokinase level at least twice the upper limit of normal Mucous membrane: vaginal, oropharyngeal, or conjunctival hyperemia Renal: blood urea nitrogen or creatinine at least twice the upper limit of normal for laboratory or urinary sediment with pyuria (greater than or equal to 5 leukocytes per high-power field) in the absence of urinary tract infection Hepatic: total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase enzyme, or aspartate aminotransferase enzyme levels at least twice the upper limit of normal for laboratory Hematologic: platelets < 10 % 10-30% >30% Mortality 5% 5 to 25% 25-50% Causes of SJS/TEN:23 ● Medications ● Infection ● Idiopathic Medications are the major causative agents. Numerous medications...
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...Pasteurization: 70 º - Sterilization : 100 º Treatment: - Tetracyclin - Doxycyclin - Rifampin - For 6 weeks and more - Vaccine is available for animals. Vibrio V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus Features: - Gram negative - Fermenter bacilli - Facultative anaerobes - Live in halophilic places Identification: - Enrichment medium - alkaline peptone broth Vibrios survive and replicate at high pH - Other organisms are killed or do not multiply - Selective/differential culture medium - TCBS agar - V. cholerae grow as yellow colonies - Biochemical and serological tests Pathogenesis and treatment: Rehydration & supportive therapy Oral Intravenous (IV): - Doxycycline or tetracycline (Test resistance may be developing) of secondary value - Water purification, sanitation & sewage treatment Vaccines Symptoms: - diarrhea - feces-streaked stool changes: Colorless; Odorless; No protein Speckled with mucus Haemophilus H.influenze (meningitidis); H. ducreyi (chanchroid) Features: - Gram-negative and pleomorphic, - Coccobacilli bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. Identification :- Chocolate...
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...Hookworm Introduction Hookworm infection is caused by the blood-feeding nematode parasites of the species Ancylostomaduodenale and Necatoramericanus. Together, the hookworms infect an estimated 576-740 million individuals today of which 80 million are severely infected. The morbidity associated with severe infection includes intestinal blood loss, anemia, and protein malnutrition. The burden of infection is concentrated mostly among the world’s poorest who live on less than $2 a day. A particularly vulnerable population is children in low and middle income countries as infection with hookworm can stunt growth and physical fitness and impair and intellectual and cognitive development. The tragic irony of the situation is that there are readily available and cheap resources for treatment which often cost less than 2 cents per pill.[1] Morphology Adult A. duodenale worms are grayish white or pinkish with the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body. This bend forms a definitive hook shape at the anterior end for which hookworms are named. They possess well developed mouths with two pairs of teeth (Figure 1). While males measure approximately one centimeter by 0.5 millimeter, the females are often longer and stouter. Additionally, males can be distinguished from females based on the presence of a prominent Figure 1. Teeth of Ancylostoma on the right ...
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