...three phases it goes through. (Story, 2012). The first is the alarm stage, in which the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and in response deploys the release of catecholamines and cortisol. This stage is known as the fight or flight response (Story, 2012). The body then enters the resistance phase and either adapts or alters activity to become desensitized to the stressor (Story, 2012). If the stressor overwhelms the body it becomes exhausted, which is the last phase. The immune system is suppressed more in times of greater stress (Segerstrom & Miller, 2006). A person’s effort to manage stress, such as smoking and drug use can also suppress the immune system. (Story, 2012). References: Story, Lachel. (2012). Pathophysiology: A Practical Approach. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Learning, LLC. Segerstrom, Suzanne C. & Miller, Gregory E. (2006). Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go 2. A nursing student is working in a community clinic as a volunteer. Each time he enters the clinic she suffers bouts of sneezing and runny nose. He has a history of allergies to mold and cats. His sister has asthma. Analysis at the allergy clinic indicates he is allergic to latex....
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...Congestive Heart Failure FC IV Valvular Heart Disease Secondary to Rheumatic Heart Disease A case Presentation A Presented to: The Faculty College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines In Partial fulfillment Of the Course N303 Curative and Rehabilitative Nursing Care 1st Semester By: Tha Hnem Section F Presentation Date: September, 4, 2007 I. Introduction Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (CHF), is a life-threatening condition in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition, although it can sometimes develop suddenly. Rheumatic fever and Valvular Heart Disease also contributed to Heart Failure. This condition may affect the right side, the left side, or both sides of the heart. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis (myocarditis, pericarditis, and endocarditis) during the early acute phase and chronic valvular disease later. Long-term antibiotic therapy can minimize recurrence of rheumatic fever, reducing the risk of permanent cardiac damage and eventual valvular deformity. In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur; stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening: incomplete closure of the valve; or prolepses of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis (most common), congenital defects, and inflammation, and they...
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...Conclusions This statewide epidemiological study for the years 1995–2009 finds that incidence of appendicitis has increased over time, incidence rates are higher in the summer months, and whites and Hispanics are at a greater risk of appendicitis compared to African Americans or Asians. Hispanics and Asians have higher odds of perfo- ration compared to whites, and patients with Medicare, This study provides important updates on the epidemi- ology of appendicitis, including information on risk factors of appendicitis, risk factors of perforated appendicitis, and an examination of trends in surgical management. How- ever, it is unknown why the incidence of this disease is increasing over time, is higher during the summer months, or varies by race. More research must be done to under- stand the etiology of this common disease in order to identify possible preventative measures. Examining a Common Disease with Unknown Etiology: Trends in Epidemiology and Surgical Management of Appendicitis in California, 1995–2009 Jamie E. Anderson • Stephen W. Bickler • David C. Chang • Mark A. Talamini Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose. I. Epidemiology Discussion: Provide a brief description of the epidemiology of the disease process, focusing on national, state and local epidemiologic information. Reflection should also address observed trends in morbidity/mortality, population or ethnic dimensions and/or other contributing...
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...PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ➢ Pathophysiology o A. schematic diagram (book based) ➢ Pathophysiology (Client Cantered) ----------------------- Non-modifiable factors: • AGE and SEX – both are affected since dengue is a universal infection • SEASON – Aedes aegypti is more commonly found in tropical and subtropical countries Modifiable factors: • Poor environmental sanitation (presence of stagnant water container junk tires and bottle) • Poor practice to protect self against mosquitoes • Other lifestyle practices A Joint inflammation Cytokine and prostaglandin release Platelet injury/damage Immune adherence to platelets produced The body responds by producing physiologic changes aimed at elevating body temperature. Body induces the action of the cytokines and prostaglandins Immune response by the body (defense mechanism of the body to foreign bodies) Interruption in the normal homeostatic environment of the body Mosquito bite (AEDES AEGYPTI) Dengue virus enters the body carried by circulation and multiplies Fever Joint pain B A A Increase capillary or vascular permeability and fragility B Ruptured capillaries Thrombocytopenia Bone marrow Nasal mucosa Oral mucosa Extravasations of fluid Petechiae Maturation arrest of mega-karyocytes Gum Bleeding Epistaxis Bleeding Decrease tissue perfusion Narrowed PP Low BP Decrease...
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...Fibromyalgia: The Pathophysiology Abstract The mystery surrounding fibromyalgia has been long and tedious. At first neurology did not want to claim it saying it was a psychiatric problem, then psychiatric said no the pain of the disease gives you depression and anxiety , and they pushed it off to musculoskeletal system. Where ever it starts, for the patient, the pain is real, it’s their perception. It’s not up to us to judge, but up to us to help ease the pain, and hopefully one day find a cure. But first we must understand how it manifests. With no concrete scientific evidence and only theories to date, we can at least see ways to help ease the pain; therapies to help make the patients more active and have a better quality of life. Fibromyalgia: The Pathophysiology Much debate of Fibromyalgia has existed since the first diagnosis. Some people are lead to believe that it replaced Chronic Pain Syndrome and/or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Did it, we will examine that here. Depending on who you talk to Fibromyalgia exists, Endocrinology says no and Neurology says yes. Who’s right, which is what we will find out? What we do know; “Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal syndrome characterized by widespread joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points” (McCance RN & Huether RN, 2010, p. 1606). If that is Fibromyalgia does that not describe Chronic Pain Syndrome? Well yes and no, Chronic Pain Syndrome usually stays, is always with you all the time, whereas Fibromyalgia...
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...Pathophysiology Processes & Consequences of Noma Chamberlain College of Nursing NR283: Pathophysiology May 2016, Professor (Name Here) Pathophysiology Processes & Consequences of Noma Noma disease, commonly referred to as cancrum oris, fusospirochetal gangrene, necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, and stomatitis gangrenosa is a devastating disease that is famously quoted as “the face of poverty”. This rare disease with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan countries is lethal and has been linked to acute and rapid disease progression in persons that are immunocompromised. Evidence based research suggests a high prevalence of the disease is observed in populations experiencing extreme poverty, malnourishment, and exposure to infectious diseases, while living in a continued state of poor hygiene. This gangrenous infection has a microbial origin, often found in the mouth. It is exacerbated by poor hygiene that give rise to the bacterial micro-organisms responsible for aggressive manifestations observed on individuals infected. Etiology of Noma The exact etiology of Noma disease is unknown. However, it is believed to be multifactorial in nature (Ashok, Tarakji, Darwish, Rodrigues , & Altamimi, 2016). The spread of the disease is due to deteriorating sanitation and inadequate nutrition, most common in underdeveloped countries. Noma is an opportunistic infection, which typically show dominance after a weakened immune system is present, preceding multiple risk factors...
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...ACSC41 23/10/03 5:42 PM Page 88 41 Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction Start here Macrophages and T-lymphocytes Stunned myocardium Fibrous cap 24 h Lipid core Plaque rupture, platelet aggregation Mainly dead myocytes and neutrophils Transmural necrosed zone Infarct appears pale, most cells dead, neutrophils present— coagulation necrosis Granulation tissue moves inward and replaces dead tissue with scar tissue 2h 5–7 days Subendocardial necrosed zone Cellular damage progressing, but still partially reversible with reperfusion Thrombus propagates into and along coronary artery Endocardium Cross-section of ventricular wall served by thrombosed artery Scar thin firm grey Mixture of living and dead myocytes; substrate for re-entrant arrhythmias 0h > 3 months Finish here 41.1 Infarction is tissue death caused by ischaemia. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when localized myocardial ischaemia causes the development of a defined region of necrosis. MI is most often caused by rupture of an atherosclerotic lesion in a coronary artery. This causes the formation of a thrombus that plugs the artery, stopping it from supplying blood to the region of the heart that it supplies. Role of thrombosis in MI Pivotal studies by DeWood and colleagues showed that coronary thrombosis is the critical event resulting in MI. Of patients presenting within 4 h of symptom onset with ECG evidence of transmural...
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...Pathophysiology Blood normally flows silently through the heart, however there are conditions that can create a turbulent blood flow. Conditions that contribute to turbulent blow flow include increased blood velocity, structural valve defect, valve malfunctions, and abnormal chamber opening (Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Hypertension is a condition that can cause increased blood flow throughout the heart is. Hypertension is associated with thickening and loss of elasticity in the arterial wall causing the heart to continually pumps against greater resistance((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). The classification for adults to be considered hypertensive is to have a systolic reading 140 or greater and a diastolic reading 90 or greater. Modifiable risk factors that contribute to hypertension are obesity, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, high sodium intake, sedentary lifestyles, and continued exposure to stress. Incidences of hypertension are greater in patients with diabetes, older adults, and African Americans and contributing factors for heart attacks ((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Mitral value prolapse could be another indicator of a heart murmur. The mitral value is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. . Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the two leaves of the mitral valve...
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...For my paper, I will be doing research on various facets of Schizophrenia, including the development, onset, neural mechanisms and cognitive effects and consequences. I will be looking into the pathophysiology of this disorder in addition to the abnormalities and disturbances in brain connectivity, its background with psychosis (disconnection from reality), how it affects daily life in those diagnosed with the disorder, and the most effective treatments to date. I will also be looking into the diagnosis and measurements of schizophrenia, including neuroimaging techniques and assessment tools. Schizophrenia is a neurological disease characterized by hallucinations and delusions, including false perceptions, sounds, voices, sights, and can be severe enough to be disabling. It is also known to cause abnormal and dysfunctional behavior and thoughts, and has a high suicide rate on those afflicted....
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...Pathophysiology of Gout Gout is an inflammatory disease that effects millions of people each year, due to an over production of Uric Acid in the body and is known to be one of the oldest pathologies to date (Milina, Sishila, & Neeraj, 2013). An overproduction of uric acid in the body can cause many complications, due to monosodium urate crystals developing in the synovial joints of the body (Olin, 2013). Metatarsal I is the most common joint affected by gout because it is so distal to the rest of the body, but it can also effect other joints of the body such as the ankles and knees (Dufton, 2011). Gout can be categorized in many different ways; a patient could be experiencing, gouty arthritis, acute gout, and chronic gout (Milina, Sishila,...
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...Student number 213059356 HND 701 pathophysiology of Diabetes Assignment 1 Word count 2130 Student name Trevor Clemens Student number 213059356 Page 1 of 17 Student number 213059356 Many aspects must be taken into consideration in attaining knowledge and understanding of diabetes, it is not just a metabolic process. There are multiple risk factors that precipitate the metabolic process leading to a diagnosis. The following analyses relevant data in relation to pathophysiology, presenting signs, symptoms and underpinning principles of Type One Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), their prevalence and incidence, metabolic abnormalities and associated risk factors are also examined. Diagnostic criteria is also examined along with advantages and disadvantages of differing testing screen methods and results. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Health Survey 2012, reported that in 2011 – 12 the prevalence of all reported diabetes was at 4.0% (875,400 people) and had remained the same as the 2007/’08 period. Of these people 12.4% had T1DM, 85.3% had T2DM while the remaining 2.3% had diabetes of another kind. Tanamas S, et al. (2013) stated that the prevalence of type two diabetes in peoples over the age of 25 years in Australia is 7.4% and that a further 7.4% remain undiagnosed. The dominance of western lifestyles and diets has contributed to a dramatic rise in obesity within the population. It is contended...
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...The human body works best when the levels of fluid and electrolytes are within a normal range. When a patient with a serious liver disease is presented with health problems, the health care providers must understand every aspect of the problems in order to provide the appropriate care. This includes understanding the pathophysiology, assessing the patient correctly, and reaching the goals of the plan. By following these steps, the patient will be provided the care he or she is entitled to. Obvious ascites with 3+ edema Ascites is the collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity due to increased hydrostatic pressure from portal hypertension. Cirrhosis is the most common cause of ascites whereas ascites is the most common complication...
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...Diabetes Pathophysiology * The underlying pathophysiologic defect in type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Following this destruction, the individual has an absolute insulin deficiency and no longer produces insulin. Autoimmune beta cell destruction is thought to be triggered by an environmental event, such as a viral infection. Genetically determined susceptibility factors increase the risk of such autoimmune phenomena. * About 90% of diabetic Americans have type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher in African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders than it is in Caucasians. Most type 2 diabetes patients are overweight, and most are diagnosed as adults. The genetic influence in type 2 diabetes is greater than that seen with type 1. While concordance rates between monozygous twins for type 1 diabetes are about 30 to 50%, the rate is approximately 90% for type 2 diabetes. Although the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes is strong, no single genetic defect has been found. In addition to genetic influences, acquired risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, advancing age, and an inactive lifestyle. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION * Type 1 Diabetes: About 5 to 10 percent of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Patients with type 1 diabetes have very...
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...Abstract This paper will present with a patient’s case study revelations throughout her recent heath problems. It will discuss the patient’s underlying disease of diabetes mellulitiis. The six body systems affected by this disease will be discussed and the major pathophysiologic concepts within each system will be elaborated on. Our Patient’s Case Study Revelelations Our patient is a 62 year old female with cellulitis of her right lower leg. This patient has a history of smoking three packs a day for 40 years and unfortunately has admitted to smoking again. She has high blood sugar; however, she cannot remember the name of the medication she is taking for it. She has a “touch” of high blood pressure and claims she controls her hypertension by eating a low salt diet. Her husband passed away 14 years ago and she states that she misses him very much. As the weeks continue, our patient is experiencing dyspnea upon rising in the morning. She has bilateral diminished lung sounds along with crackles. Our patient’s condition continues to worsen and she is diagnosed with congestive heart failure. She is complaining of pain in her extremities and abdomen. Her lab work shows azotemia, red blood cells and protein in her urine, and elevated blood glucose level. The fluid buildup continues in her lungs and her urine output is minimal. Heart failure and fluid volume excess seems evident, as well as, her renal system appears to be impaired. Underlying Disease This patient’s...
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...Introduction Slugs are terrestrial gastropods that are found all around the world. They need a cool, moist environment to survive (Cranshaw 2013). Due to this, slugs are believed to be more active during the night when the temperatures are cooler and the humidity is higher (University of Alaska Fairbanks 2012). Unfortunately, due to their habitat exclusion and their habits, information on their ecology is limited (Getz 1959). The reason that slugs are so hard to track and study is due to how many factors influence their behaviors. “…concluded that the activity was not controlled by a single factor or even by any simple combination of factors, but was a function of the changing combinations of a complex of factors (Crawford-Sidebotham 1972).” Studies have shown that several environmental variables play a role in slug activity. Hommay et al. (1998) stated “The activity rhythms of slugs depend on several environmental factors, such as photoperiod, temperature, and humidity.” Throughout the year, and even throughout the day these conditions vary greatly, so it can be challenging to determine how these conditions affect slugs (Cook 2001). Slug activity is highly dependent on the condition of its environment during the day and the surrounding humidity and temperature. Light Cycle In several cases, field and laboratory experiments have seen slug activity reflect the natural cycle of the sun. During the day the slugs would hide in their shelter, but when the sun set, they emerged. It...
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