...Pupils' Achievement In English And Teacher Competencies Pupils' Achievement In English And Teacher Competencies CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction For many years, educators and researchers have debated which school variables influence student achievement. As policy-makers became more involved in school reform, this suggestion takes on new importance since their many initiatives rely on presumed relationships between various education-related factors and learning outcomes. Some researches have suggested that “schools bring little influence to bear upon a child’s achievement test is independent of his background and general social context.” (Coleman et. al. 1966; Jenks et. al. 1972). Other evidence suggests that factors like class size (Glass, et. al. 1982; Mosteller, 1995), teacher qualification (Ferguson, 1991), school size (Holler, 1993), and other school variables may play an important role in influencing learning. As new standard for new learning continues to be introduced in the country, hence, greater attention is given to the role teacher plays in student achievement. While some evidence suggests that better qualified teachers may make a difference in student learning at the school and district levels. There is also increasing inquiry into the exact predictors that affect teacher efficiency vis-à-vis student level of achievement. Teaching competence and teacher impact on students may largely determine whether or not the student will fail or succeed...
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...Cognition: A Comparison of the Use of Metaphor in Professional, Popular and Pedagogic Science Introduction: “Metaphor was defined as a conceptual-linguistic mapping between a source and a target domain” (Aliskan, 2005), which is used when people want to talk about a concept, object or process unconventionally. It often acts as a bridge to associate abstract ideas or concepts with something that is close to people’s life, so that people can understand the idea or concept better. In the use of a metaphor, the comparison of two things is usually involved. Although the two things are not necessarily alike as a whole, they always have some specific similarities. Technically, those abstract ideas and concepts are called “vehicle”, the things closed to our life is called “topic” and their similarities “grounds”. It is widely acknowledged that science is an area full of abstract processes, concepts and ideas, thus the use of metaphor makes it much easier for scientists and science learners to understand scientific theories and be understood, which makes it very important and interesting for a science student to have a deep look at the use of metaphor in science, because it will help science students have a better idea of the metaphor used in science and furthermore, help them improve their learning. In this essay, the similarities and differences of the use of metaphors in professional, popular and pedagogic sciences will be carefully checked. Their similarities of the use in the three...
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...Introduction As a new pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers, the content-based instruction has gained great success all over the world. It aims at combining organically the systematic knowledge of a subject with the training of the second language skills. It is considered as an effective pedagogics as it helps improve students’ language skills and study in relevant subjects. The traditional pedagogics in foreign language teaching only lay stress on the training of language skills, lack of the integration with language content such as professional knowledge (Kasper, 2000). With a view to this, this essay gives a detailed elaboration to the teaching concepts, theories, teaching principles, and teaching mode of the content-based pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers. The essay will firstly introduce the teaching concepts of content-based instruction (hereinafter referred as CBI). Then it will give a view of the theory basis of CBI. Following it will explain the teaching principles and the teaching mode of CBI. Altogether the essay will argue from different levels for the significance of the content-based instruction. The content-based instruction conduct the teaching the language of science to second speakers according to the communicative approach teaching principles. Studying second language in real situations not only accords with the language acquisition laws, but also help cultivate students’ competence of language...
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...Research Journal Vol. 34, No. 6, December 2008, pp. 783–805 Do new information and communications technologies have a role to play in the achievement of education for all? Jenny Leach* Many commentators have suggested that the use of new information and communications technologies (ICTs) has significant potential in providing access to, and improving the quality of, teacher education. Such an idea is particularly relevant for the Global South, it is argued, where tens of thousands more qualified teachers are required if universal primary education (UPE) is to be achieved. This article explores six arguments commonly used to critique the relevance of ICT for development, encompassing technical, cost, philosophical, cultural and pedagogic issues. The arguments are categorised as the ‘technological’ view; the...
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...Assignment Comparison between Panjab University and University of Chicago Submitted to Submitted by Dr Gun Mala Suri Vikas Sharma MBA (BT) 3rd Sem Comparison between Panjab University and University of Chicago There are four critical differences between universities of the western world and ours. The first is that they do all they can, when they recruit young faculty, to make way for excellence. We do everything to block its entry. We start discouraging talent early, but a few bright youngsters manage to come up despite our best efforts. They are the ones who face the greatest resistance from our institutions at the time of selection for vacancies. The norms and standards that University of Chicago institutions apply for selecting young faculty focus on individualised assessment of potential. Senior people and administrators who make decisions make sure that the aspirants are assessed on the basis of what they have published, the quality of research they have done, and how passionate they seem about the pursuit of knowledge and teaching. MECHANICAL CRITERIA In our case, the initial criteria applied are purely mechanical. Any hint of trans-disciplinary interest means that the candidate loses the chance to be interviewed. And those who somehow escape this fate are ultimately sized up at the time of interview in terms of...
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...Advantages of distance education 1. Access to global resources and experts via internet communication and Internet resources. 2. Allows for the internationalization of learning opportunities. 3. Centralized resources can produce higher quality materials for distribution 4. Distance Education is Learner Centered -DE places responsibility for learning with the learner who must be more active and self-directed. 5. Facilitates greater learner-instructor interaction. 6. Facilitates Pedagogic Development-Individual Instructor Development. 7. Greater flexibility for scheduling learning-Students can determine time and place of "class time". 8. Greater flexibility in location for study-Students can engage course at home or work or on campus or at a library. 9. Has the potential to equalize access to education. 10. Increased interaction with classmates. 11. Opportunity to develop technology competencies for instructors and learners. 12. Produces a carry-over effect into the regular classroom of improved pedagogic techniques. 13. Provides for a modality of instruction better suited for certain learners. 14. Provides for an increase in Access to education for those who otherwise have no other opportunities due to work, family or physical limitations. Most studies indicate that those taking asynchronous or the fully online classes are...
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...Early Childhood Education The process of educating children begins at a young age in the early childhood program. Children need to be received in a warm inviting classroom in which the social, emotional, physical and cognitive development are a priority and address on a daily basis. Meeting the children’s needs of feeling safe and nurtured at school will facilitate learning to take place. Before students entered the classrooms to be filled with factual knowledge under scripted lessons that were to accommodate all learners. Educating children these days is more like an art that requires the use of creativity and knowledge to consider the student’s needs to prepare the lessons, incorporate personal philosophies, and implement the proper pedagogic strategies to develop children’s academic potential. Being an early childhood teacher is a privilege that requires to be assumed with responsibility as early childhood teachers spend the majority of the day teaching children who’s both parents work to cover the family needs. Children at the Pre K to K start school between the ages of 3-5 depending on the program and school children are attending. For my final paper, I will identify and discuss the theories and/or philosophies that demonstrate how I envision the appropriate classroom to be for the selected age group. I will also provide an overview of the concepts I will teach in each academic area, and share some of the strategies and activities that will be implemented in the classroom...
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...Personal Educational Philosophy Statement Deborah Castel University of West Florida Personal Educational Philosophy Statement People have many different views and ideas of what they see the purpose of education is and forming a philosophy of education is not as simple as it might sound. The purpose of education is to teach and expose students to knowledge. Developing a personal philosophy of education is important because it guides your instructional decisions and can provide stability, continuity, and long term guidance as a professional. There is not just one statement that defines the purpose of education and it isn't limited to just what one thinks. It is my belief that the purpose of education is not merely to teach students what our school districts what us to teach so they can pass these state and federal tests, but to ignite the minds of every child to be creative and analytical thinkers; to assist students in developing critical thinking skills and the value of reasoning for themselves; to develop a student's desire and ability to think and learn about the world around them; to teach and guide them in learning how to develop successful relationships that will enable them to work with their peers not only throughout their school years, but in life itself. The majority of learning does not really begin within the classroom, when a child enters school for the very first time. Many of life’s most important lessons are learned from our family members, from the communities...
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...The process of educating children begins at a young age in the early childhood program. Children need to be received in a warm inviting classroom in which the social, emotional, physical and cognitive development are a priority and address on a daily basis. Meeting the children’s needs of feeling safe and nurtured at school will facilitate learning to take place. Before students entered the classrooms to be filled with factual knowledge under scripted lessons that were to accommodate all learners. Educating children these days is more like an art that requires the use of creativity and knowledge to consider the student’s needs to prepare the lessons, incorporate personal philosophies, and implement the proper pedagogic strategies to develop children’s academic potential. Being an early childhood teacher is a privilege that requires to be assumed with responsibility as early childhood teachers spend the majority of the day teaching children who’s both parents work to cover the family needs. Children at the Pre K to K start school between the ages of 3-5 depending on the program and school children are attending. For my final paper, I will identify and discuss the theories and/or philosophies that demonstrate how I envision the appropriate classroom to be for the selected age group. I will also provide an overview of the concepts I will teach in each academic area, and share some of the strategies and activities that will be implemented in the classroom which will be a reflection...
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...Otherwise, in an attempt to simplify or idealize the language they result in creating a artificial kind of communication, thereby depriving the learners of contextual indexes such as dialect, social relationship between the participants, or social function/definition of the communicative situation, which the community make or use in everyday social encounters. The pedagogic consequence which results from this is that the best way to contextualize language is simply to use real instances of language use, in which the full Potential of language can be appreciated by looking at its social...
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...will not be able to perform college-level work and most of them will require some type of remediation to be successful. Although Paulo Friere and James Loewen have clearly noted the faulty educational process based on learning patterns and inadequate materials; they may have overlooked other underlying factors that may indeed cause a deficit in the educational process and produce a lower standard of education. These factors include but are not limited to ethnic background and socioeconomic status and environment. After thoroughly researching supporting arguments to my theory that Friere and Loewen both overlooked socioeconomics and teacher / pupil relationship importance. I stumbled upon, “A Comparative Study of Pupils Perception of Pedagogic Process” (McNess) and “Effects of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Class Composition on Highly Competent Children”. (Stefania Maggi) These studies illustrate how students view motivation, engagement and the conditions necessary for effective teaching and learning. Education and National Culture: A comparative study of attitudes to secondary schooling (ENCOMPASS) and Early Development Instrument (EDI) research projects...
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...scientific study of learning around the turn of the 20th century, research was limited to mostly the reactions of children. Because of this pedagogy evolved into a learning model predominately for the education of pre-adults (Holmes and Abington-Cooper, 2000). In the early 20th century when adult education began emerging, teachers of adults began seeing problems with the pedagogical model. One of the biggest problems was that pedagogy proposes that the purpose of education was the transmittal of knowledge and skills through the use of lectures, assigned readings, drills, quizzes, note memorizing, and examinations. Another problem with the pedagogic model is that many of the assumptions about the characteristics of learners do not fit the adult students. Because of this Adult learners began to get frustrated and resist the pedagogic teaching strategies, causing the dropout rates for adult students to increase...
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...Language Areas Difficulty of the College of Education Students of the University of San Jose-Recoletos: A Basis for Remedial Instruction _____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Education University of San Jose-Recoletos _________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in English By: Albino, Rey Jee Dagunan, Maeflo Fariolen, Amilou Ace Saga, Alyanna Mae S.Y. 2014-2015 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Rationale It is unquestionably that language plays a very important part in people’s learning process and of course, it can depict the line between excellence and mediocrity. Indeed, mastery of the field is needed and must be developed. Language, as a general thought has numerous definitions due to the fact that people would likely see things from various viewpoints. However, majority of the characterizations of language appears to be analogous with one another. Among the definitions, language is primarily a mental faculty that allows humans to undertake linguistic behavior: to learn languages and to produce and understand utterances (Haser and Fitch 2003). Furthermore, language is seen as a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of combination to communicate meaning (Trask, 2007). This definition stresses that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular...
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...INSIDE THE P.E.T. EXAM (Preliminary English Test) A complete kit designed to prepare students for the P.E.T. language certificate Level B1/Threshold Online ©DIDAEL English TARGET USERS INSIDE THE PET EXAM is a series of online teaching resources designed by DIDAEL for all those who wish to obtain the second of the five European language certificates. It enables them to assess their level of English and receive specific and focused preparation. INSIDE THE PET EXAM can be used by individuals or groups within organisations. OBJECTIVES The aim of INSIDE THE PET EXAM is to offer students the possibility to prepare for the P.E.T. (Preliminary English Test) certificate exam, which is awarded by the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate (UCLES) and is internationally recognised. It certifies that the student has reached the second of the five levels of knowledge designed by UCLES itself. The preparation offered by DIDAEL aims to test the candidate's actual language competence and provides a training ground on which to practice for the exam using the PET format and requirements . It also provides the means to fill the gaps in one's knowledge and to strengthen any weaknesses. CONTENT AND STRUCTURE INSIDE THE PET EXAM is made up of resources developed exclusively by DIDAEL using a preparation strategy which enables the student to sit the exam after having received the necessary information and preparation. The following resources are offered by DIDAEL for this purpose:...
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...Originally published in The Literacy Practitioner (Volume 4, # 1, February, 1997). Literacy Volunteers of America - New York State Communicative Competence and Second language Teaching: Lessons Learned from the Bangalore Project A review of N.S. Prabhu (1987) Second Language Pedagogy by N.S. Prabhu. 1987. New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press N. S Prabhu's objectives in Second Language Pedagogy are twofold: to present the “communicative comptence” theory of second language acquisition, and to describe the Bangalore Project which consisted of a small number of elementary and secondary English classes in India. This five-year project, which illustrates the importance of grounding practice in theory, is relevant for adult ESL programs like Literacy Volunteers of America (LVA) because of its transition from direct instruction to communicative competence through “meaning making” in real contexts. Prabhu’s book is full with provocative insight about second language acquisition (SLA) that practitioners and theorists would do well to explore whether or not they agree with all of Prabhu’s assumptions. One purpose of the Bangalore Project was to develop a methodology in a “sustained teaching” environment consistent with theory in part as a way of refining the theory, but also to shape practice according to a specific theoretical framework. This kind of interaction between theory and practice is a special concern among teacher researchers in the United States (Cochran- ...
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