ese drives might be transformed to a desire to organize children’s activities or to clean up the local riverfront.
In regression we return to earlier, safer stages of our lives. This defense mechanism is most easily seen in children.
Rationalization is a mechanism involving post hoc (after the fact) logical explanations for behaviors that were actually driven by internal unconscious motives. Psychoanalysis well recognizes that the explanations we give for our behavior are not necessarily even remotely related to the true causes.
Freud explored the unconscious in exquisite detail, but he was relatively unconcerned with possible cultural variations.
Mechanical medical models saw people as influenced by internal fluids.
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud’s approach to understanding human behavior; also, Freud’s psychotherapeutic techniques
Psychoanalytic approaches to personality are generally difficult to evaluate as scientific theories. They often are not disconfirm able because there is always another postulated hidden mechanism ready to explain any observations. Controlled studies are rarely employed.

Psychosurgery: operating on the brain in an attempt to repair personality problems—has a long and horrific history. In the 1940s, the prefrontal lobotomy was the technique of choice. The surgeons would drill holes into the skull, insert a dull knife, and slice the brain lobes until the patient (who was under only local anesthesia) seemed totally disoriented. The purpose of the surgery was to cut the nerve connections between the higher centers of the brain and the lower “seats” of animal instincts (such as the thalamus), consistent with psychoanalytic theory.
Behaviorism
The learning approach to psychology introduced by John Watson that emphasizes the study of observable behavior
The idea of unconscious motivation is clearly supported by research on emotion,