...Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your esophagus, stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is abdominal pain. Peptic ulcers include: Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach Esophageal ulcers that occur inside the hollow tube (esophagus) that carries food from your throat to your stomach Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of your small intestine (duodenum) CAUSES Peptic ulcers occur when acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed. Your digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that normally protects against acid. But if the amount of acid is increased or the amount of mucus is decreased, you could develop an ulcer. Common causes include: A bacterium. Helicobacter pylori bacteria commonly live in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. Often, H. pylori causes no problems, but it can cause inflammation of the stomach's inner layer, producing an ulcer. It's not clear how H. pylori spreads. It may be transmitted from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. People may also contract H. pylori through food and water. Regular use of certain pain relievers. Certain over-the-counter and prescription pain medications can irritate or inflame...
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...Peptic Ulcers and Its Treatment Introduction Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the stomach lining. It is also develop in the lining of duodenum, or esophagus as a result of erosion that formed by acidic digestive juices which corroding the lining of the digestive system. There are three types of peptic ulcers, which are gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and esophageal ulcers. Gastric ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are ulcers that develop in the upper portion of the small intestine, called duodenum. Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the esophagus. The etiology of peptic ulcer is not clearly known. Infection of stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is contributed to ulcer formation. In gastric ulcer, the acid secretion is normal or low. Generally acid secretion is high or normal in duodenal ulcer. The treatment of peptic ulcer is divided into 4 classes: agents that reduce gastric acid secretion, agents that neutralize gastric acid, agents that promote mucosal defense and anti-H. pylori drugs. Treatment Pharmacological measures for the management of peptic ulcers 1. Reduction of gastric acid secretion Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists Example: cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine They are highly selective H2 receptor antagonists. They work by binding to H2 receptors which are located on the basolateral...
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...Medical Bulletin VOL.14 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2009 Management of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding Dr. Carmen Ka-man NG MBBS, MRCP, FHKCP, FHKAM(Medicine) Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital Dr. Carmen Ka-man NG This article has been selected by the Editorial Board of the Hong Kong Medical Diary for participants in the CME programme of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (MCHK) to complete the following self-assessment questions in order to be awarded one CME credit under the programme upon returning the completed answer sheet to the Federation Secretariat on or before 30 November 2009. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is defined as haemorrhage proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Peptic ulcer bleeding accounts for 60% of the cases.1 Despite advances in endoscopic treatment and pharmacotherapy, the mortality of upper GIB remains unchanged. In-hospital mortality was found to be 7.1% in 3220 patients admitted for bleeding peptic ulcers from 1993 to 2003 to a teaching hospital in Hong Kong.2 History taking and physical examination help to define the underlying cause. It should be followed by a detailed haemodynamic assessment. Resting tachycardia (pulse 100/min), hypotension (sBP 6 favours platelet aggregation, clot formation and inhibition of fibrinolysis.3 The effect of preemptive PPI before endoscopy was studied. Daneshmend had conducted a randomised study in 1147 unselected patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding...
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...------------------------------------------------- Peptic ulcer A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease,[1] is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm. As many as 70–90% of such ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach; however, only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs.[2] Four times as many peptic ulcers arise in the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine, just after the stomach—as in the stomach itself. About 4% of gastric ulcers are caused by a malignant tumor, so multiple biopsies are needed to exclude cancer. Duodenal ulcers are generally benign. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Classification By Region/Location * Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) * Oesophagus (called esophageal ulcer) * Stomach (called gastric ulcer) * Meckel's diverticulum (called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation) Modified Johnson Classification of peptic ulcers: * Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. * Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated...
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...Lifestyle or Medication - Treating Peptic Ulcers HCA/240 December 15, 2013 Lifestyle or Medication - Treating Peptic Ulcers While many people can live their whole lives without developing peptic ulcers even if they do not eat the right foods, peptic ulcers are one major gastrointestinal disease that can be controlled by changes in an individual’s lifestyle. It is important for everyone to eat the right foods and maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce the chances of this disease occurring. Peptic ulcers are sores that are open and start on the inside lining of the stomach, the upper portion of the small intestine, and in rare cases, the esophagus because acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner lining of these parts. As a result, the acid creates an open sore that is very painful and may also bleed (Mayo Clinic, 2013). However, there are many lifestyle changes individuals can make to prevent or to control peptic ulcers. By eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain will help keep the digestive tract healthy, while also drinking plenty of water (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Furthermore, the risk can be reduced by not smoking, avoid alcohol, and making changes to your diet like eating smaller portions at more frequent times (WebMd, LLC, 2013). Although, some of these lifestyle changes could be challenging for some people, especially for those who smoke cigarettes. Breaking this habit can be very difficult for many therefore they...
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...Mercola’s October 2009 article “Artificial Sweeteners – More Dangerous than You Ever Imagined” on Mercola.com the product is very dangerous. I chose this topic as a way to prove myself right. I was hopping to find more information on why Aspartame is not bad but I was not able to. I chose this article in particular because of the in depth review of the product. The article is about the effects of Aspartame on the body but Dr. Mercola goes into the history of the product as well. Before he goes into great depth on the effects he shows the how this product came to be and the process it took to become FDA certified. According to Mercola Aspartame was found by accident. A chemist was working on some kind of chemical that would help treat Peptic Ulcer disease. The chemist realized how sweet the product was and that started the clime to creating the products for consumer use. Many test were ran on the product and most showed the negative aspects of using Aspartame. The only group Mercola mentions in the article that could find no issue with Aspartame was the Searle Company. The problem was that the Searle Company was the company trying to bring the product to market. Even the FDA found the product to be unsafe for human consumption. The FDA found flaws in Searle’s testing along with side effects such as, brain tumors in animals. But the Searle Company continued to poor money into to bad studies and through several back handed deals with the government the product was approved. ...
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...Gastric Ulcer Alvin Simmons Gaston University Abstract Gastric ulcers are open sores or raw areas in the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine. They result when the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori fastens itself to the lining of the stomach. Gastric ulcers are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen. The bacteria or NSAIDs diminish the protective mucus covering of the stomach and small intestines. This procedure allows acid to get through to the delicate lining. The irritation from the drugs or bacteria can cause the sensitive lining to become raw, which causes an ulcer to form. Gastric ulcers can also form when there is a unevenness between the digestive juices used by the stomach to break down food. The main digestive juices, hydrochloric acid and pepsin, are very potent substances that are essential for breaking down food, which the body uses for energy. These acids are always present in the stomach in small amounts, except at meal times. About 25 million people in the United States have had a gastric ulcer during their lifetime. At least 90% of these cases are caused by H. pylori. Gastric ulcers are less common with only 85,000 cases diagnosed each year. The patients who suffer from gastric ulcers are between the ages of 55 and 65. Men are more prone to ulcers, but there has been a steady rise of women being diagnosed each year. Because the ulcer is caused primarily by the H. pylori bacteria, those living in underdeveloped countries...
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...these benefits may allow for better overall health. When we lack a vitamin or mineral we can get them from supplements, especially if we create a deficiency from an unbalanced diet. Risks of taking too many supplements can lead to severe adverse reactions and health complications. Some can lead to kidney toxicities, nausea, bone pain, heart murmurs, poor appetite and brain issues. The government regulates the dietary supplements, labeling and the ingredients that manufacturers use to develop new products. They also regulate marketing and side effects of drugs and regulate what they may and may not use to keep things truthful. Some medical problems can be helped, improved, or cured using supplements. Such a disease for example is a Peptic ulcer, which is a sore lining your stomach. some supplements that help this are catechin, raw cabbage juice, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and a few others. Vitamins and minerals being developed in medical laboratories and by private manufactures are still creating new things daily making changes and cures to every day health needs and concerns. Lastly supplements should be taken with caution and in moderation to avoid risks. References http://www.livestrong.com/article/293879-what-medical-conditions-can-be-treated-with-supplements/ http://nutrition.about.com/od/calcium/a/Benefits-And-Risks-Of-Taking-Dietary-Supplements.htm...
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...Antacid Aluminum and Magnesium ANTACIDS THAT CONTAIN BOTH ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM SALTS ONCE SEEMED IDEAL BECAUSE ONE INGREDIENT COMPLEMENTED THE OTHER. ALUMINUM SALTS, WHICH DISSOLVE SLOWLY IN THE STOMACH, START TO WORK GRADUALLY BUT PROVIDE LONG-LASTING RELIEF. THEY ALSO CAUSE CONSTIPATION. MAGNESIUM SALTS ACT FAST AND NEUTRALIZE ACIDS EFFECTIVELY. THEY CAN ALSO ACT AS A LAXATIVE. ANTACIDS CONTAINING BOTH INGREDIENTS SHOULD PROVIDE QUICK, LONG-LASTING RELIEF WITH LESS RISK OF DIARRHEA OR CONSTIPATION. HOWEVER, THE LONG-TERM SAFETY OF ANTACIDS CONTAINING ALUMINUM HAS BEEN QUESTIONED. PROLONGED USE MAY WEAKEN BONES BY DEPLETING THE BODY OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM. Calcium Carbonate CALCIUM CARBONATE, OR CHALK, HAS BEEN A MAINSTAY OF ANTACIDS FOR A LONG TIME. CALCIUM CARBONATE ACTS FAST AND NEUTRALIZES ACIDS FOR A RELATIVELY LONG TIME. ALSO, IT IS AN INEXPENSIVE SOURCE OF CALCIUM; AMOUNTS RANGE FROM 500 TO 1000 MILLIGRAMS PER TABLET OR DOSE. HOWEVER, PEOPLE CAN OVERDOSE ON CALCIUM. THE MAXIMUM DAILY AMOUNT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 2000 MILLIGRAMS UNLESS A DOCTOR HAS DIRECTED OTHERWISE. Sodium Bicarbonate ONE OF THE LEAST EXPENSIVE AND MOST READILY AVAILABLE ANTACIDS IS NO FARTHER AWAY THAN THE KITCHEN CABINET. SODIUM BICARBONATE, OR BAKING SODA, NEUTRALIZES ACID QUICKLY. THE BAKING SODA BURP IS A SIGN THAT THIS ANTACID IS WORKING; THE BURP IS CAUSED BY RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE GAS, WHICH OCCURS WHEN THE ANTACID NEUTRALIZES THE ACID. Although sodium bicarbonate may provide...
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...BSBMED301B: Assignment 1 What you have to do Using the learning resource provided answer the following questions: Question 1 Using your knowledge of word components, give the correct medical term for each of the definitions below. Definition Medical Term 1. rectal hernia Rectocele 2. excision of the stomach Gastrectomy 3. inflammation of the kidney Nephritis 4. enlargement of the liver Hepatomegaly 5. incision to remove a stone Lithotomy 6. fixation of the intestine Enteropexy 7. artificial opening in the colon Colostomy 8. incision into the abdomen Laparotomy 9. absence of one or both testes Anarchism 10. rupture of the uterus Hysterorrhexis 11. excision of the prostate gland Prostatectomy 12. visual examination of the vagina Colposcopy 13. surgical repair of a testicle Orchiopexy 14. discharge of milk Galactorrhea 15. difficult labour or delivery Dystocia 16. suture of the tongue Glossorrhaphy 17. surgical puncture of the abdomen Abdominocentesis 18. pus in the urine Pyuria 19. pertaining to above the kidney Suprarenal 20. narrowing of the urethra Urethral Stricture Question 2 Give the meaning of each of the abbreviations below. Abbreviation Medical Meaning 1. LUQ Left upper quadrant 2. GI Gastrointestinal 3. OGD Oesophago-gastro duedenoscopy 4. CVS Chorionic villus sampling 5. STD Sexually transmitted disease 6. IUD Intrauterine device 7. TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate 8. DRE Digital rectal...
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...consequences of smoking and nicotine use on the GI system. Application to Gastrointestinal A&P The author describes the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the GI tract as it pertains to smoking and nicotine. What Did I Learn Within the stomach, smoking has been shown to prevent the production of bicarbonate ions by reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which controls bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate ions are important to the stomach mucosa because they help to form “a pH gradient, from strongly acidic on the luminal surface to neutral at the mucosa.” The absence of sufficient bicarbonate ions makes the mucus layer of the stomach susceptible to erosion, potentially leading to the development of peptic ulcers. It is important to note that peptic ulcer susceptibility can be exacerbated by...
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...hca 220 WEEK 1 DQ 1 The five skills of medical communication are important for health care administration because they help let communicating with other healthcare professionals while you're working. The five language skills are reading, listening, thinking, analyzing, and understanding, writing (typing) and spelling, and speaking and pronouncing. There are many things I will be trying out to master these five skills of medical communication. I will try my hardest to read the material over and over until I remember what I am reading. If I do this, I may remember things that will be important for me to know once I get a career in the healthcare field. I will complete all the assignments on time, and reread them before posting to make sure it is what I want to turn in. I will also open the assignment after it's posted to make sure that it is the right assignment. I have had a couple problems with that in previous classes and it has become almost like a habit. DQ 2 Hello All. Prefix is a word part that is the beginning of the word. A prefix is an optional word part and not every word has a prefix. These words end in a hyphen. Some examples of a prefix are endo- meaning endotracheal, within the trachea. Intra- meaning intravenous, or an IV. Combining form is a combining form is a word part that is the foundation of a word, a combing form gives the word its main medical meaning, a combining form has a root, a forward slash, a combing vowel, and a final hyphen. An example...
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...Iron Deficiency Anemia Gretchen Tai see Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 281 Pathophysiology Professor Patton 29 May 2015 Iron deficiency anemia is a common easily treated condition that occurs if you don’t have enough iron in your body. The word "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for the transport of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide (a waste product) from your body. In iron deficiency anemia, the red cells appear abnormal and are unusually small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic). The pallor of the red blood cells reflects their low hemoglobin content. There are four common causes associated with Iron deficiency anemia. The first one is decreased intake of iron in your diet. This mostly affects infants less than six months old because their diet consists of mostly breast milk and breast milk is a poor source of iron. For adults we can increase our diet with foods that are rich in iron like red meat, pork, seafood, beans, dark leafy vegetables to name a few. We should also take a vitamin C supplement or eat more foods rich in vitamin C such as broccoli, grapefruit, kiwi, oranges, and strawberries. These foods can aid in the absorption of iron. The second cause is increase demand that the body has for iron when a child or adolescent is going through a rapid growth there is an expansion of blood volume. Another example of this would be when a woman...
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...10.3: Digestive system disorders 1. Peptic Ulcers: * A peptic ulcer is a sore (hole) in the lining of the stomach or duodenum because the protective mucus that covers the lining has weakened. The tissues become inflamed due to the contact with hydrochloric acid in the stomach * Peptic ulcers cause nausea, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. * Peptic ulcers begin when bacteria called “Helicobacter pylori” attach to the wall of the stomach and prevent the area from producing the protective mucus. * Ulcers can be treated with antibiotics that kill bacteria. 2. Ulcerative colitis (IBD): * An inflammatory disease that attacks the colon. * Its symptoms are bloody stools, cramps and abdominal pain. * Surgeons remove the affected part of the colon and create a new external opening for digestive wastes. 3. Constipation: * Constipation is when the stools are dry, small, and difficult to eliminate. * It is caused by inadequate waste intake, and by an unhealthy diet taking of fibres (cellulose). * Foods rich in fibres (cellulose) like whole grain bread, brown rice, beans, peas and lentils, help prevent constipation. 4. Hepatitis: * Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. * Hepatitis is 3 types: a) Hepatitis (A): * Comes from drinking contaminated water. * There is a vaccine for it. b) Hepatitis (B): * Comes from sexual contact. * There is a vaccine for it. c) Hepatitis (C): * Comes...
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...an esophageal rather than an oropharyngeal cause of dysphagia? Chest pain during meals. 5. What does the pathophysiology of chronic gastritis include? Atrophy of the gastric mucosa with decreased secretions. 6. Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of: Appendicitis. 7. How may a fistula form with Crohn’s disease? Recurrent inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis forming a connection between intestinal loops. 8. A 60-year-old male presents with GI bleeding and abdominal pain. He reports that he takes NSAIDs daily to prevent heart attack. Tests reveal that he has a peptic ulcer. The most likely cause of this disease is: Inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. 9. Prolonged or severe stress predisposes to peptic ulcer disease because: Of reduced blood flow to the gastric wall and mucous glands. 10. A 50-year-old male complains of frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be: Ulcerative Colitis. 11. What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs. 12. T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed in a 55-year-old man who had a lengthy history of intestinal disease. Which of the following diseases most likely preceded this malignancy? Celiac Disease. 13. Difficulty swallowing is known as Dysphagia. 14. The most common disorder associated with upper GI...
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