...PERCENTAGES: THE MOST USEFUL STATISTICS EVER INVENTED Thomas R. Knapp © 2010 "Eighty percent of success is showing up." - Woody Allen “Baseball is ninety percent mental and the other half is physical.” - Yogi Berra "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." - Thomas Edison Preface You know what a percentage is. 2 out of 4 is 50%. 3 is 25% of 12. Etc. But do you know enough about percentages? Is a percentage the same thing as a fraction or a proportion? Should we take the difference between two percentages or their ratio? If their ratio, which percentage goes in the numerator and which goes in the denominator? Does it matter? What do we mean by something being statistically significant at the 5% level? What is a 95% confidence interval? Those questions, and much more, are what this book is all about. In his fine article regarding nominal and ordinal bivariate statistics, Buchanan (1974) provided several criteria for a good statistic, and concluded: “The percentage is the most useful statistic ever invented…” (p. 629). I agree, and thus my choice for the title of this book. In the ten chapters that follow, I hope to convince you of the defensibility of that claim. The first chapter is on basic concepts (what a percentage is, how it differs from a fraction and a proportion, what sorts of percentage calculations are useful in statistics...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of FormBottom of Form | Year | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual | 2002 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.0 | | 2003 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | | 2004 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | | 2005 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | | 2006 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | | 2007 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | | 2008 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.3 | | 2009 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | | 2010 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.4 | | 2011 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.5 | | 2012 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.2 | | | | | | |...
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...1. List the five countries that are generating the largest percentage of their electricity from wind and produce an equivalent list for hydropower. Include in the list the percentage of their electricity that they obtain from this source and what percentage this is of their total energy usage. The following values were calculated using data accessed through the U.S. Energy Information Administration Website. Data was collected and a spreadsheet was formulated that calculated which countries had the highest percent of wind and hydroelectric energy consumed and generated domestically when considering all energy sources. 2009 data wind power Country | Total domestic electric generation | % of wind in domestic power generation | Wind Power Generation | Total energy consumption | % of total energy usage | Denmark | | | 34.2887 TWH | 54 | 18.62TWH | 33.958 TWH | 18.80 | Portugal | 46.826TWH | 33 | 15.37 TWH | 48.269 TWH | 14.91 | Germany | 546.7761 TWH | 6.71 | 36.71 TWH | 544.467 TWH | 6.74 | Spain | 274.693TWH | 4.75 | 13.07 TWH | 270.659 TWH | 13.26 | Greece | 57.5667 TWH | 4.20 | 2.42 TWH | 59.528 TWH | 4.05 | http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=37&aid=12&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2010&unit=BKWH According to the Key World Energy Statistics prepared by the International Energy Agency the countries whose percent of hydroelectric power in domestic energy generation is the largest is Norway, Brazil, Venezuela...
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...Percentage of Oxygen in Compound-Stoichiometry/ Catalysis Page 2 Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Experimental Procedure Page 4- 5 Results Page 6-7 Discussion Page 7 References Page 8 Page 3 Introduction This laboratory the weighting techniques and the use of stoichiometry to calculate percentages of substances were reviewed. To calculate the percent purity of sample, stoichometry relationships were used. In this lab stoichiometric relationship was use to find the percent of oxygen in potassium chlorate and also the percent purity of a sample provided. By definition, Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship amongst elements in a compound to reactant ratio during a chemical reaction. Potassium chlorate (KClO₃), like many other oxygen composing compounds, is decomposed well by heat. Essentially there is an endothermic reaction that by the aid of a catalyst and heat will produce potassium chloride and oxygen. This equation looks as follows: KClO₃sMnO₂heat2KCls+3O₂(g) This process can happen without the presence of manganese dioxide (MnO₂), but it will take a very long time. Instead, MnO₂ is used as the catalyst to expedite the heating temperature and does not contribute to the overall oxygen output Page 4 Experimental procedure First, obtain two clean and dry 25x200mm Pyrex test...
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...Before the “Determining the Percentage of Oxygen in Air” lab, the students were to read the background and purpose information on the lab. The experiment was designed to determine the percentage of oxygen in a given air sample. The purpose of this lab, although, was to teach students to be familiar with laboratory procedures and safety. On the day of the lab, Mrs. Robinson spoke to the entire class on how to do the experiment and the materials that we needed. We then proceeded to put on our safety aprons and goggles. My partner, Wyatt, and I gathered the materials of a 100mL graduated cylinder (with a 0.1 accuracy), a pie tin, a small candle, and a lighter. We needed to be incredibly safe with the lighter. The only chemical is water. When we first got our pie tin, I noticed there was some wax already on the bottom meaning that it was already used. We had trouble getting the candle to stick to the pie tin, but we did and we filled the rest of the pie tin with water. When we lit the candle I could smell the fire. The graduated cylinder was placed over the candle and the flame started to die down and I could see smoke in the rest of the cylinder. As the flame died, the water around the candle started to rise. When the flame did eventually die, the water vacuumed up at a faster rate. The same results followed with other trials only with different readings. Although I noticed that if the wick of the candle was wet, it crackled before lighting. This phenomenon occurs because...
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...international sales trends. * The sales trends of the Enduro series follow the overall sales trend but the Motos have maintained their sales more or less. * Motos have not shown the increase in sales as in early 2000’s. The following graph shows the trends of sales in all products. * * As the trend is same as 2005 for years before 2005,we we restrict ourselves to last three years * Observing this we find Enduro 250’s sales has shown more elastic changes than others. * Following table will show the trend in changes in sales as percentages. Year | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Enduro 250 | 38% | 38% | 1% | -5% | Enduro 550 | 16% | 14% | 8% | -11% | Moto 300 | 10% | 27% | 7% | 0% | Moto 450 | 29% | 11% | 17% | 6% | SALES(% change) | 20% | 22% | 7% | -5% | * Both the Enduro bikes sales figures show elasticity. Enduro 250’s percentage change shows 37 percentage points decrease. * Enduro 550’s percentage decrease in sales in 11. * These bikes’ sales performance is worse than others. Moto 450 is the best sold product. International and domestic trends: * As the company has not grown foreign markets properly the international sales does not show any change. * The proportion of the international sales is highest in the year 2005. But it’s more or less same throughout. Ratio analysis: | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | NET PROFIT...
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...of 5.8 percent in the second quarter of 2015 and the 5.5 percent in the third quarter of 2014. The third quarter growth was driven by the Services sector which accelerated to 7.3 percent from 5.6 percent. This performance is the highest since the 7.4 percent growth recorded in the third quarter of 2013. The entire Agriculture sector recovered in the third quarter by 0.4 percent from a 2.6 percent decline posted during the same period last year. On the other hand, the Industry sector slowed down to 5.4 percent from 7.8 percent last year. Among the three major economic sectors, Services gave the highest contribution to the GDP growth in the third quarter with 4.2 percentage points. This was followed by Industry with 1.8 percentage points while Agriculture contributed 0.03 percentage point The Net Primary Income (NPI) rebounded to 4.7 percent from a contraction of 3.1 percent in the previous year. As a result, the Gross National Income (GNI) accelerated to 5.8 percent from 3.9 percent in the third quarter of 2014. With projected population reaching to a level of 101.8 million, per capita GDP grew by 4.3 percent...
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...Budget: An estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals. One of the most important administrative tools, a budget serves also as a (1) plan of action for achieving quantified objectives, (2) standard for measuring performance, and (3) device for coping with foreseeable adverse situations. Planning and monitoring your budget will help you identify wasteful expenditures, adapt quickly as your financial situation changes, and achieve your financial goals. When you actually see the breakdown of your expenses, you may be surprised by what you find; this process is essential to fully grasping how things can add up. Creating a budget will decrease your stress levels because, with a budget, there are no surprises. Why budget is prepared? Budget helps to aid the planning of actual operations by forcing managers to consider how the conditions might change and what steps should be taken now and by encouraging managers to consider problems before they arise. It also helps co-ordinate the activities of the organization by compelling managers to examine relationships between their own operation and those of other departments. Other essentials of budget include: To control resources To communicate plans to various responsibility center managers. To motivate managers to strive to achieve budget goals. To evaluate the performance of managers To provide visibility into the company's...
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...Vanessa Reyes JRN 349: Editing for Print & Online Media Professor. Pearson 11/15/2015 Essay # 3 First, consider the sources intents and or motives before promising obscurity. Reserve anonymity for sources who may come across peril, retaliation or other hazardous exposure, and include information that cannot be retrieved elsewhere. Explain why obscurity was allowed--If your publication has a policy, let’s say not identifying a sexual assault victim, it is understanding how to treat such a person. After all, there’s no law that says your publication can’t single out that victim. Second, you as a copyeditor should know your publication’s policies inside and out and be able to make recommendations based on them. For instance identifying suspects in crimes before they’re charged “The Associated Press had written stories with many of Stacy Peterson’s relatives or Drew Peterson’s acquaintances saying they heard Drew say, or heard Stacy say about Drew, that maybe he wanted to kill her; sometimes your publication’s policies or bosses set a clear guidance on how to grip specific cases. But sometimes they don’t, and it’s up to the copy desk to hash them out. “(Horan; 2011.) Not forgetting to mention--sometimes your publication’s policies or bosses set a clear lead on how to manage certain cases. But sometimes they don’t, and it’s up to the copy desk to stew them out. A doctor is charged with malpractice, accused of murdering a patient due to the large breast implant size. “Your...
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...UPDATE 1-Brazil 2013 inflation forecast down on energy pri... http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/17/brazil-economy-su... EDITION: U.S. Register Sign In Search News & Quotes Home Business Markets World Politics Tech Opinion Breakingviews Money Life Pictures Video ARTICLE Supreme Court to review law on minority voting rights - The Supreme Court agreed on Friday to review a legal challenge to the Voting Rights Act, a landmark law adopted in 1965 to protect African-American voters who had faced decades of discrimination at the polls. CONTINUE READING TOP NEWS TOP VIDEOS MARKETS US Indices Exclusive: Ally near $4 billion unit sale, GM seen in lead NEW YORK - Ally Financial Inc is nearing a deal to sell its auto financing operations in Europe and Latin America for around $4 billion, with General Motors Co emerging as the lead bidder if the company decides to sell those operations as a whole, two sources familiar with the situation said. Incoming Lockheed CEO fired after admitting to affair Citigroup to pay former executives more than $15 million each » More Top News DOW 4.07 12,815.39 +0.03% NASDAQ Wall St. up but Washington wary Apple falls from the tree » More Top Videos 9.29 2,904.87 +0.32% S&P 500 2.34 1,379.85 +0.17% MOST POPULAR Obama insists on tax hike for rich as part of fiscal deal | After Obama win, U.S. backs new U.N. arms treaty talks Iran says repelled unidentified plane from...
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...Focus on: India International Business Report 2010 – Country focus series The recovery Impact on businesses With the worst of the global recession behind it and Government action which helped to put a floor under the economy, growth in India is slowly accelerating. Downside risks loom as prices rise sharply owing to the fiscal stimulus and supply constrains, and the Reserve Bank has started raising interest rates as inflation remains stubbornly high. The key indicators1 are highlighted below: • the economy expanded by six per cent in the three months to December, down from 7.9 per cent in the previous quarter • industrial production, which expanded by just 2.6 per cent in 2008-2009, posted a 16.7 percentage point increase in January • in the three months to December, exports rose by 2.9 per cent (six per cent year-on-year) whilst imports climbed by 10.8 per cent (1.2 per cent year-on-year) • the rising price of food, fuel and manufactured goods saw the wholesale price index-based inflation soar to a 16-month high of 9.89 per cent in February. The Grant Thornton International Business Report (IBR) 2010 surveyed the views of over 7,400 privately held businesses (PHBs) in 36 economies around the world. This report focuses on India, the experiences and attitudes of its privately held businesses and how they have been affected by the economic crisis along with how they are dealing with the recovery, as illustrated in figure 1. The IBR survey tells us that businesses in India...
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...scale to x). E. Continuous, there are in theory an infinite number of values between any two values. Example: A person’s height and/or weight. 15. On excel attachment 19. on excel attachment 20. 21. (a). A frequency table is frequently used effectively to make sense of the data which has been put together and to present any kind of signs which might arise. Table 1-10 is proof of specific groups undertake some rivalry 58% of the time, and either no rivalry or a great deal of rivalry quite correlated (20%-22%). By utilizing a frequency table you can observe the trend of rivalry which the group usually encounters. The table assists make sense of the percentages and quantities which exist in the data which was collected. Without the utilization of the frequency table one may get perplexed between the percentages and the quantities in the study, therefore this table is a superb visual method of splitting down the data in order that it's simpler to understand. b.) The end result shapes from table 1-10 are split up to exhibit the frequency that this specific team encounters rivalry from various other similar teams. Every response is provided...
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...Lauren Hayes Commercial Banking Final Paper Loans, Policies, Ending Balances, and Futures Loans and Loan Policies As a group, we decided that we Cash Money Millionaires National Bank should be a consumer bank. In order to achieve that, we stayed a few basis points below all banks in the economy on prime, high, and medium loans. On real estate and consumer loans, we lowerd our rates a little more that way customers would come to our bank to do their personal loans. We wanted to be an “affordable” bank. We did not want our rates too low so that we would not accrue too many default loans. At the same time, we did not want our rates too high because we knew that customers would leave us for a more affordable choice. In quarters 2.2-3.1 we stayed fairly close to prime, high, and medium loans. We only lowered our rates approximately 3-5 basis points. On real estate and consumer, we went a little lower hoping that that would bring in the types of customers we wanted. In quarter 3.2 we realized that it was a bad idea and that we were not making much money. In quarters 3.2-3.3 we raised our rates up to try and make up for our losses. As for our loan policies, we chose to stay conservative. We decided staying conservative would help us the most because even though we may not have made as many loan commitments, our non accruing loans and loan loss provisions were lower than if we would have been aggressive. Ending Loan Balances Through quarters 2.2-2.4 our loan rates were at...
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...surveys from all the stores in the United States. If we took those 500,000 surveys and we randomly picked a number from each we will find a solution and the problem is not new to wal mart. Surveys is what has told wal mart that they have bad customer service but since they lead in sales due to all the low prices they have, wal mart does not feel that big of a loss when customers stop shopping there and shop at a competitors store. But yet we can also do inferential to make a prediction but the prices at wal mart is what keeps wal mart running. We will display the results starting with now. How, the percentage of sales, and customers walking in and out the stores. Once Wal mart invest in training for better customer service then that is when we will notice the difference. We will display the results quarterly, in a bar graph to show results of customers, we will use percentages to show the increase of profit and last is continue to do surveys to know that we as researchers, that wal mart is decreasing the percent on bad customer service. HOW WE ARE GONNA SOLVE THE PROBLEM Since we chose descriptive statistics, we are looking at a group at wal mart. The group is the lack of customer service and it is not just one store it is nationwide. Wal mart should take better action since they have the attention of the lack of customer service. Wal mart could get rid of some of the workers that they already have, or train them. They should...
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...this article it mentions four different simulations to determine which factors most influence the poverty rate among families by changing behaviors. The first simulations is to assume the family head is working at least full time receiving an hourly wage based on their education and characteristics as the article states “This test shows that full-time work would reduce the poverty rate more than 5 percentage points from 13 to 7.5 percent (figure 1). Thus, full-time work eliminates almost half of the poverty experienced by families with children.” (Sawhill, Haskins.) The Second Simulation is taking single mothers and unmarried men who are similar in age, education, and race once they become married their incomes then would be combine. Therefore as the article states that “The marriage simulation reduces the poverty rate among families with children by 3.5 percentage points, from 13 to 9.5 percent.” Next, the third simulation talks about the education levels of family head to have at least a high school education meaning the more education the more likely that is to decrease the percentage of poverty. As stated in the...
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