... Table of Contents Introduction 3 Stages of Psychosocial Development 3 The First Two Years 3 The Play Years 4 Psychosocial Developmental Challenges 6 Possible Causes: Maltreatment 6 Possible Causes: Family Structure 7 Possible Causes: Environmental Adversity 8 Influencers of Child Psychosocial Development 9 Teachers 9 Gender Roles 10 Child’s Play 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Introduction Psychosocial development looks at the emotional and social development processes. There are many theories when it comes to how psychosocial development occurs, including the two most well-known theories by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. For the purpose of this paper I will be focusing on Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory of development for children through the play years, or age six. In addition to theories of development I will take a look into developmental challenges and the factors that affect development and the possible effects they may have. I will do this by taking a look at applicable case studies presenting their findings. The possible causes of developmental challenges that I will focus on are maltreatment, family structure and environmental adversity. I will also look into the influencers of psychosocial development on children and the impact they have on a child’s psychosocial development, including care givers, gender roles, and child’s play. Stages of Psychosocial Development The...
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...prevalence of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities has recently decreased is because of the increase of awareness and diagnosis of ASD or Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Causes Not all causes of IDD are genetically related. In fact, nearly 50% of causes of IDD are not related to biology or genetics. About two-thirds of the causes of IDD are unknown, but are suspected to have occurred during the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal stages of development. The most common causes of intellectual disability are genetic conditions, problems during pregnancy or childbirth and illness or injury. The prenatal phase includes four groups of potential causes of IDD. Chromosomal disorders are the most commonly suspected cause of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Chromosomal disorders include the most common hereditary genetic syndrome, also known as Down syndrome. Other potential causes during the prenatal stage of development include, inborn errors of metabolism, developmental disorders affecting the brain formation and environmental influences (Hallahan, Kuffman, & Pullen, 2015. P.90). Perinatal causes include infections, disease, low birth weight and complications during birth that result in brain injury. Postnatal causes can occur psychologically or biologically after birth. Infections and malnutrition are suspected to cause brain injury that can potentially result in an IDD. Throughout the years, studies have concluded that lead paint causes Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities...
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...Prenatal development is the period in development from conception to the onset of labor. Perinatal period is the period beginning about the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth. Postnatal development is the period in development the follows directly after birth. The germinal stage is the stage lasting about ten -fourteen days following conception before the fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterine wall. The embryonic stage is the stage in which major biological organs and systems form. The fetal stage is the stage in which is marked by rapid growth and preparation of body systems for functioning in the postnatal environment. Viability is the ability of the baby to survive outside the mother’s womb. The gestational age is the age of the fetus derived from onset of mother’s last menstrual period. The number of older mothers is on the rise in the U.S. as women postpone pregnancy to establish careers or for other reasons. Healthy women older than thirty-five routinely deliver healthy infants just as other between the ages of twenty and thirty-five do. Teenagers, however, may be at a greater risk for delivering less healthy babies. Lack of prenatal care is a big reason. Diets, while pregnant, must be sufficient not only in number of calories but also with respect to the right amount of proteins, vitamins, and other nutrients. Stress also plays a big role in delivering a healthy baby. Cultural beliefs about potentially...
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...Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Natasha Hoaglen California State University, Chico Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders are complex disabilities and disorders that are hard for families to deal with not to mention the person enduring them. Such disabilities or disorders may seem very challenging or impossible to overcome and become successful, however throughout this paper it will be evident that it’s not the case. It is possible to succeed, when educators and families work together to provides services to students so they can become the best them. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Emotional or Behavioral Disorders and how to help such learners. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Description & Characteristics Intellectual and developmental disabilities [ID and DD] are defined as those having “significant limitations, both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. This disability originates before age 18” (Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen, 2009, p. 178). There are different levels of ID and DD depending on a person’s intellectual quote [IQ]. Mild is an IQ between 50-70, moderate is an IQ between 35-50, severe is an IQ between 20-35, and profound...
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...Brain connectivity is one of the most enigmatic question posed to neuro-biologists. The establishment of this intricate network in prenates and neonates brain is influenced in equal measures by environmental and biological factors. In it's extension, certain environmental stimulation boost the parameters for improved brain connectivity. One such factor is auditory stimulation. It is widely believed that use of such stimulation increases cognitive functions. With the present understanding of the underlying mechanism use of auditory stimulation can be used for reprogramming brain connectivity. Studies indicate the effective reprogramming in psychiatric disorders such as autism and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and ALS, where...
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...EARLY ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA Samuel Wilson III April 19, 2015 Introduction to Early Onset Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that has long been a taboo in American society. Schizophrenics have been perceived as being crazy, insane, and outcasts in society. People suffering from this disorder lose touch with reality and often experience hallucinations. One very unlooked aspect of this disorder is the children who are diagnosed with the illness. Early onset schizophrenia (EOS) describes children and adolescents identified with having some form of schizophrenia before age 18 (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Although early onset schizophrenia is very rare, it is important to acknowledge the aspects of this disorder within children. Discovering patterns in the development of mental illnesses among children can drastically enhance the understanding and treatment of the illness. Until recently very little research was done involving children and adolescents dealing with schizophrenia (Nillinghouse and Trotman, 2009). There has been an increased understanding of the onset appearance of schizophrenia in recent years. Frequently, the age of onset schizophrenia is between 16 and 35 years. EOS is usually identified during school age years and the rate of the disorder usually escalates during adolescence (Li, Pearrow, & Jimerson, 2010). There are two forms of onset schizophrenia: childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a very rare...
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...t TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL CARE AND HEALTH CARE ACCESS ON INFANT DEATH OUTCOMES IN FIVE PUBLIC HEALTH DISTRICTS WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST RATES OF INFANT DEATHS IN GEORGIA INTRODUCTION Infant rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause...
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...Contents INTRODUCTION 1 EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES ON THE FETUS 2 Marijuana (also known as weed, pot or grass): 2 Cocaine: 2 Alcoholism 3 LAW AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE MOTHERS 4 THEORIES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 6 Biological Theories 6 Genetic Factors 6 Metabolic Imbalance 7 THEORECTICAL PERSPECTIVE 8 MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT 10 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 11 EXPECTED RESULTS/TIMEFRAME 12 CONCLUSION 13 REFERENCES 14 PICTURES ILLUSTRATING PREGNANT SUBSTANCE ABUSE WOMEN AND FETUS 15 INTRODUCTION Social problems exist at the door step of every community it has been in existence decades ago and still lives on today. Social problems can be defined as an issue that relates to society’s perception of an individual’s personal life and their behaviour is considered to be out of the norm. Substance abuse has vast becoming an epidemic in today’s society and it is considered as a social problem. Substance abuse is one thing but to see pregnant women abusing these endangering substances is another issue. People use drugs for many different reasons but for a pregnant woman to use drugs she may be mentally ill or depressed. Substance abuse may not have a serious or long-lasting effect on you but the same is not always true for a foetus. Mothers that abuse substances give birth to "drug babies." These children have serious developmental problems. Researches show that using substances legal or illegal during pregnancy has a direct impact on the foetus, whether smoking...
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...Annathur.Kalingan Wednesday, April 18, 2012 W201527095 TEST.III Learning Objectives & Review of Chapters.8, 9 &10. Chapter.8. Schizophrenia Objective.1. Discuss the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, as well as the current criteria for brief psychotic disorder. What is the typical age of onset? What percent of people will develop this schizophrenia? Following is the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. i. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated): 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. 5. Negative symptoms, (affective flattening, alogia, or avolition ii. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work or school, interpersonal relations, or self-care is markedly below the level expected for the individual or achieved prior to the onset. iii. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or two or more symptoms listed in Criterion...
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...Holistic Health Concepts Ms Shadia Maksemous RN, MSN February 4th, 2015 Schizophrenia is not a single disease, but a broad category of mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a psychiatry disorder where several structural disturbances occur in the brain. It normally takes place in the temporal and frontal lobes, changing the neural systems and affecting the neurotransmitters in charge of controlling the functioning that takes place in these areas. It is not a structural brain disease that shows up early on X-rays CAT scans, or EEGs. Schizophrenics also have defects in the handling of amino acids. Etiology The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown, but research suggests that a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make people more likely to develop the condition. Current thinking is that some people may be prone to schizophrenia, and a stressful or emotional life event might trigger a psychotic episode. However, it's not known why some people develop symptoms while others don't. (Smith & Segal, 2014) Clinical Manifestation There are two ways that schizophrenia begins. One way is called Acute Onset. This happens very fast, about a couple of weeks. It is easier to recover from this. You are able to get help faster because people notice it sooner. The other way is called Process Onset. This takes a longer period of time to show. It is gradual, sometimes up to years. You may say or do strange things every now and then. It could...
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...Autism is a genetic disorder, that might be predisposed to changes in the parent’s genes. The more often the genes change, the greater the risk for the child to develop autism ("What Causes Autism?," 2012). According to many studies conducted by the CDC, environmental risk during pregnancy can increase the chances of autism (Grabrucker, 2013). The exposure of pesticides and valproic acid during pregnancy can increase the chances of autism as well as psychiatric medication taken by the mother during pregnancy (Grabrucker, 2013). Furthermore, other factors like having a zinc deficiency, maternal diabetes, prenatal and perinatal stress, toxins and viral infections contracted during pregnancy could influence the probabilities of a child developing autism (Grabrucker, 2013). These factors might contribute to autism, but scientists explain that “research suggests that autism develops from a combination of genetic and nongenetic, or environmental, influences” ("What Causes Autism?," 2012). Therefore, autism is determined by the parent’s genes and harmful environmental exposure before and after pregnancy. This important information should be disclosed to parents every time children go in to a clinic for well-check exams. Parents are worried and are taking matter into their own hands, often times...
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...OAKLAND OAKLAND OAKLAND Consolidated Community Benefit Plan 2012 Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Oakland Northern California Region KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITAL (KFH)-OAKLAND 280 West MacArthur Boulevard Oakland, CA 94611 (510) 752-1105 The KFH-Oakland service area includes Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, and Piedmont. COMMUNITY SNAPSHOT (*county-level data) Total population: Median age:* Average household income:* Percentage living in poverty: Percentage unemployed: Percentage uninsured: 633,114 36.1 $70,217 16.92% 8.92% 14.67% White: Latino: African American: Asian and Pacific Islander: Native American: Other: 32.41% 21.76% 21.12% 19.84% 0.33% 4.55% KEY STATISTICS Year opened: KFH full-time equivalent personnel: KFHP members in KFH service area: 1942 1,884.0 188,929 Total licensed beds: Inpatient days: Emergency room visits: 341 74,218 50,725 KEY LEADERSHIP AT KFH-OAKLAND Nathaniel L. Oubré, Jr. Belia Marshall, RN, MPA Dennis Morris John Loftus, MD Shirley Steinback Julie Hadnot Glenda Monterroza Senior Vice President and Area Manager Chief Operating Officer Area Finance Director Physician in Chief Medical Group Administrator Public Affairs Director Interim Community Benefit/Community Health Manager 227 Consolidated Community Benefit Plan 2012 Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Oakland Northern California Region THE 2010 COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT SUMMARY AND FINDINGS 2010 COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT (CHNA) SUMMARY The 2010...
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...Nutritional Needs Theresa Cooper SCI/220 (BSDF1ICOY4) 10/6/2015 University of Phoenix Nutritional Needs Nutrition is the major intrauterine environmental factor that alters expression of the fetal genome and may have lifelong consequences. This phenomenon, termed “fetal programming,” has led to the recent theory of “fetal origins of adult disease.” Namely, alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, and metabolism of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also...
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...the brain’s plasticity through a critical period and the importance of supportive infant-caregiver relationships that produce positive experiences for infants and further their developmental capabilities ultimately, helping them grow better. It also highlights the reality that the society as a whole is involved in providing better environmental influences for infants in order to supply them with a better future. Recommendations for future research and unanswered questions in infant mental health are made in response to the need of support of caregivers and the society. The news article, Infant mental health: Giving children the best head start, emphasizes the importance of the first 1000 days of an infant’s life (2015). Adulthood is shaped and impacted by our early experiences (D’alton, 2015). Professor Kevin Nugent is an expert of early child development, specifically in child behaviour and development, and parent-child relationships (D’alton, 2015). Nugent presented what he describes as a “revolution” in scientific understanding of the capacity of the brains of babies; the development of the brain is more vulnerable to environmental influences which have a longer term impact than once thought (D’alton, 2015). Research evidence...
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...Quiz ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Page 1 of 5 Note: It is recommended that you save your response as you complete each question. | Question 1 (1 point) As the male ages, his ability to have sexual intercourse and reproduce ceases. Question 1 options: | True | | False | Question 2 (3 points) Match the following statements with the correct sexually transmitted disease Question 2 options: | multiple lesions may become so extensive as to occlude the vaginal opening | | primary stage includes appearance of a lesion called a chancre | | leading cause of PID and thus a major cause of infertility | | infants born to affected mothers are at risk of blindness | | extremely painful, recurring viral infection characterized by multiple blisterlike lesions | | highly contagious STD caused by bacteria, commonly called 'clap' | | | 1. | genital herpes | 2. | gonorrhea | 3. | syphilis | 4. | chlamydia | 5. | genital warts | | Question 3 (1 point) Most mental disorder symptoms present early in the disease Question 3 options: | True | | False | Question 4 (1 point) This disorder is characterized by a distorted body image and is frequently attributed to a feeling of loss of control over their life. Question 4 options: | Anorexia Nervosa | | obesity | | bulimia | | anxiety | Question 5 (1 point) This eating disorder can be difficult to diagnose because the...
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