...Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). 1 I. II. III. IV. Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs Efficacy-Mediated Processes Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy Development and E xercise of Self-Efficacy Over the Lifespan Glossary Affective Processes: Processes regulating emotional states and elicitation of emotional reactions. Cognitive Processes: Thinking processes involved in the acquisition, organization and use of information. Motivation: Activation to action. Level of motivation is reflected in choice of courses of action, and in the intensity and persistence of effort. Perceived Self-Efficacy: People's beliefs about their capabilities to produce effects. Self-Regulation: Exercise of influence over one's own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior. Perceived self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Selfefficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather...
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...Currently, the topic of birth control and other forms of contraception used by women is a hot topic among the common people and politicians alike. Its use and coverage for women by insurance and employers has been an immensely controversial point of interest for many people. More than 99% of women aged 15–44 who have ever had sexual intercourse have used at least one contraceptive method, making it something that affects almost all women ("Contraceptive Use in the United States"). Like with any tendentious issue, there are two, or sometimes even more, opposing sides all fighting for their opinion to be the one that wins; however, most people choose the side that birth control and contraceptives should not be covered by employers and insurance companies simply because they are greatly misinformed on the subject. Due to the many beneficial effects that they offer their users, all forms of contraceptives should be covered by all employers and insurance companies. One of the most recent issues involving employers denying their female employees the coverage of contraceptives is the case of Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby. The Affordable Care Act requires that employer health plans include coverage for preventive services and the federal government has issued regulations defining contraceptive care as one of the services that must be covered. The plaintiffs in these consolidated cases are two for-profit business corporations that sought, and were awarded, an exemption from that general rule...
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...TEACHERS DEVELOP SELF-EFFICACY BELIEFS THE CONTEXT AND MEASUREMENT OF TEACHER EFFICACY HOW TEACHER EFFICACY AFFECTS CLASSROOM LEARNING IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS The concept of self-efficacy was pioneered by Albert Bandura (1925–) who characterized self-efficacy as the extent to which individuals believe they can organize and execute actions necessary to bring about a desired outcome. Self-efficacy is fundamentally concerned with the execution of control rather than the outcome action produces. In 1984, Patricia Ashton (1946–) published a groundbreaking study that fundamentally expanded the concept of efficacy to include the extent to which teachers feel confident they are capable of bringing about learning outcomes. Ashton identified two dimensions of teaching efficacy: general, the extent to which a teacher believes her students can learn material; and personal, the extent to which a teacher believes her students can learn under her instruction. Ashton argued that teachers' beliefs Figure 1ILLUSTRATION BY GGS INFORMATION SERVICES. CENGAGE LEARNING, GALE. about their ability to bring about outcomes in their classrooms, and their confidence in teaching in general, play a central role in their abilities to effectively serve their students. Since then, studies of teaching efficacy and its inclusion in studies of teacher effectiveness have grown exponentially. Subsequent understandings of teaching efficacy have refined Ashton's understanding of personal efficacy. In a seminal review...
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...Using the health belief model, how can nurses encourage patients to make immediate and permanent behavior changes; particularly as they relate to lifestyle choices? Perceived severity is the degree to which the person attributes negative medical, clinical, or social consequences to being diagnosed with an illness. Together, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity provide motivation for reducing or eliminating such threats. The type of action taken depends on perceived benefits (beliefs about the effectiveness of different actions) and perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of particular actions). People are thought to weigh an action's effectiveness in reducing a health threat against possible negative outcomes The health promotion, have achieved through internal mechanisms intrinsic or three people, some of these are: 1. Self-care, ie, decisions and actions that the person performs for the benefit of their own health. 2. Mutual aid or that people do to help each other according to the situation they are living. 3. The creation of healthy environments or environmental conditions that promote health, such as healthy schools that constitute enhancers scenarios the capacities of children, in which health education and health promotion They are educational options for human development and values education in childhood. The health promotion in addition to personal and behavioral considers as more comprehensive strategy for implementation and dissemination...
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...2014, Vol.8, No.1, pp 22 -33 http://www.ue.edu.pk/jrre Academic Locus of Control of High and Low Achieving Students Syeda Salma Hasan, *2 Ruhi Khalid Email: s.salmahasan@hotmail.com *1 The study investigated the academic locus of control of high and low achieving undergraduate students. It also explored the gender differences in terms of academic locus of control and the relationship between academic locus of control and academic achievement . Sample of the study consisted of 187 (126 high and 61 low) achieving BSc final year students. Independent group research design and purposive sampling technique was used in this study. Academic locus of control scale developed by Trice (1985) was administered. The scale classifies the students having scores from 0-14 as internals and with the score above than 14 as externals. Two –Factor ANOVA, correlation and simple linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results indicated a significant main effect of achiever and gender and no interaction between gender and achiever was found. High achieving students scored low on academic locus of control which indicates their strong internal academic orientation than low achieving students. Interestingly study indicated that high as well as low achieving students both hold an internal academic belief system towards the academic situations. Women are significantly high on an internal academic locus of control indicating less internal academic orientation than men. Results also indicated...
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...Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Health care communication is the process of sharing health related information with health care professionals, and people seeking care within a medical facility. Using positive health care communication patients are can improve his or her quality of life, health professionals collaborate to resolve difficult solutions, and interact effectively with other health care staff with the patient’s best interest in mind. Effectively using verbal and nonverbal communication health care professionals improve their ability to share information, and interpret responses both personally and professionally. This paper will explain the relevancy of positive health care communication, the effects of inadequate communication, and the theories and principles of therapeutic communication that health professionals use in the health care setting. Personal health care communication allows an individual to create trusting and supportive relationships within the health care setting. The health care professional begins to establish these relationships with patients and clients during the interview process. Using empathy, positive regard, and congruence the health professional can build a rapport with the patient or client. The health care professional remains aware of aspects from his or her own beliefs, values, and perceptions that may influence these interactions with others. Maintaining a non-threating, nonbiased pattern of communication...
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...turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (Trust vs. Mistrust) occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt). takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s...
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...Bond Theory along with the Self Control Theory both help explain why crimes and deviant behavior occur. They both do so in there own way explaining why youth get involved in criminal behavior. The Social Bond Theory is also known as the social control theory; it is the belief that forming personal relationships is the most important part of human development. These personal relationships that are formed keep the youth from committing crimes or other deviant behavior. These personal relationships can be with family, school, church, government, and within the community. The Self Control Theory explains why the majority of people choose not to participate or become involved in criminal behavior. Throughout the theory it explains how people with a high level of self-control are going to be considerably less likely to participate in criminal behavior and how if you have a low level of self control you are more likely to become involved in criminal behavior. With these two theories they talk about acts of delinquency and what might affect them but the two theories them selves contradict themselves because if you are not in a certain group you may believe that you have a sense of self control and believe that you don’t need others in your life. Even with the belief that you have self-control you may still act out because you don’t have a social bond with anyone or any group. I agree with the Social bond theory more because In my personal life I believe that I do not commit...
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...very broad, dealing with several different issues connected with inner personal development. When looking at your self-awareness you are taking a look at who you are as a person, your self-esteem, and what all you really want and strive for in your life and career. Self-awareness is related to human relations because it can reveal information about your personality type and how you see yourself as a person. b) Personal Control: Striving to maintain control over your personal self is a very good skill and trait to have. Personal control is an ability that is practiced often throughout life and is rarely mastered. When stress and other things tend to put you over the edge, personal control is what tames and regulates these intense feelings. Without personal control, we would have no ability to suppress any of our feelings or emotions. This would cause huge problems in today’s world. 2.) The two topics I chose to write about are: a) Interpersonal Communication: Interpersonal communication is basically a word that describes face-to-face communication with another person. It is the process through which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning by verbal and nonverbal messages. Interpersonal Communication plays a huge role when you are trying to interact with another person. It can determine whether and how the relationship will develop or if it even begins. b) Resolving Conflict: Personal conflict is usually not an issue of who is right and who is wrong....
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...factor is considered immutable it cannot be changed. Mutable factors are generally unchangeable only on a temporary basis and can only be changed if effort is out fourth by the one in need. Additionally, Rosenstock and Becker’s health belief model reveals people will seek out medical care if they perceive themselves to be susceptible to health problems, believe their health problem is serious, believe treatment or prevention is cost effective and worth the time, and are able to seek out health care service (1995) influence one’s decision to utilize health care. In the case of John Q, he is a male who lives in a rural area. Although he works fulltime he is in the low income range and qualifies for government insurance through Medicaid. In this scenario, John suffers from high blood pressure and has a family history of poor heart conditions. While seeking a primary care physician John discovers the closest physician that accepts Medicaid is 40 minutes away. John relies on public transportation or carpooling with a friend to commute. With John’s family medical history of heart problems and his current situation of high blood pressure, he would be more inclined to seek regular medical wellness examinations to ensure his condition remains under control and does not worsen. Unfortunately, the closest available physician is 40 minutes from his home and he does not have his own transportation to travel. Public transportation could take a long time to...
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...XXXXXX Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Divorce Sociology Sociology can be defined as the scientific study of human social institutions and relationships. It studies the origin of the human society, development of institutions and organizations. Sociology is one of the social sciences, which use varying methods of investigation and critical analysis in order to develop knowledge that is related to human social activities, functions, and structures. Most of the sociologists conduct research, which is applied to welfare and social policy. Other sociologists base their focus on the refinement of theoretical understanding of the social processes. There are various areas that sociology focus on. They include social class, social stratification, race, culture, gender, sexuality, religion law as well as mobility. As there has been the interaction of social structures and individual based relations, sociology has expanded to include other areas such as medical, military, health, the Internet, and the role of social activity in developing scientific based knowledge. Social researchers use various techniques, which include quantitative and qualitative ones (Giddens and Griffiths, 2006). Social Imagination Social imagination is a form of insight provided by sociology. It is the understanding of the fact that social outcomes are based on the social actions, actors, and social context. This is the understanding that there are...
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...and ideas on how to run the country and what’s acceptable and not acceptable. Like any other party, both Democrats and Republicans may have some similar views but also have different views or beliefs that separate them. • One ideological difference between the Democrat and Republican parties is their view on personal security. The Democrat party believe that governments should not only secure the U.S. borders but to also advance on personal security. This belief has been translated into policies that extend health care access to as many citizens as possible, raising the minimum wage and expanding unemployment insurance as a result. Republicans on the other hand, vigorously opposes this use of government, insisting that we should not be compelled to our brothers’ keeper. It is known that of the 13 states that have refused the offer of the federal government to pay 100 percent of the costs to expand health care coverage, 12 of them are Republican controlled. Republicans see this step as a way to restrict liberty by asserting that government-created health exchanges interfere with the right of insurance companies to manage their own affairs. • A second ideological difference between the two parties is personal liberty. Republicans believe in a big government when it deals with personal liberty. A former Republican Senator and Presidential candidate Rick Santorum...
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...Having The Responsibility To Pay For Insurance That Covers The Cost of Contraceptives When It’s Against The Individual’s Personal Or Religious Beliefs Introduction: The term “ethics” can be derived from the Greek term ethos that means habit, custom, disposition or character. Ethics is defined as “a system of moral principals and a branch of philosophy which defines what is good for the individual and society. “ (Ethics, 2014) It is a collection of concepts acquired from philosophies, cultures, and religions. Some of these ethical concepts include the principals of autonomy, beneficence and social justice. Ethics provide a moral pathway in which individuals pick to find their way out of difficult issues. Individuals have many different derived concepts, or moral pathways, controversies that cause ethical dilemmas can become apparent. Such dilemmas can be seen in the health care delivery system of the United States and the policies that are enforced within it. One ethical argument in particular that poses issues and controversy regards society having the responsibility to provide or fund insurance that covers the cost of contraceptives when it is against the individual’s personal or religious beliefs. Ethical Dilemma/ Policy Issue: The term “conscientious objection” is the refusal to perform a legal role or responsibility because of personal beliefs. Conscientious objection in health care means that some practitioners might choose to not provide certain treatments to their...
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...copyrighted electronic (or digital) content, computer ethics would suggest that it is wrong to do so without the author's approval. And while it may be possible to access someone's personal information on a computer system, computer ethics would advise that such an action is unethical. As technology advances, computers continue to have a greater impact on society. Therefore, computer ethics promotes the discussion of how much influence computers should have in areas such as artificial intelligence and human communication. As the world of computers evolves, computer ethics continues to create ethical standards that address new issues raised by new technologies. Computer Ethics is a part of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct.[1] Margaret Anne Pierce, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computers at Georgia Southern University has categorized the ethical decisions related to computer technology and usage into 3 primary influences: * 1. The individual's own personal code. * 2. Any informal code of ethical conduct that exists in the work place. * 3. Exposure to formal codes of ethics.[2] Contents [hide] * 1 Foundation * 2 History * 3 Internet Privacy * 4 Internet Control * 5 Computer Reliability * 6 Identifying issues * 7 Some questions in computer ethics * 8...
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...LOCUS OF CONTROL AND RELATED THEORIES The Roman Poet Virgil once said: “They are able who think they are able”. This paper endeavours to analyse, from a psychological perspective, the kind of personalities in humans that ask the question of whether or not individuals are in control of their own destiny. What is locus of control? What are its categories and what information is available to determine which category is more practical? How can psychology improve the category that is most practical? How are other theories related to locus of control? Locus of control is defined as the individual’s beliefs about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside their personal control (external control). This definition was coined in 1966 by the pioneer of this field: Julian Rotter. To develop his ideas, Rotter conceived two kinds of individuals. On one end of the spectrum lie the externals, these are individuals who perceive the events surrounding them as created by external forces such as fate, luck or even a divine entity such as a god. On the other end lie the internals, they are so called internals as they perceive the outcomes of their life as created by themselves. They feel in control of the situations that surround them. A research conducted by P.E Spector (2002) revealed that internals enjoy higher motivation, greater well-being and better salaries than externals. Internals trust their hard work will result...
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