Premium Essay

Perspectives

In: Philosophy and Psychology

Submitted By jnqcamacho
Words 827
Pages 4
Perspectives Paper Psychological perspectives have changed as the field of psychology has progressed. There are few perspectives that have core values that have remained steadfast even in today’s pool of theories. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Tolman, all of these men had theories that remain the foundation for many schools of thought in psychology today.
John B. Watson John Watson believed that psychology should be a purely objective science with its sole purpose as the study of observable behavior, prediction, and control. He adamantly thought the removal of introspection and consciousness would promote psychology as an experimental science (White, 2011). Watson believed that introspective studies had not scientific value and observing varied states of consciousness had not place in the true science of psychology. Watson’s greatest challenge was his inability to assimilate psychoanalysis into behaviorism. He was fascinated with Sigmund Freud’s theories and struggled for years to understand some of his processes without success (Goodwin, 2008).
His “Little Albert” experiment was an effort to explain psychoanalytic concepts by using classical conditioning (Goodwin, 2008). He believed behavior was purely elicited, and that people did not experience emotions, but emotions were a response to some other stimuli. In his “Little Albert” experiment, Watson conditioned the young child to fear a rat by pairing the rat with a loud disturbing sound (Cherry, n.d.). His experiment was under a lot of scrutiny from the public and was considered unethical (Goodwin, 2008). Watson failed to de-condition the child’s fear; therefore, traumatizing the child for life (Cherry, n.d.). Watson’s work in classical conditioning is used in psychology today in therapeutic applications and behavioral training. It enables people to change maladaptive behaviors and replace them

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Changing Perspectives

...CHANGING PERSPECTIVES PSY/220 KATRENA TAYLOR 7/24/11 WRITTEN BY GARY ELLIOTT The scenario that is in the text is something that we see all too often out in society. We as people think that we should have control over what is going on around us at all times. The way we view something is what we have seen in the past, or have experienced ourselves. I have been guilty of this very thing; everyone has a different perspective on the same situations. People that have religion see things different than people that don’t. Most people just see the situation from their perspective on the outside and they don’t take the time to ask questions or try to see the other side. After reading the following scenario, I would say that the first analogy of the situation fits well. You see that sort of situation all the time, whether you are at the grocery store or at Wal-Mart. I actually witnessed a situation like this once at a store called Game stops. These kids were so bad that they were running around knocking over the displays, the mother was patiently waiting in line to purchase the games that she bought. One of the guys that worked there had to stop the kids from destroying the store, while the mother paid no mind to what was going on. Where I live there are a lot of homeless people constantly walking around and asking for anything mainly money. These are the same people that are telling you that their car broke down and the just need a little gas to get home. Most of these homeless...

Words: 1064 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Anthony Doerr's Novel 'All The Light We Cannot See'

...Anthony Doerr uses many different perspectives in his novel All the Light we Cannot See to convey how different people are affected by the current ongoing war, World War II. Doerr focuses on 2 characters perspectives in his novel; Werner, a intelligent boy enlisted into a nazi training camp and later sent onto the field and Marie-Laure, a blind girl with a passion for knowledge. Werner’s perspective is focused around survival and he does what he is told because he fears for his life. Contrary to this, Marie-Laure has a hopeful perspective because her hope creates her reality in her mind. Doerr uses different perspectives to show how focusing too much on one point of view can obscure reality and make a person blind to the reality of some situations. Werner has a very fearful perspective....

Words: 702 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Inbev’s Buyout

...The article, This Bud May Be for the Belgians, discusses InBev’s buyout of Budweiser. Discuss the value of the brand from a consumer perspective. Some of you may not be beer drinkers, or drink any alcohol, but you are still a part of a culture where beer drinking is an identifiable lifestyle component, so you should be able to provide some perspective. Some things to consider are Budweiser’s targeted blue-collar market segment, its country of origin, and our nationalistic “pride of ownership.” Switch perspectives a bit, and consider how international consumers might value the quintessential American beer. Do you think that coming from the US enhances the value to overseas customers? Why or why not?  (Blenkinsop & Geller, 2014) In replying to other classmates, discuss the consumer perspective, thinking about your own exposure to Budweiser’s products and promotions. Include your thoughts on the value of any of the AB brands. Even though I am not a beer drinking but during socializing events majority of my friends and the people I have observed prefer international beer (i.e. Russian, German etc). During the initial stages of the InBev buyout of Budweiser the response was not that great Hence, the AB InBev buyout adopted to understand and address factors hindering Budweiser’s growth in the US as well as build or introduce the brand in other markets helped them achieve strong in-market performance globally. In addition, the brand is now successfully developing a universal...

Words: 599 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Management Accounting Guidance

...Management Accounting & Control (ACCFIN5036) Coursework: Academic Essay Length and submission: This is a 2500-word (excluding references) academic essay, which must be submitted on 23rd November 2015 at 12noon. Aim: The aim of this assignment is to test your management accounting and control knowledge in relation to its social and organizational perspectives where you see management accounting not only as a set of technical tools such as performance measurement indicators or costing techniques and methods, but also as social and institutional practice by which technical tools are promoted, legitimised, used or even misused. Question: Bearing in mind this broader perspective, consider a recent management accounting change programme such as Activity-Based Costing or Balanced Scorecard: its origin, development, diffusion and managerial effects. Explore why and how this programme has come about as a global programme and evaluate whether it solves the problems it expected to solve or whether it produces some unintended consequences. Materials to be used: Use relevant journal articles, which you must refer to. Follow standard academic referencing practices when citing them. Use your own intuition to answer the question above rather than merely reproducing the reading materials. When you directly quote from your readings, you must acknowledge by properly citing references. You must be aware of university’s plagiarism policy in this regard. Marking...

Words: 280 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Service

...The five characteristics for human service professionals are: Self-awareness, Ability to communicate, Empathy, Responsibility/commitment, and Flexibility. Self-awareness is the deep understanding of one's own self, this includes comprehending self-knowledge about beliefs, attitudes, values, stereotypes, biases, cultural and gender differences, and behaviors. Self-awareness is beneficial in diminishing preconceptions and opinions, allowing one to modify or change their "self" toward a client's perspective. Empathy is the ability to see or feel what the client has experienced. Similar to self-awareness, empathy furthers the progression of understanding oneself and enables a provider to put their feet into the client's shoes. Providers who have experienced as well as relate to the client's situation have an easier time expressing empathy. Responsibility/Commitment are ideal promises to a client. The provider shall support the client in whichever possible way is needed through responsibility and will offer the highest quality of service through commitment. A provider displays a strong presence of professionalism and acts to the best of their abilities. They will adhere to a code of ethic or conduct and will remain honest with their client throughout their service. Flexibility provides versatility to a provider’s service. They may need to change, abandon, or revise plans if the program suddenly becomes difficult or unusual. Flexibility allows a provider to learn new alternatives...

Words: 312 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

India

...India was amazing. People were always willing to help us any way that they could. Whether it was the hotel employees, the bus crew, restaurant staff, bystanders on the street, or even those living in absolute poverty, the people of India were always smiling at us and wanting to know where we were from. Most people would think that they were always looking for a rupee or two, but that was not the case. They were genuinely glad that we were in their country and wanted to make sure that we had the best experience possible. It was inspiring and amazing and I think we could all learn of a lot from them. India was an eye-opening experience and it absolutely gave me an appreciation for how fortunate I am and it really put life into perspective. It made me realize what’s important and what I really value in life. There were times when I found myself frustrated, dirty, exhausted and ready to throw in the towel, but then I would turn a corner and spot something spectacular or come across a child with a smile on their face and I would remember how fortunate I was to experience such a unique place. India is a beautiful place filled with incredible people whose pride in their country is unwavering, and rightfully...

Words: 336 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Theory of Knowledge Reflective

...probably fail once or twice but you’ll get there.” 2. I – Emotions are as reliable as reason. II – Areas of knowledge are not applied; they are organized clusters of knowledge. III – No area of knowledge is inferior to another, especially the arts and the religious knowledge systems. 3. - I know bits and pieces of knowledge as I am of the opinion that we can never know the whole story. - I can say I know myself pretty well. I believe my background and experiences shape the way I think. Therefore, my pursuit and interpretation of knowledge is often skewed to fit my preferences. - I know what I know mainly through evidence, experience and my intuition. I explore the nature of knowledge by looking at knowledge from different perspectives, examining biases and the ways of knowing used to interpret the knowledge at...

Words: 311 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Essay Gods

...To me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first place, their impression of excellence stunned me as Xi experiences himself with Ms. Thompson and depicts her a terrible personTo me the distinctive perspectives of every society are amazing. In the first...

Words: 449 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Mgt 437

...and growth allows the company to get detailed information from the employees that work for them. Finally there is customer perspective. This is customer insight about the project that was being evauled. Each of these perspectives comes together in one big report for the company but all of the perspectives are different. Financial Audit Audit is a way for the company to have insight to financial matters to help determine if the project is meeting goals. The audit will review budgets, status of the project, and future of project, sales receipts, maintence, and even pay roll information. The company then has an overview of how costly or beneficial the project is. An audit for a project uses no standard system and has no records; therefore the data needs to be started when engaging the audit. Learning and Growth The learning and growth perspective allows a company to understand the employees employed. This provides information based on employee satisfaction and even retention. Learning and growth even explores the different skills needed for each job. This allows the company to have full insight on what sort of skills are going to be needed if the project is going to be redone at a later time. This could ensure the outcome of the project to be better just by following and tweaking the project guidelines. Customer The customer perspective provides the company with insight from new and repeat customers. This...

Words: 722 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Strategic Maps

...and avoid imaginary hopes. The creation of a strategic map includes merging various factors and information on the same page so as to ease communication. The strategic maps show every objective as a text within a shape (in most cases, an oval or rectangle), less than 20 objects and a broad interconnection between the objectives as they are joined together or linked by the arrows. There are four major perspectives that are attended to by the strategic maps; learning and growth perspective, financial perspective, the clients’ perspective and internal business perspective (Meredith & Shafer 2013). The financial perspective aims at developing a long lasting value to shareholders and coming up from the production strategy of bettering the costs structure, it also aims at the expansion of opportunities and improving the value of customers. The four elements of strategic maps get support from the branding, partnership, availability, quality, selection, functionality and service (Ogras et al 2005). The operations and customer management is taken care of by the internal business perspective, through service...

Words: 764 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Team Building

...University of Phoenix Material Team Building Worksheet Complete the Team Building Worksheet by answering the following questions in 200 to 300 words each. 1. Describe team members’ results on the Discovery Wheel and Develop your multiple intelligences exercises. What similarities and differences exist within the team? We are Team Charlie, and our team consists of Robert Row, Scott Roush, and Tag Krogseng. Robert was quite shocked at his results on The Discovery Wheel. He was deficient in communicating and taking tests. The rest of his results were within 2 or 3 points. What he found most intriguing was with his career, it is imperative to communicate. As he pondered this, he realized that he has not been communicating, but just giving direction. Listening is extremely important to the communication process. His second deficiency was taking tests. In the past he has done well on test, but not all tests. As he thought about his previous school experiences, he realized that tests did give him some trouble. Robert will need to work on the studying aspect to ensure that tests are completed with the desired result. Motivation, memory, and thinking were the three highest categories on Scott’s Discovery Wheel. With the motivation portion being the highest, it shows that Scott is ready to take on any task. While all the other traits are somewhat balanced with each other, as time goes on those traits may become stronger or weaker...

Words: 1050 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Bshs 342 Week 4 Individual Changes in Adulthood

...BSHS 342 Week 4 Individual Changes in Adulthood To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/BSHS-342/BSHS-342-Week-4-Individual-Changes-in-Adulthood For this assignment, you will choose from the following options: ·         Option 1: Personal Perspective on Changes in Adulthood ·         Option 2: Paper on a Popular Movie 1.   Paper on Perspectives on Changes in Adulthood: Prepare a 1050-1750 word paper on your personal perspectives on changes that occur throughout early, middle, and late adulthood. Answer the following questions: 1)    What is your personal philosophy? 2)    How do you perceive changes in activities, relationships, health, and mental outlook? 3)    Are your views based on experience and/or observation? 2.   Paper on a popular movie that focuses on adulthood and life transitions: Select a movie from the list below and after viewing it, write a 1050-1750 word paper that addresses the following questions: 1)    How can the main character/characters be viewed from a biological, cognitive, and psychosocial perspective? 2)    What are the various ways in which each main character copes with biological changes as a result of aging? 3)    What changes occur in the family composition and lifestyle of these characters? 4)    How does each character cope with death, dying, and his or her theories on “the after life,” if any? American Beauty—1999 Autumn in New York—2000 Grumpier Old Men—2004 Hanging Up—2005 It’s a Wonderful Life—1946 ...

Words: 251 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Old Temple Research Paper (Art)

...even more relevant as the painting engulfed us further, was the size of the ever-beautiful frame. It suited the painting perfectly in which the value was effected. After this, noticing the elements of art was simple. The painting was made with oil on canvas, and truly helps with the variety of color. What is meant by this, is that it truly feels like the composition takes us to the time of development, however, reasons for this could be due to techniques used in the creation of the artwork. The most notable and visually appealing element to “The Old Temple,” was the use of linear perspective, where the lines move throughout space vanishing at a single point, which most significantly is called the vanishing point. This is so well shown through the long arch which is supported by numerous pillars on each side, yet with closer investigation, it is found that a second set of lines create linear perspective near the ground, pulling your attention toward the people assembling in the...

Words: 666 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Senior Psychology Experiment Essay

...Psychology Experiment Essay It is inevitable to stop people from creating their own perspectives, but is it possible to change those perspectives or not? The issue that we deiced to study tries to answer the question: Do you believe only what you want to believe? My group and I realized that during this time, especially with the presidential debates, it was important to find an answer to this question. We wanted to prove whether people react to new information in a biased manner, when it conflicts with their previous beliefs. In other words, are all people programmed to be narrow minded? To look further into this topic, we developed an experiment that will try to prove that people are prejudice towards new information. We believe that if people read something that contradicts their original beliefs on a topic, then they will defend their position regardless of the factual information presented because people develop personal biases towards what they want to believe in. In order to prove that people believe only what they want to believe, we have devised a survey which forces people to react in their biased manner. We decided that in order to receive strong reactions from people we needed to choose a controversial topic. During the course of our experiment we will interview 60 people. Of the 60 people 30 of them will be given the article that states marijuana is not a gate way drug. The other 30 people will be given the article that states marijuana is a gate way drug. Of...

Words: 298 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Uop Learning Team Charter

...LEARNING TEAM CHARTER – TEAM “X” |Course Title |BIS/221 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS | | | | | | | | | | | Team Members/Contact Information |Name | |Phone | |Time zone and | |Email | | | | | |Availability During the Week | | | |Kristine Henry | |920-566-5800 | |Central Time; After 5 Thurs-Sat | |Henry_kristine@hotmail.com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...

Words: 287 - Pages: 2