...INVESTIGATION OXYGEN CONTENT AND PH ON VARIOUS AQUAUTIC ENVIRONMENTS – RIVER IRVINE EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY ALISTAIR LAMONT INTRODUCTION THE RIVER IRVINE FLOWS THROUGH THE SOUTH WEST OF SCOTLAND. IT IS AYRSHIRES SECOND LARGEST RIVER. IT HAS NO MAJOR SEWAGE TREATMENT AT ALL, SEWAGE IS PUMPED TO THE COAST TO BE TREATED. IRVINE IS RECOVERING FROM ITS PAST HISTORY AS AN INDUSTRIAL RIVER , ALTHOUGH LEGACY REMAINS AND CAUSES SERIOUS OBSTACLES FOR MIGRATORY FISH. AIM THE AIM OF THIS INVESTIGATION IS TO OBSERVE THE WATER QUALITY IN THE RIVER IRVINE. MATERIALS SAMPLES OF WATER FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE RIVER IRVINE X3 BEAKER X3 PH METER PHOTOMETER CONDUCTIVITY METER METHOD A BEAKER WAS FILLED WITH A SAMPLE FROM THE LOWER PART OF THE RIVER IRVINE, ANOTHER BEAKER FILLED WITH A SAMPLE FROM THE MIDDLE PART AND ALSO THE UPPER SECTION. A PH METER WAS CALIBRATED AND THE PH LEVEL OF THE WATER FROM EACH SAMPLE WAS THEN TESTED AND RECORDER. THE EXACT SAME PROCEDURE THEN DONE USING THE CONDUCTIVITY METER TO TEST THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE WATER, AGAIN THE RESULT FROM EACH SAMPLE WAS RECORDED. THE PHOTOMETER WAS THEN USED TO TEST THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE SAMPLES AND THE RESULTS RECORDED. RESULTS PH LEVEL TABLE 1 REGION OF RIVER IRVINE | PH LEVEL | LOWER | 6.93 | MIDDLE | 7.15 | UPPER | 7.4 | AVERAGE | 7.2 | CONDUCTIVITY LEVEL TABLE 2 REGION OF RIVER IRVINE | CONDUCTIVITY LEVEL | LOWER | 109 | MIDDLE | 78 | UPPER | 22 | AVERAGE | 69.66 | BIO LOGICAL...
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...has a specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab, the donor molecule used was guaiacol. Guaiacol was used because it changes color after hydrogens are lost. Peroxidase can use a wide variety of donor molecules, and reduce a wide range of peroxides. Peroxidase is found in plants to help minimize damage caused by stress factors. In the lab four stress factors are used, temperature, pH, boiling, and the inhibitor hydroxylamine. Stress factors...
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... and K1 = (4) 30 where K1 and K2 are the first and second acid dissociation constants for H2CO3; the experimentally determined values are K1 = 3.5 x 10-7 and K2 = 5 x 10-11. When successive protonation reactions such as (1) and (2) occur, the extent to which the first reaction proceeds before the second begins depends on the difference between the two acid dissociation constants. By combination of Equations (3) and (4) with those for charge and mass balance, [H+] can be calculated for any ratio of hydrochloric acid to initial carbonate concentration, that is, at any point on a titration curve of carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Because complete and rigorous solution is time consuming, here only procedures for calculating the pH at several convenient points in a titration of 0.1 M sodium carbonate with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid...
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...Acid-Base Balance Kelly Heffron Grand Canyon University NUR-614 September 16, 2015 Acid-Base Balance The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the arterial blood between 7.35-7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi-systems to ensure that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following paper is define the classification of the acid-base balance, define the factors from the case study, explain the pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, and the educational needs of patients with an imbalance. Classification In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is a state within the blood when sodium bicarbonate (HCO3) increases. This condition can arise when the there is an acid loss within the body and HCO3 in the blood increases (Merk Manual, 2015). This process can cause the intracellular shifting of hydrogen ions, thus causing HCO3 retention. In the case study it is identified that the kidneys have a higher content of HCO3 because of the volume depletions. Normally, the kidneys filter out the HCO3 and excrete it into the urine (Merk Manual, 2015). In the case study, compensatory mechanisms have not activated, because the PaO2 is still within normal range of 35-45mm Hg, with a level of 40mm Hg. When excretion does not occur, the acid-base balance shifts from homeostasis...
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...CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Scope of Project 2 1.4 Structure of Report 2 Chapter 2 Literature Review 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Chemistry of Chlorine as a Disinfectant 4 2.3 Alternative Disinfectants 7 2.3.1 Chloramines 7 2.3.2 Chlorine dioxide 7 2.3.3 Ozone 8 2.4 DBP Precursors 8 2.4.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) 8 2.4.2 Soluble Microbial Products (SMPs) 9 2.4.3 Bromide & Iodide 9 2.4.4 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) 10 2.5 Classification of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) 10 2.5.1 Trihalomethanes (THMs) 10 2.5.2 Haloacetic Acids (HAAs) 10 2.5.3 Trihaloacetaldehydes (THAlds) 10 2.5.4 Halopropanones (HPNs) 10 2.5.5 N-DBPs: 10 2.5.6 Total Organic Halogen (TOX) 11 2.6 Kinetics of DBP formation 11 2.7...
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...The Scientific Method with Lifesavers Lab Report Paul McPhee Lab1 Professor Stanley Aviron Performed September, 2013 Submitted September 2013 Introduction Candy is great and has been around for many years. I don’t know anyone that hasn’t tried candy of some sort at least once. There are a very many categories of candy but we will look at “ sweet, hard candy”, specifically the Lifesaver for this experiment. Food is chewed/dissolved or more simply, broken down into smaller parts before consumed. Lifesavers are food but are seldom chewed, yet they breakdown into smaller pieces or before ingested. Lifesavers are dissolved in the mouth over a relatively short period of time. Why do they dissolve? At what rate do they dissolve and is this rate the same for all people? Lifesavers are made-up of mostly sugar and artificial ingredients. Regardless, it is likely that higher acidic substances will dissolve the candy faster than lower acidic substances. Materials and Methods Firstly, we as a group, spent time applying our senses to the lifesaver and recorded out thoughts. It is a relatively light but solid candy, round with whole in its middle. In my case it was red and smelled fruity and fragrant but unlike real, organic fruit or flowers. It tasted great and I enjoyed the experience very much. It took about five minutes to completely dissolve the candy in my mouth. Since saliva is different from depending on persons mouth, it was decided to apply...
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...NSCI 101 Lab Report Form Name: Date: Class Name/Number: NSCI101 Section E801 Semester 1006 Lab Activity Title Input the title of the activity. Statement of the Problem What are the ph levels for items we come into contact with on a daily basis? Hypothesis I expect the 7 sample items to have a wide variety of ph Levels. However, I expect that items we consume as humans will be closer to the neutral range of the ph scale while items we use to clean around the house will be inversely proportional to the items we consume. I believe the household items will be on the extremes, either extremely basic or extremely acidic. Methods Items for experiment were purchased from the Commissary and the Nhetto. They include: 1 x .608 kg head of red Cabbage 2 x Melitta white coffee filters 1 x 12 oz coke 1x Tums antacid 1x Tilex Mold and Mildew Remover 1x 22oz bottle of Clorax bleach 1x bx of Arm and Hammer Baking Soda 1x toilet bowl cleaner 1x hohes C orange juice 750ml of tap water The following steps from the guide was followed (with changes from the instructor): 1. Using a standard cheese grater, I took the entire head of red cabbage and shredded it into small pieces. After shredding was complete the pile of cabbage was placed into a stainless steel cook pot. 2. In order to attempt to get the most accurate results I used my fish tank ph test to identify the ph level of my tap water. The result was my tap water is about a 7.8 (slightly higher than the 7.0 that...
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...Name: Date: Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCI103 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Measuring pH Levels Instructions: Enter the Virtual Lab, and conduct the experiments provided before going out into the virtual field for additional research. Please type your answers on this form. When your lab report is complete, submit it to the Submitted Assignments area of the Virtual Classroom. Part I: Answer the following questions while in the Phase 1 lab environment. Section 1: You will be testing 4 known solutions for pH levels using a standard wide-range indicator. Based off of the results obtained in the lab room, fill in the following table: |Solution Number |pH from Lab |Acid, Base or Neutral? |Solution Name (what was in the test tube?) | |Solution 1 |6 |Acid |Pure Water | |Solution 2 |1 |Acid |Lemon Juice | |Solution 3 |12 |Base |Bleach | |Solution 4 |5 |Acid |Coffee | 1. How many drops of wide range indicator will you use for each test, based on industry standards such...
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...Abstract Buffer solutions were prepared and their pH measured to determine their buffering capacity. Three buffer solutions were utilized; an undiluted buffer, a diluted buffer solution with 10ml water and a diluted buffer solution with 18ml water. In the undiluted buffer solution there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.47. In the buffer solution in which 10ml of water was added there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.23. In the buffer solution in which 18ml water was added there was significant change in pH with a high of 6.1 and a low of 2.27. Introduction A buffer solution is a solution that is made up of water and a chemical which gives it unique properties with regard to its pH. The chemical is referred to as buffer agent. The buffer agent resists changes in pH when exposed to bases and acids. The aforementioned property makes it useful in dealing with various chemical accidents, protecting sensitive equipment and balancing internal processes of a number of living things. A buffer agent dissolved in water makes a buffer solution. It is constituted of (HA) an acid and a conjugate base (A-) mixed in water. Once there exists a chemical balance between HA and A- the addition of any bases or acids will be neutralized. This will result in little pH change of the solution. An increase in HA and A- as a result of the addition of bases or acids decreases the buffering capacity of the solution. This implies that the solution acts as...
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...Jonte Berry LAB 3 REPORT SHEET – ACIDS, BASES, INDICATORS, pH Procedure Number 3 Estimated pH with pH paper Vinegar (Ph 2) Soap + H2O (Ph 6) Tap water (Ph 8) Baking soda + H2O (Ph 9) Ammonia (Ph 13) 4 What color is your “red cabbage solution” when diluted with tap water? (The water turns ruby red) Do you think we will all have exactly the same color? Explain your answer. (No) 5 Solution color Estimated pH with cabbage indicator with cabbage indicator Vinegar (Light pink) (Ph 4) Soap + H2O (Clear Pink) (Ph 4) Tap water (Light blue) (Ph 10) Baking soda+H2O (Light light blue) (Ph 10) Ammonia (Clear) (Ph 10) 6 Describe what happened to the color of the solution when you mixed the vinegar and ammonia solutions. What do you estimate the pH of the solution to be with pH paper? (The pink color from the vinegar changes to light blue when the ammonia was added.) What do you estimate the pH of the solution to be with the cabbage indicator? (Ph 10) 7 What happened when you added the baking soda solution to the mixture of vinegar/ammonia? Describe your observations. (When I added the baking soda solution nothing happen at all.) What do you estimate the pH of the solution to be...
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...lExercise 10: Acid-Base Balance: Activity 2: Rebreathing Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. In cases of acidosis, the pH of the blood is You correctly answered: c. less than 7.35. 2. Carbon dioxide and water form You correctly answered: a. carbonic acid (a weak acid). 3. Which of the following is true of respiratory acidosis? You correctly answered: c. The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than normal. 4. Rebreathing You correctly answered: b. is exemplified by breathing into a paper bag. 01/09/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: What do you think will happen to the pH and PCO2 levels during rebreathing? Your answer : b. pH will decrease and PCO2 will increase. Stop & Think Questions: Which of the following can cause respiratory acidosis? You correctly answered: c. airway obstruction Experiment Data: Condition Normal Rebreathing Min PCO2 40 40 Max PCO2 40 53.02 Min pH 7.40 7.24 Max pH 7.40 7.42 01/09/14 page 2 Post-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Rebreathing simulates You correctly answered: a. hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis. 2. Hypoventilation results in You correctly answered: c. an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood. 3. The renal system can compensate for respiratory acidosis by You correctly answered: b. excreting H+ and retaining bicarbonate ion. 4. Respiratory acidosis can be caused...
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...Final Report Outline * Name of the enzyme: Catalase found in chicken liver. * The name of the organism is chicken (liver). * The substrate is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)|. * Hypothesis: If the catalase in the chicken liver is exposed to hydrogen peroxide, it will cause a chemical reaction. This reaction will result in the destruction of hydrogen peroxide in the chicken liver, which is harmful to the cells; the enzyme catalase works best in acidic solutions and enzymes are denatured in very high temperatures (boiling). * Method of measuring enzyme activity: observation of normal catalase reaction, the effect of temperature on catalase activity and the effect of pH on catalase activity. * Treatment: test the effect of temperature on catalase activity using different temperature water baths; ice bath, warm bath and boiling water bath. A solution of 1ml of hydrogen peroxide will be placed into 2 separate test tubes and a piece of liver into 2 separate test tubes. Place one test tube of liver and one of H2O2 into each of the following water baths: Ice bath and Warm water bath (not boiling).After 3 minutes, pour each tube of H2O2 into the corresponding tube of liver and observe the reaction. The boiling water bath will be left for 5 minutes, after which the liquid will be poured off and the liver will be placed into a 2ml solution of hydrogen peroxide. This is done to see the effect that boiling has one the enzyme. Record the rate of each reaction from 0(no...
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...polypeptide chains that make up their structure (Reece, 2011). The functions of proteins are dependent on their structure, and since enzymes are almost always proteins, the structure of the enzyme is very important for the enzyme to function. However, there are factors that can disrupt the structures of enzymes. These can be environmental factors such as temperature and pH, or they can be concentration changes, such as an increase or decrease in enzyme or substrate concentration (Eed, 2013). Temperature is an environmental factor that can alter enzyme activity (Reece, 2011). An increase in the kinetic energy of a solution results in an increase in temperature (Reece, 2011). As the temperature increases, the molecules in the solution move faster, resulting in an increased number of collisions between enzymes and substrates. This will speed up the rate of reaction because enzymes and substrates bind together. But if the temperature is too high, this can denature, or disrupt the structure, of the enzyme (Eed, 2013). pH is another environmental factor that can effect enzyme activity (Reece, 2011). A pH too high or...
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... Abstract Acid Rain is a mixture of wet deposition and dry deposition. Acid Rain is caused by a surplus of the chemicals sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide caused by air pollution. Air pollution comes from two main sources man made sources and natural sources. Man made sources come from combustion of coal used in power plants and exhaust pipes and natural sources come from volcanoes. They have many effects on the environment such as runoffs that lead chemicals into the streams and humans with respiratory illnesses that can worsen if the chemicals become too acidic.There are many ways to reduce acid rain such as cleaning exhaust pipes and using alternative energy sources. Acid rain measures a pH of about 5.3 Introduction: Acid rain is a mixture of dry and wet deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The formation of acid rain result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes , and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxde and resulting from fossil fuel combustion. Acid rain occurs when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, the wind blows these compounds across the enviroment. There are two forms of deposition: wet deposition and dry deposition. Wet deposition refers to acidic rain,...
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...Desiree Foster WAM 7/18/2012 Today I will discuss a patient’s urinalysis report. She is a 43 year old African American woman. She was diagnosed and is being treated for depression. She also has a case of bilirubin and urobilinogen. To do a proper urinalysis we would have to conduct a clean catch sample. A clean catch sample is a urine-specimen that is a free of bacterial contamination as possible without the use of a catheter. The main purpose of this urine sample is to test the abnormities that may be present, such as bacteria, ketones or drugs. When this test is conducted we are looking for different things like color distortion, texture (cloudy, clear, and pale), smell and etc. When there is color distortion it can come from different foods eaten, drugs that were taken or even health problems. The types of colors can be a clear or helpful indictor of what is going on with you. I will give you some examples of color and the meaning of them and also give detail of our patient. Red urine indicates blood by hematuria and this is usually dark from the normal light color. Yellow can be caused by dehydration or also foods that are being taken. Orange can be caused by dehydration or jaundice which can make the bile show up in urine. Some fruits can cause this orange like color also; such as blackberries, beets, rhubarb and senna herbs. The best kind of urine a person wants to have is clear kind of pale color. This is a good indicator that a person is healthy. The clearer...
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