...GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE Literature can generally be divided into two types: prose and poetry. Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. I. Prose There are many types of prose. These include novels, biographies, short stories, contemporary dramas, legends, fables, essays, anecdotes, news and speeches. 1. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life stories and spans a long period of time. There are many characters involved. 2. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and one single impression. 3. Plays. This is presented in a stage. It is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. 4. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. 5. Fables. These are fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. 6. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. 7. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. 8. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography...
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...Philippine literature is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English,Tagalog, and/or other native Philippine languages. Contents [hide] * 1 Early works * 2 Classical literature in Spanish (19th Century) * 2.1 Poetry and metrical romances * 2.2 Prose * 2.3 Dramas * 2.4 Religious drama * 2.5 Secular dramas * 3 Modern literature (20th and 21st century) * 4 Notable Philippine literary authors * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 External links | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Early works Doctrina Christiana, Manila, 1593, is the first book printed in the Philippines. Tomas Pinpin wrote and printed in 1610 Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, 119 pages designed to help fellow Filipinos to learn the Spanish language in a simple way. He is also credited with the first news publication made in the Philippines, "Successos Felices", ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Classical literature in Spanish (19th Century) On December 1, 1846, La Esperanza, the first daily newspaper, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas...
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...Summary of Philippine Literature in English: Tradition and Change Due to the influence of the Americans after the Spanish-American War in 1898, Filipino writers started using English as the medium in writing literature. Main reasons for this were that English was not only used in all the schools in our country but it was also by people of high stature and by foreigners that come in and out of our country. Filipinos also became proficient with several languages as an advantage of being colonized by several countries for almost four centuries. This opened them up to the works and advancements of the different countries of the world. But not everyone was pleased with this. Some scholars claim that the Filipinos are becoming too westernized thus making them neglect their Asian values. English not only changed our medium of communication but also our way of life. And as a countermeasure for this, the government demanded the writers before to establish their own identities as Filipinos and to not be bound by the principles of Romanticism. Unfortunately writers still continued developing their skills in English thus resulting to them being truly westernized. Marcos’ political regime, EDSA revolution and the “Cory Miracle” were events that happened years after that not only influenced the Filipino’s history, but also their literature. Today, writers realized that enhancing their skill can aid them in the field of politics. The faction...
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...Section F2: Classes of Amplifiers As mentioned in the introduction, an important role of the final stage of an amplification system is to ensure a low output resistance so that the output signal may be delivered to a low resistance load without loss of gain. Many times, the gain stages provide the output stage with signals that are large enough that the small-signal transistor model no longer applies (or must be used with caution). However, it is still of paramount importance that linearity be preserved – that is, signal distortion must be kept to an absolute minimum. Another output stage requirement is that it delivers the required power to the load efficiently. This means that the power dissipated in output stage transistors must be kept to an absolute minimum, both to ensure maximum power delivered to the load and, probably more importantly, to ensure that the transistor temperature remain below specified levels. Although MOS power transistors (to be discussed later this semester) offer significant advantages over BJTs such as the reduction or elimination of certain breakdown mechanisms found in BJTs, the reduction of the large drive currents required for BJT power amplifiers and a generally higher speed of operation, we will not address the MOSFET implementation this semester due to increased the device complexity required for high power applications. Amplification stages are classified according to the characteristics of the collector (output) current waveform with...
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...de Manila. Background: Nick Joaquin, byname of Nicomedes Joaquin (born May 4, 1917, Paco, Manila, Phil.—died April 29, 2004, San Juan, Phil.) Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people.Joaquin was awarded a scholarship to the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong after publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of Manila’s fabled resistance to 17th-century Dutch invaders. After World War II he traveled to the United States, Mexico, and Spain, later serving as a cultural representative of the Philippines to Taiwan, Cuba, and China.Starting as a proofreader for the Philippines Free Press, Joaquin rose to contributing editor and essayist under the nom de plume “Quijano de Manila” (“Manila Old-Timer”). He was well known as a historian of the brief Golden Age of Spain in the Philippines, as a writer of short stories suffused with folk Roman Catholicism, as a playwright, and as a novelist.The novel The Woman Who Had Two Navels (1961) examines his country’s various heritages. A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966), a celebrated play, attempts to reconcile historical events with dynamic change. The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Three Generations (1983) presents a biography of Benigno Aquino, the assassinated presidential candidate. The action of the novel Cave and Shadows (1983) occurs in the period of martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. Joaquin’s other works include...
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...PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project is a Trading Game (TCG) based on Philippine Literature particularly during the Hispanic period which includes classics like Ibong Adarna, Florante at Laura, Noli Me Tangere, and El Filibusterismo. This project seeks to encourage the youth’s appreciation of both the literature and the language through the use of a medium that is appealing to them. It can serve as an aid in understanding these classics and renewing the interest of the Filipino youth in their own literature. RATIONALE The proponent observed that most of his classmates love to read English pocket books and novels. The proponent also read this kind of literature, in a way they are magnificent and interesting, but nothing can replace literature written in one’s native tongue and representing one’s native values. When he entered college he was little bit disappointed because only a few of his classmates appreciated Philippine literature. Most of them are into graphic novels, poetry, stories and novels in English. They view Philippine literature as old, boring, and uninteresting compared to foreign-made literature. Upon browsing on game titles, most of them were inspired by children’s stories, literature, myth, fiction and history. Most of these games are top hits in the market which beat their competitors. Stern (2007) believes that most game developers partly aim to attract children to read the literature upon which the games are based, in order to motivate them to...
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...and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancient ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Whatever records our ancestors left were either burned by the Spaniards friars in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leave sand bamboo cylinders which could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made to preserve them. Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved the existence of a native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on byword of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people. Pre-Spanish Period The Pre-Spanish Period Historical Background Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already...
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...The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background: Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines were again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese. This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who uses to write in English, turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named Ishiwara. In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were: 1. Haiku –a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning. 2. Tanaga...
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...Salvador Ponce Lopez (May 27, 1911 – October 18, 1993), born in Currimao, Ilocos Norte, was an Ilokano writer, journalist, educator, diplomat, and statesman. He studied at the University of the Philippines and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1931 and a Master of Arts degree, also in philosophy, in 1933. During his UP days, he became a drama critic for the Philippine Collegian and was a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi. From 1933 to 1936, he taught literature and journalism at the University of Manila. He also became a daily columnist and magazine editor of the Philippine Herald until World War 2. In 1940, Lopez' essay "Literature and Society" won in the Commonwealth Literary Awards. This essay posited that art must have substance and that poet Jose Garcia Villa's adherence to "art for art's sake" is decadent. The essay provoked debates, the discussion centered on proletarian literature, i.e., engaged or committed literature versus the art for art’s sake literary orientation. He was appointed by President Diosdado Macapagal as Secretary of Foreign Affairs and was ambassador to the United Nations for six years before reassigned to France for seven years. Lopez was the president of the University of the Philippines from 1969 to 1975. And he established a system of democratic consultation in which decisions such as promotions and appointments were made through greater participation by the faculty and administrative personnel; he also reorganized U.P. into the U...
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...IN LIT II Literature under Spanish Colonialism (1893) 1565 * When Spain established their first permanent settlement in the Philippines. They place upon the on the Filipino people the Spanish Monarch and Roman Catholic Religion. Pueblos * (taga-bayan) Filipinos who settled where they were within easy reach of the power of the church and State. Hinterlands * (taga- bukid or taga bundok) are the Filipinos who kept their distance from colonial administrators and their native agents, staying close to the sources of their livelihood in the mountains. * The distinction were beyond indicating mere geographic origin and took an overtones of cultural snobbery as the effect of colonization seeped deeper into the consciousness of lowland Filipinos. Filipino * This name was reserved for Spaniards born in the Philippines, and everybody else who had only native ancestors was an “Indian”. Parish Priest * It was practically the only Spaniard who had direct contact with the Filipinos. * Became the embodiment of Spanish power and culture among the colonized populace, though their contact with him and the beliefs and values he carried, religion exerted a pervasive influence on the minds of Christianized Filipinos. Medieval Catholicism * These were presented by Friar began to be challenged by Filipinos who had by virtue of university education and come into the orbit of liberal minds in the 19th century Spain and Europe. * Also the literature of the entire...
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...PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Philippine literature is the body of works, both oral and written, that Filipinos, whether native, naturalized, or foreign born, have created about the experience of people living in or relating to Philippine society. It is composed or written in any of the Philippine languages, in Spanish and in English, and in Chinese as well. Philippine literature may be produced in the capital city of Manila and in the different urban centers and rural outposts, even in foreign lands where descendants of Filipino migrants use English or any of the languages of the Philippines to create works that tell about their lives and aspirations. The forms used by Filipino authors may be indigenous or borrowed from other cultures, and these may range from popular pieces addressed to mass audiences to highly sophisticated works intended for the intellectual elite. Having gone through two colonial regimes, the Philippines has manifested the cultural influences of the Spanish and American colonial powers in its literary production. Works may be grouped according to the dominant tradition or traditions operative in them. The first grouping belongs to the ethnic tradition, which comprises oral lore identifiably precolonial in provenance and works that circulate within contemporary communities of tribal Filipinos, or among lowland Filipinos that have maintained their links with the culture of their non-Islamic or non-Christian ancestors. The second grouping consists of works that show...
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...accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine. 3. The Spanish language lent many of its words to our language. 4. European legends and traditions became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino. 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. B. THE FIRST BOOKS 1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THECHRISTIAN DOCTRINE) first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. written by Fr. Juan de...
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...finances during financial shortfalls. (Carter and Skiba, 2012) In the Philippines, Pawnshop is one of the financial service providers (FSP) that are helping to increase the access to financial services of underserved and unserved. For many Filipinos, pawning is the most convenient way to raise money, easier than securing a bank loan. In the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Report on the State of the Financial Inclusion in the Philippines in 2011, the Banking sector is accounted for more than 80 percent of the total resources of the financial system. This means that the 20 percent are shared by other service providers such as pawnshops, money changers, remittance agents and FX dealers. Some municipalities in the Philippines have no banking presence but have access to pawnshops. While pawnbroking is the main business activity of pawnshops, nowadays many pawnshops are engaging into other auxiliary businesses such as money changing, remittance facilitation, foreign exchange dealership, and bills payment facilitation. Moreover, few pawnshops are offering cash in-cash out centers and offer mobile banking services. Financial economists have produced a large number of theoretical studies and empirical studies on mainstream banking services, but alternative financial services, and pawnbroking in particular, are hardly touched on in the literature (Carter and Skiba, 2012). With the growing number of pawnshops in the Philippines and the increasing activities and opportunities for pawnshop business...
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...and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancient ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Whatever records our ancestors left were either burned by the Spaniards friars in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leave sand bamboo cylinders which could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made to preserve them. Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved the existence of a native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on byword of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people Pre-Spanish Period The Pre-Spanish Period Historical Background Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already...
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...La Union LIT 101 Literatures of the Philippines COURSE DESCRIPTION Welcome to LIT101! Literature 101 (Literatures of the Philippines) focuses on the different literary works of various Filipino writers throughout the Philippine islands. These works helped shaped Filipino culture, thus, it is important that as Filipinos, we learn to appreciate our own literature and our culture in order to have a better understanding of our people and nation, in general. COURSE GOALS The course ultimately aims to enable you to appreciate the breadth and depth of Filipino literature. It also aims to deepen your understanding of the different literary genres. By the end of this course, you should have been able to: 1. Explain literature as a force in the development of society and civilizations, 2. Trace the history of Philippine literature in the different eras, 3. Identify the different types of literature, 4. Appreciate the messages some of the authors or artists convey in their literary work, and 5. Give the characteristics and elements of the short stories and poems as literary genres. COURSE OUTLINE In keeping with the course goals, LIT 101 is outlined to provide you the following interesting topics: Module I – Philippine Literature and Literature of Region 1 Lesson 1 Philippine Literature Lesson 2 Phil. Literature in the Pre-colonial, Colonial...
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