...GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE Literature can generally be divided into two types: prose and poetry. Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. I. Prose There are many types of prose. These include novels, biographies, short stories, contemporary dramas, legends, fables, essays, anecdotes, news and speeches. 1. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life stories and spans a long period of time. There are many characters involved. 2. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and one single impression. 3. Plays. This is presented in a stage. It is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. 4. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. 5. Fables. These are fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. 6. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. 7. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. 8. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography...
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...ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print Vol. 1. No. 2. May 2012 ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES ISSUES AND CONCERNS OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION THROUGH THE YEARS Joel M. Durban1, Ruby Durban Catalan2 1 Far Eastern University, Manila, 2University of San Agustin Iloilo City, PHILIPPINES joelmdurban@yahoo.com, rmdc60@yahoo.com.ph ABSTRACT The essay is an attempt to analyze, evaluate and criticize issues affecting the educational system through the years with the end view of recommending possible improvements. The metamorphosis of Philippine education through the years was a gradual process brought about by generations of colonialism and imperialism. From the Spaniards to the Americans, to the Japanese even during the Liberation period up to the EDSA revolution, changes in education did not match the high hopes of the Filipino people. Presently, the Philippine educational system needs to address issues not only of accessibility and quality in providing education for all. Other issues needs to addressed involved the role of education in the national development, the unresponsive curriculum, improper monitoring of programs implemented, globalization of education and even politics in education. For the Philippine education to succeed its ills and problems must be addressed. There is a need for values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. Teachers’ transformation, in terms of their values orientation is necessary. Part of the teachers’...
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...A Brief History of Philippine Literature in English I. Pre-Colonial Period - Consisted of early Filipino literature passed down orally; oral pieces have a communal authorship – it was difficult to trace the original author of the piece since oral literature did not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of storytelling itself; - Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the new literary influence brought about by the Spanish colonization; however, according to the Philippine Literature: A History & Anthology, English Edition (Lumbera, B. & Lumbera C.), the pre-colonial period of Philippine literature is considered the longest in the country’s history; - Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily life activities such as housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well; - Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures; they attempted to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes; - Pre-colonial literature showed certain elements that linked the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian countries (e.g. oral pieces which were performed through a tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance); - This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before the arrival of a huge cultural influence – literature as...
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...History of Journalism in the Philippines Journalism has been a part of the Roces family. Their involvement had shifted from being mere publishers to defenders of press freedom. As we take a look in the history of journalism, we are to find out how the family became elemental in the development of the field. We areto learn how their contributions made them a significant dynasty in Philippine Print Media. Our glimpse of Philippine Journalism will be divided into seven era: Early Years The history of journalism in the Philippines goes back to the 16th century, the same period when England and Europe were starting on the proliferation of community newspapers. It was in the year 1637 when the "Father of Filipino Printing", Tomas Pinpin, launched the first Philippine newsletter called "Successos Felices" (Fortunate Events). The publication was written in Spanish and contained a 14-page report on current events. In 1799, following Pinpin's debut in printing, he again came up with his Hojas Volantes or "flying sheets". It was titled "Aviso Al Publico" (Notices to the Public), which served the Spaniards and had a role comparative to a "town crier." Surprisingly, it took a gap of a little more than a decade before the first actual newspaper, "Del Superior Govierno," was launched by Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras on August 8, 1811. It was the so-called first regularly issued publication that reported developments about Spain and Europe. It was also the first newspaper that included in...
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...determine it." Materials of drama were used, including music, dancing, and the reenactment of important deeds and occasions. There are five epochs in which drama flourished, namely The Greek Classics, The Middle Ages, The Elizabethan Drama, The Neo-Classical French Drama and The Modern Drama. Looking back at the history of drama, it can be seen that each of these epochs has its own contributions to the modern drama. The Greek Classics was the epoch in which drama has begun. The most influential playwrights were Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles who wrote for tragedies. Another playwright known during this period was Aristophanes, who, on the other hand, wrote for comedies. Drama in The Greek Classics started out with one actor and developed until there were three. In medieval ages, there were no names of individual playwrights. Dramatic entertainments were prohibited during this time because of the discouragement...
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...is a declared National Shrine and a world-renowned pilgrimage spot. SAN JACINTO DE POLONIA PARISH, Camalaniugan -The church contains the oldest bell in the Far East, forged in 1595. ST. HYACINTH CHURCH, Tuguegarao Features an elevated chapel, its construction dates back to 1604. ST. PETER AND PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, Tuguegarao Built in 1767, the church has been restored after suffering massive damage in World War 2. ISABELA AGUINALDO SHRINE, Palanan - General Aguinaldo was captured here in 1901 by American Forces, thus ending the Philippine Revolution GUIBANG CHURCH, Gamu Houses the Miraculous Lady of the Visitation of Guibang. PARISH CHURCH OF ST. MATHIAS, Tumauini An ultra-Baroque church, unique for extensive use of baked clay, both for wall finishing and ornamentation. SAN PABLO CHURCH, San Pablo Built in 1625, it features the tallest bell tower in the Cagayan Valley. BATANES RADIWAN POINT, Ivana Seaport Site of the landing by Philippine Independence fighters on September 18, 1889. SONGSONG Ruins of a village, which was destroyed by a tidal wave in the 1950's SAN CARLOS BORROMEO CHURCH AND CONVENT, Basco Completed in 1789 and still retains its centuries-old features. SAN JOSE CHURCH, Ivana Built in 1814, the church features a crenellated, fortress-like bell tower. NUEVA VIZCAYA DALTON PASS SHRINE, Santa Fe A strategic mountain pass which was the site of a major...
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...Insights: Insights “Americans thought us the importance of education, and that importance is still evident today. Before the Americans, education was not for everyone, only the elite people were given the chance of the Spaniards to study. Americans introduced the public school system and by that we should thanked them because they’re the reason why there’s Philippine Normal University, our school. We all know that they had hidden agendas for their own good that’s why they helped and educated us. But In my own opinion, I must say that both parties benefitted, what they did had a mutual effect to the Americans and to us Filipinos.”American colonial period To help win over the Filipinos to the new American colonial government, General MacArthur provided $100,000 for Philippine education. New schools were established with English as the medium of instruction, with chaplains and non-commissioned officers serving as teachers. Following the surrender of Aguinaldo, President McKinley directed the Second Philippine Commission to establish a free secular public school system that would prepare the Filipinos for citizenship. The Department of Public Instruction spawned the Bureau of Education under Act 477. The establishment of the public school system in 1901 under Act No. 74 required a great number of teachers. Thus the Secretary of Public Instruction, with the approval of the Philippine Commission, brought to the Philippines 1,000 American teachers, known as the Thomasites. Teachers...
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...seeking a new direction leading to a better life. One of the issues needed to be tackled was the longstanding problems in the agriculture sector. Considered an integral part in the country’s economy, the agriculture sector accounts a significant portion of the total employment, which ranged from 45-50% during the 1980s. On the other hand, this sector also attributed significant portions of the total poor in the country for decades. Thus, in June 1988, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was signed into law, paving the way for extensive land distribution and reforms which communist insurgencies urged during the Marcos regime. Consequently, the initial stages of the implementation process of CARP was met with apparent complications, expectedly so given that such a policy entailed a wide scope, whilst rural landlords provided staunch opposition in seizing their ownership to government. However, as the years passed and administrations would change, the promises of sweeping agrarian reform have remained unfinished, otherwise, significantly watered down. Such arbitration would be considered a detrimental factor to the current pitfalls that have hindered the development of Philippine political economy. In that, this paper questions what led to this failure of comprehensive agrarian reform and in pronouncing these mistakes, did other countries experience who also employed land reforms if they experienced similar dilemmas. We argue that deeply seated class structures have inevitably...
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...nor the actors as well as the place where they present it. It’s not all about theatre, it’s more than that. As I have read Nicanor G. Tiongson’s “What is Philippine Drama” and have watched his documentary “Dulaan”, we could see that drama is more than what we know. Drama may come in various packages. It may be simple or extravagant, unpopular or popular, big or small in production but they all have the common denominator which is Mimesis or the imitation that it presents that happens in real life. In our simple imitation of our friend who is weird and to If there’s European Drama, American Drama, Spanish Drama, and other dramas that existed in other countries, of course there is Philippine Drama. But what makes Philippine Drama different from the other dramas that existed? It differs with the involvement of what we call “Philippine-ness”. This “Philippine-ness” involves three things: our culture and heritage, the essence it gives to our people and the solution it may present in our people at a certain time of need. It involves our people, our culture and tradition, as well as Philippines itself; all in all our identity. Philippine Drama existed way before the Spanish colonization. I really appreciate this period of drama: The Indigenous Period. Compared to other periods of drama, Indigenous period reflect the true “Philippine-ness” of a drama. It is original, more Filipino, more real, and when it comes to imitativeness or mimesis it is more grandeur. One part in Tiongson’s video...
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...The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Historical Background: Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines were again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese. This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who uses to write in English, turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named Ishiwara. In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were: 1. Haiku –a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning. 2. Tanaga...
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...of the pre-war structures on this part of Intramuros were obliterated during and after the last war. Today, modern buildings occupy the site. Only markers describe the glorious architecture of churches and buildings that once stood on this side of the Walled City. * LPU GATE 2 WELCOME THE GUEST (REAL STREET- The Street is just one of the numerous Calle Real that existed during the Spanish Period. It is from the word Real which means Royal. The Street is formerly known as Calle del Parian because it passes through the Parian Gate and the Parian District outside Intramuros.) Founder, Dr. Jose P. Laurel. The only president to have served in all three branches of the Government, Dr. Laurel was a successful lawyer, legislator, constitutionalist, jurist, writer, scholar, statesman, philosopher, and above all things, an educator. The inspiration to establish a school came to him in the early 1920’s. He turned this dream into a reality. With the aim of becoming a center of academic excellence in the Philippines and the Far East, Lyceum of the Philippines University (then still a college) formally opened its doors to the public on July 7, 1952. The school’s motto, “Veritas et Fortitudo, Pro Deo et Patria”, reflects Dr. Laurel’s belief in the value of learning and character formation for God and country. In 1966, he founded the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas followed by Lyceum of the Philippines-Laguna in 2000. Both campuses are now headed by Senator Laurel’s fourth...
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...served as hideout by Filipino revolutionaries during Spanish-American war, and a shelter during the Second World War. According to local folklore, it is where the Japanese and American troops settle their disputes. Thus, the Filipino word “Calinawan” comes from the word “Linaw” which means “to settle” or “to clear”. Long before the coming of Spaniards, Tanay was already settled by early Indonesian and Malay voyagers. Artifacts dug up attest to the existence of these early settlements. Not long after the conquest and subjugation of Manila and the surrounding lake areas by Salcedo in 1571, Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the Morong-Pililla area. From Morongan, the priest administered Tanay and other chapel villages and ranches. In 1773, construction of the now famous Tanay Church was begun and was finished 10 years later. Tanay became a Municipality in 1894 as an effect of the Spanish Maura Law. The first election of Public Office took place in 1895-1898 and 1898-1900 under the Revolutionary Government of Philippines. Tanay members of the Katipunan fought valiantly during the Revolution against Spain. The town was the headquarters of the second military area of the Philippine Revolutionary Government under General Emilio Aguinaldo. And for a brief period between 1899 and 1900, Tanay served as the capital of the then Morong Province after Philippine-American War broke out and the American forces invaded the lake towns and Antipolo. ...
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...ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Indigenous Austronesian, American and Spanish influences. Cave and rocks was the earliest form of shelter of the Filipinos. Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelter and tree houses. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted “ Nipa Hut ” made from natural materials. The Bahay-Kubo was one of the common house of the people. The architecture of early Filipinos are also the skills that used at the time of war and battlefield. They built fortresses called “kota” or” moong “to protect their communities during war. During this period thre are three types of houses. These are the lawig or the small houses, the mala-a-walai or the large houses and the torogan or the wooden palace. Houses of the early Filipinos is similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries of Southeast Asia. Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period the traditional “ Bahay na Bato “ style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood. Other architecture during this period are the Intramuros the old walled city of Manila, the Fort Santiago...
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...Unit I Foreign Policy What is Foreign Policy? Foreign policy has many exegesis as there are internationalist who attempt to define this most intriguing subject of international relations. Initially, it has been define as a “ statement of national goals limited both absolutely and relatively by national power”. The Foreign Service Institute of the Philippines prefers to allude to it as “ set of guidelines articulated by the government to a country in order to promote its national interest through the conduct of its relations with other countries” The Foreign Service Institute of the Philippines has likewise quoted a dictum ascribed to President Ferdinand E. Marcos that: The foreign policy of a nation is the articulation of its fondest needs and aspiration, and in international affairs, it is its sole weapon for the promotion of national interest. Foreign Policy is a “part of the general program of government. It is furthermore an extension of its domestic policy”. The term “system” when used in the context of an organization, implies an entity composed of a set of parts and created to accomplish certain, objectives. The aim of the system is the coordination of human efforts and material resources to produce desired results in a dynamic organization. An organization, as social system, has certain inherent characteristics: 1) it has subsystem and, is part of a suprasystem in continual interaction with one another 2) It has define objectives...
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...Branches of biology * Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles * Agriculture – the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications * Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans * Arachnology – the study of arachnids * Astrobiology – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe—also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy * Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level * Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology * Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally * Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data * Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling * Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics * Biomedical research – the study of the human body in health and disease * Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods...
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