1. Theory of Duty by Immanuel Kant is one of the examples of ethical theories. Theory of duty is commonly defined as one’s moral obligation. Duty should not be influenced by outside motivation but that duty is an obligation that one performs because they ought to and not because of any personal interest or benefit.

For example, it is our duty and right to participate in political exercises such as election because we ought to. We have the duty and responsibility to select our leaders. The kind of political leader that we have reflects the kind of electorate we have. We vote during election because it is our duty and not because we are forced to or given promises and/or money.

2. Empiricism and Idealism are complicated concepts in Philosophy so this is a broad description. Idealism is the knowledge that comes from the subject. It also emphasizes the pre-eminent importance of mind, soul and spirit. Idealism is the category of philosophical systems that claim reality is dependent upon the mind rather than independent of the mind. Extreme versions of Idealism deny that any 'world' exists outside of our minds. It is a view that stresses to role the ideal or the spiritual in the interpretation of experience. Idealism is a search for Absolute Truth. It assumes that there is a design and purpose to the universe and the human mind, and by discovering this purpose they can understand everything.

While Empiricism asserts that the truth comes from experience. It also states that experience, which is based on observation and experimentation, is the source of knowledge. Idealist believes that there is already an innate ideas when man is born while empiricists believes that at birth, the mind is born blank and all knowledge is desired from human experience. I believe that the two are effectively at war with each other. Idealists and empiricists disagree about the fundamental nature of the universe, the human mind, and political interaction. In short, Empiricism asks “How?” and Idealism asks “Why?” One is answerable and the other is not.

Empiricism is more reasonable for me because it uses experiments and tests to see if hypotheses are false. Empiricism takes considerably more effort to understand reality, but the ideas it produces are more consistent even if knowledge remains incomplete.

3. Determinism and existentialism both embraces the existence of “free will”. Both believe that everything in the phenomenal world is an act of the will.

The difference between determinism and existentialism is that the latter believe that humans make decisions based on what has meaning to them, not on what is rational. Rationality is considered a form of “bad faith”, which can determine the meaning of human existence.

4. Heidegger defines death does not simply spell the end of existence, for in recognizing the undeniable certainty of one’s death, something else is revealed, something more fundamental is disclosed. One day we must all die. We are all destined to die no matter who we are and how different we are from one another. Death does not come to people depending on what they believe or to what social class they belong. Yet what happens to us when we die? Is there something more inside us that continues to live even after our physical bodies die? When we die it is as if we take off a cloak that we have been wearing—in the form of our physical body. We could also compare this to the butterfly that emerges from its cocoon. So, it is only natural that when the soul makes an exit and abandons its shell, rigor mortis will set in and the body will become rigid. Death is only a transition to be made and is not an end in itself. It is therefore so important to pay attention to spiritual happenings and not to suppress all thoughts of death but to accept it as an integral part of life. This will allow us to live a good life, which is not only committed to love for one’s neighbour but also contributes to the further development of creation.

He says that our own death is very trivial because we become any one selves. He means that if we face death, we see that it is not something to be feared because we will all live on as anyone selves – our own demise does not mean the demise of all. This, he says, will give us freedom “to become who we are at the time our death.

5. One Reason the Christian should believe in God is the complexity of the world we live in. One explanation that a Christian can give is that this world must have the existence of the supreme being which is God. There are things and happenings that science cannot explain but religion can. Besides it is very much safer to believe in God while we are still alive than be sorry if upon our death we will find out that there is really God.