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Philosophy

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| Greeks | CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

Chinese | Indians and Hindus | Islam | God | Ancient Greek theology was polytheistic, based on the assumptions that there were many gods and goddesses. | The idea of Heaven (T’ien) plays a prominent role in indigenous Chinese religion. The term can refer to a god, an impersonal power, or both. The concept Is now well-defined, and religious scholars have had a difficult time deciding whether T’ien was believed to be a force like fate or a personal identity. It is also unclear whether the ancient Chinese believed T’ien responded to human supplication or simply worked in accordance with the principles of T’ien. | God created human beings and everything. | Monotheism, belief in one God, is the most important and foundational concept in Islam. Muslims believe in one God who created the universe and has power over everything within it. He is unique and exalted above everything. He creates, and His greatness cannot be compared to His creation. | Man | Men had the dominant role in public life in ancient Greece. They were engaged iin politics and public events, while women were often encouraged to stay in the home. | For the Chinese then, Philosophy is the translation of words into action or the application of theory into praxis. Thus for the Chinese, philosophy singles out a person to live on what he says/teaches thus, a man/woman of integrity who has word/s of honor. | In Hindu tradition, Manu is the name accorded to a progenitor of humanity being the first human to appear in the world in an epoch after universal destruction. | He has been created to live on it only for a probationary period, and, in due course, he will return to his Lord, to be judged according to the way he has spent that period. | World | | | | Babor (2007) further expounded that Islamic philosophers in their falsafa (philosophia), through the concept of hikma, view the world and humanity as “intrinsically and substantially unified” “…that Islamic philosophers seek to establish an understanding of the spiritual wholeness of the world and humanity.” Therefore, the world and humanity are interconnected. | Response | Greeks are very advance since the very beginning. They have many Gods and they truly believed in it. They are strong and intelligent people. | Chinese have very strong beliefs. Their beliefs can never be just broken. | The Indians and Hindus on the other hand, are people who believes what they see. They do not have bias. | The Islams are deep. The have very strong faith to God. |

| Thales | Anaximander | Anaximenes | Empedocles | God | The independent pre-existence of God from all eternity, stating "that God was the oldest of all beings, for he existed without a previous cause even in the way of generation; that the world was the most beautiful of all things; for it was created by God. | Anaximander's claim that from the infinite comes the principle of beings, which themselves come from the heavens and the worlds. | | | Man | | Anaximander of Miletus considered that from warmed up water and earth emerged either fish or entirely fishlike animals. Inside these animals, men took form and embryos were held prisoners until puberty; only then, after these animals burst open, could men and women come out, now able to feed themselves. | “...infinite air was the principle from which things that are becoming, and that are, and that shall be, and gods and things divine, all come into being…” | first of all individual limbs and organs were produced from the earth. These wandered separately at first and then under the combining power of Love they came together in all sorts of wild and seemingly random hybrid combinations, producing double fronted creatures, hermaphrodites, ox-faced man creatures and man-faced ox-creatures. | World | Thales said that “everything comes from water” that nourishes the world and the whole universe. | Nature is ruled by laws, just like human societies, and anything that disturbs the balance of nature does not last long | According to Anaximenes, earth was formed from air by a felting process. It began as a flat disk. From evaporations from the earth, fiery bodies arose which came to be the heavenly bodies. The earth floats on a cushion of air. The heavenly bodies, or at least the sun and the moon, seem also to be flat bodies that float on streams of air. | Everything is made from these four quantitavely different elements by combination or separation. | Response | Thales, the first one to wonder and the first philosopher have a brilliant mind despite the lack of materials to further improve his study. | His philosophy is derived from Thales’ but more developed and improved. | Being a student of Anaximander, he was best known for claiming that air is the source of everything in our world. | Empedocles suggested that the four elements are the roots of the universe. It is like combining all of the claims of the other philosophers. |
CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2

| Pythagoras | Heraclitus | Parmenides | Democritus | God | God was the supreme secret of all the ancient initiations is substantially correct. | His exact theology cannot be determined from the fragments, but some characteristics can be determined. God is more beautiful and wiser than men, just as men are higher than apes or children. God sees things the way they really are, where as men have a tendency to confuse and divide things incorrectly. | He characterized the ultimate reality as “one” and “whole.” Individuals and diversity we experience in the phenomenal world are, according to Parmenides, the illusory perception of mortals. His insight to the self-subsistence of eternal being as the ultimate reality may also be comparable to the idea of God as a self-subsisting being in monotheistic traditions. | | Man | All men know what they want, but few know what they need. Pythagoras warned his disciples that when they prayed they should not pray for themselves; that when they asked things of the gods they should not ask things for themselves, because no man knows what is good for him and it is for this reason undesirable to ask for things which, if obtained, would only prove to be injurious. | | | | World | the world [material universe] to be composed of four elements--earth, air, fire, water--and to the Greek mind the conclusion was inevitable that the shapes of the particles of the elements were those of the regular solids. Earth-particles were cubical, the cube being the regular solid possessed of greatest stability; fire-particles were tetrahedral, the tetrahedron being the simplest and, hence, lightest solid. | This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out. | Earlier pre-Socratic philosophers identified the ultimate principle of the world with its elements (“water” in Thales; “air” in Anaximenes; “number” in Pythagoras) or an unspecified element “undetermined” in Anaximander). Parmenides comprehended both existential and logical characteristics of the principle, and formulated them as a philosophical doctrine. | The fundamental elements of their time - earth, water, air, and fire - were in turn simply compounds of sub-elementary particles they called atoms (indivisibles) in a void or vacuum between the atoms. | Response | He is a great mathematician so not surprisingly, he claims that everything we can see and touch is made up of numbers. | His philosophy implies that change is constant in the world. You cannot stop changes. | Parmenides’ philosophy is contrary to Heraclitus’, his philosophy is that there is no such thing as change but reality. All differences, including all changes, are just appearances. | His philosophy is about atoms, space-filling bodies. Everything is atomic- even the soul or mind. |

PHILOSOPHY OF MAN
PHILN10A

Sajorda, Kimberly Mae Z.
H-451TTM
Ms. Violeta G. Tabin | Protagoras | Socrates | Plato | Aristotle | God | he wrote: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not, nor of what sort they may be, because of the obscurity of the subject, and the brevity of human life." | His belief in the wisdom and goodness of gods is derived from human logic and his natural skepticism. | To Plato, God is transcendent-the highest and most perfect being-and one who uses eternal forms, or archetypes, to fashion a universe that is eternal and uncreated. The order and purpose he gives the universe is limited by the imperfections inherent in material. | Aristotle made God passively responsible for change in the world in the sense that all things seek divine perfection. God imbues all things with order and purpose, both of which can be discovered and point to his (or its) divine existence. God, the highest being (though not a loving being), engages in perfect contemplation of the most worthy object, which is himself. | Man | "Man is the measure of all things" | The being in human is an inner-self. This inner-self is divine, cannot die, and will dwell forever with the gods. Only human beings can distinguish virtue, which is knowledge, from ignorance, which is the root of moral evil. | "Man is an upright, featherless biped with broad, flat nails." | Man fits into the scheme of nature as a "thinking animal". The mind, that which distinguished man as a rational being, is "incapable of being of being destroyed." It is a special part of the psyche or soul which in turn is the animating force of the body. The soul is the body's "form", and unlike Plato's soul, does not have an existence separate from the body. Thus it does not survive the death of the body. Yet it possesses both actuality and potentiality, and is the efficient, formal and final cause of the body. That is, it has a goal or end, and carries within it the means to that end. | World | | | The world of being; everything in this world “always is,” “has no becoming,” and “does not change” | When Aristotle looked at the world about him he not only asked questions such as what is such and such made of, or how can it be classified but also what is its purpose. | Response | Protagoras’ philosophy is that everyone is always right, no one can ever be wrong. | Socrates is one of the greatest philosopher but not everyone understand his attitude. | He idolizes Socrates very much and his philosophy was under the influence of Socrates.e | Aristotle, student of Plato had great plans, not similar to other philosophers, like purchasing valuable group of buildings, lands and gardens, and he even established a school of higher education in Philosophy which shows his true passion for philosophy. |

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