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Philosopy

In: Philosophy and Psychology

Submitted By joeydepps
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1- Throughout chapter three, Sophie talks about the facts that you exist. The idea that this fact depends on other facts, such as the fact that your parents existed? (24) Facts depend on other facts, which makes them contingent. With this being said then every fact would depend on several other facts that must be present. (for example, “The fact that I am male depends on certain other facts, such as my genetic makeup, and so on.”) On the other hand some facts are necessarily and not contingently. This is based on the idea of the Principle of Sufficient Reason that states that every truth is either necessary or contingent, but the principle it follows is neither. The idea is that God is the only being that necessarily exists. (26) Sophie stated it the best by saying “A necessary truth couldn’t conceivably be false. It is, in that sense, self-evident.” (27) There must be a reason for the truth of every fact. It is either based on the idea of the facts it lies upon itself or based on some other true facts. Oscar did not buy into any of this. He felt as though everything seemed to good to be true. How can all these facts just depend on each other but do not explain anything? David added that either God exists or the universe is inexplicable (28), which Oscar then agreed upon. However if the universe is not inexplicable, then God exists. Therefore, is the universe explicable? David made a good point by saying, “The belief in God is irrational, but now it looks as if the universe itself is irrational if God doesn’t exist.” Sophie consulted and realized that there is no definite answer to this question. If God does not exist then the universe is indifferent to our sense of order and intelligence. If the Principle of Sufficient Reason is true, then God exists. Sophie concluded and said, “The Greeks gave us the idea of cosmos, which things happen for a reason and these ideas are found at the heart of both science and religion.” (30)
2: Chapter five opened up with the discussion that God’s nonexistence can be proved. Oscar uttered that a strong case can be made that God does not exist, the type of God that David, Sophie and himself have been talking about, one worth worshipping. Oscar feels that those who truly believe in God are just in denial. Nevertheless denial of human suffering, people are being killed and ruined by natural disasters in the world in which we live in. “It’s and endless parade of misery.” (48) All these horrors can be simplified by reverting back to the deterioration and collapse of one’s body. In other words natural causes is the “irreversible degradation and loss of one’s faculties.” (48) Oscar made a good point. He said how could you believe that a loving, caring and benevolent God exists, when children born with AIDS live a short, sick and miserable life? There are two choices to abide by. Either God is not as powerful or not as loving as he seems to be. If God is really omnipotent then he should be able to prevent and stop all suffering. So why do we still see suffering everywhere we turn? Perhaps the omnipotent and loving God that people constantly pray to existed, we would not have to witness all types of suffering. David then questioned Oscar’s point of view by adding that all suffering in the world should not be placed on God’s shoulders. We have to inflict the suffering on ourselves. Yes, God granted us all free will but we must choose wisely what to do with it. Sophie stated that if we are awarded free will, then it is impossible to choose evil. David asserted that a human without free will would be nobody. You need free will to live. Without the problems and challenges there wouldn’t be many opportunities for growth, especially moral growth. (49) Courage, compassion, perseverance and love sum up the virtues of learning. Without obstacles in life there would be no reason for courage or perseverance. Suffering just does not have a point in this life it must also have a point in the afterlife as well. Oscar suggested that suffering exist because there is no opportunity for moral growth since it is invisible. The suffering we experience in this life is insignificant in comparison to the rewards of the next life. (51) Sophie agreeing with Oscar in that a benevolent and omnipotent God would not exist in a world that has as much suffering as the one we live in. Although suffering is needed for a moral growth, it must be balanced out in a next world. A certain amount of suffering is necessary for some greater good, and the amount of suffering in the world is not any more than it needs to be. (52) Suffering would not be tolerated by a benevolent God; the amount of suffering is up to us. With each decision being made, the universe becomes more moral that makes us become “co-creators” with God. Humans striving to protect other humans from natural suffering achieve some good. (53) Sophie conveyed an idea that humans may not be the only whose who must converse with suffering. We are victims of personal evil in ways that most of us don’t recognize. (55) You must accept all types of suffering whether you can deal with it or not. The concept of perfection is separated into three categories. Omnipotent, omniscience and omnibenevolence. God is omnipotent by creating any type of universe he wants, being omnibenevolent he does not want to create a universe that allows unnecessary suffering. Lastly he is omniscient, so he is aware of what he must do to accomplish everything. (58)

3- In order for something to be true there must be some kind of proof behind it. A proof is also known as an argument in which it’s conclusion follows the premises. However, the premises must be true. This was the main issue in chapter 8, as David, Oscar and Sophie tried to rationalize God’s existence without actual proof. Sophie once stated that if it’s rational to believe anything at all with proof, then there must be some things, which is rational to believe without proof. (82) She also felt that you must accept some things without proof, in order to prove anything at all. Some things in life are self-evident. An interpretation or proof is not needed, as they are logically necessary. For example, no bachelors are married. One thing that cannot be proven regardless of the individual is that an inner mental life is identical. Each and every person behaves a certain way that can’t be mistaken for others. Sophie made a good point “Nature itself is God’s behavior.” (83) The idea is that if you look intelligently and sensitively at nature, you see not the design but the Designer herself. (83) Oscar felt as though there was a criterion for deciding whether something is rational or not. The most important thing is language; this is powerful evidence that the individual has in mind. Sophie added that rationality couldn’t be approached in a strict, narrow way. It branches off into other ideas such as sensitivity attunement and openness. “Humankind’s conception of the spiritual had had to change before; it’s not unreasonable to expect that it will have to change again.” (85) David voiced his opinion in that religious experience is what makes God “self-evident.” Being an atheist is quite rational according to Sophie. “The rationality of a belief depends on a lot more than whether the thing is believed true or false. The fact of the matter is that rational people of good will disagree about things. That that fact isn’t as obvious as it should be ought to provide a lesson in tolerance for all of us.” (86) Oscar completely disagreed. He feels either God exists or he doesn’t. There’s nothing in between. Oscar cannot accept the fact, that this is a rational method we should apply. Sophie argued that thinking carefully and honestly is what rationality is really about. People interpret their own experiences based on what they believe in. Disagreements come forth through experiences, compassion and trust. You just don’t study theology and learn about God, you must connect with people whose lives coincide with God. David referred to Pascal the mathematician who said we should consider the consequences of belief and unbelief. If you believe in God you have much to gain and little to lose. (89) Oscar ended his argument by stating God is simply, “not believable.” Without more evidence he cannot believe in God. “We haven’t proved that God exists, but they have learned why the arguments are at least plausible to those who are inclined by their personal religious experience to believe in God.”(91) In other words, Sophie means that God granted us the opportunity to form a rational belief in him, now it is up to us to go forward with everything.

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