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Phosphoric Acid Lab Report

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Phosphoric acid (85%) was first recognized as a swelling agent to produce reactive cellulose from air dried cellulose by Walseth [251]. Phosphoric acid swollen cellulose was then subjected to vast studies as cellulose substrate for cellulase activity assays and preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) [252-254]. However, Zhang et al. [255] first observed cellulose dissolution behavior when the phosphoric acid (PA) concentration reached greater than 80.5%, its critical concentration value for dissolution of Avicel. The dissolution mechanism was also capable of fractionating lignocellulose components at the modest reaction conditions, and the fractionations were then regenerated by an organic solvent, e.g., ethanol and acetone, or water [180, 256]. The regenerated amorphous cellulose, precipitated from the dissolved cellulose, demonstrated extremely high reactivity for enzymatic digestibility, suggesting the dissolution technique as a new approach for pretreatment of lignocelluloses [255]. During the first stage of the pretreatment, an esterification reaction between hydroxyl group of …show more content…
In the spectra of CP/MAS and 13C solid-state NMR, distinct steps of C4 verified conversion from crystalline zone to an amorphous zone after CPA treatment [258]. The XRD patterns of CPA-treated MCC at 323 K also demonstrated that more cellulose I was converted to cellulose II by increasing reaction time from 0 to 6 h [260]. Jia et al. [261] chemically modified MCC with phosphoric acid in order to enhance its processing for applications in gelling material and emulsion stabilizers. Regenerated cellulose at some angles correspond to crystallographic planes of cellulose II exhibited less crystallinity compared to intact MCC. Besides, the crystallinity index (CI) reduced by 48% after

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