...Photosynthesis and is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water . Oxygen is also released, mostly as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform the process of photosynthesis, and are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth. Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to stripelectrons from suitable substances such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the...
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...Mr kousen is … Water Man Photosynthesis (the big picture) Like it or not, chemistry continues to sneak itself into our beloved biology course. This is because what distinguishes living things from nonliving things is the presence of cells, and cells are nothing but bags of chemicals with a multitude of chemical reactions occurring inside them. And furthermore, all the metabolic activities in cells are being directed by a famous bunch of chemicals we refer to as DNA. Compounds, chemicals, chemical reactions ... these are what produce the structures & functions within the basic units of structure & function for living things (cells). Anyhoo ... our topic right now, namely photosynthesis, is arguably one of the most important chemical reactions occurring on the planet. Let's see why. Let's begin with some basic questions & answers about photosynthesis. QUESTION | ANSWER | What is photosynthesis? | Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in glucose. It is the means by which the energy in sunlight becomes usable to living things. Living things can eat glucose, we can't eat sunlight. | Exactly why is photosynthesis so important? | Two big reasons. One product of photosynthesis is glucose (sugar), which provides the basis for most food chains. The second product of photosynthesis is oxygen which comes in handy if your happen to be an aerobic organism that requires oxygen for survival...
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...Photosynthesis BIOS-135 Foundation of Biology & Chemistry with Lab Week V INTRODUCTION In this lab Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert energy from the light, the most common solar light into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. And this happen on plants. Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation. The overall balanced equation is... 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight energy Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide H2O = water Light energy is required C6H12O6 = glucose O2 = oxygen As light energy (in the form of photons) reaches a plant, chlorophyll molecules forming a light harvesting complex absorb that energy, exciting electrons. These electrons move along an electron transport chain, eventually transferring their energy into the bonds of ATP and NADPH. ATP and NADPH act as highly charged energy carriers ready to provide energy to continue photosynthesis in the dark reactions. (University, 2014) In the photosynthesis we have to different processes the light dependent process and the light independent process.in the light dependent process, or photo reduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, in this process plants capture and store energy from sunlight, In this process light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions, the formed NADPH and ATP drive the...
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...Plant and other photosynthesis organisms produce foods that begin food chains. We count on the sun to be a constant energy source for both warmth and food production for all of plant Earth. The sunlight that strikes our planet must be converted into a form of chemical energy in order to be useful to all non- photosynthetic organisms. The most common chemical energy produced from photosynthesis is the molecule glucose. Photosynthesis produces sugar molecules as a food source for the plant. Sugars such as glucose are held together by covalent bonds. It requires energy to create those covalent bonds and the source of energy can ultimately be traced back to the sun. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages. The first stage is a set of reaction that trap light energy and convert it to the chemical energy of ATP. It is typically referred to as the light- dependent reactions. In addition, light energy is also used to accomplish a reaction that is called photolysis of water. In this reaction, water molecule is split into its component elements: hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen that is split away due to the photolysis of water is typically released from the plant leaf as a waste product. The second stage is a series of reactions collectively referred to as the light- independent reactions. ATP and hydrogen are used as forms of chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into useful organic molecules for the plant. Photosynthetic rate is highly dependent on many environmental...
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...Name __________________________________________________ Date ___________________ Class ____________ Photosynthesis Virtual Labs Tutorial: http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/science_up_close/512/deploy/interface.html Watch and listen to the tutorial found in the link above. Fill in the following answers as you watch. Stop and replay anything you don’t understand – this is a complicated topic! food 1. Plants use photosynthesis to make __________________ for the plant. 2. What do plants need in order to perform photosynthesis? Plants need light ( usually from the sun) in order to perform photosynthesis. 3. How is the plant able to obtain each “ingredient?” The plant obtains each ingredient from the air through open pores or holes in the leaves. 4. Identify the plant cell organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts 5. Summarize the process of photosynthesis. Water and carbon enter the chloroplast….. When sun shines on the leaf, the chlorophyll in the chloroplast absorb some of the energy in the light. A chemical reaction occurs that changes the water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen. The energy from the light is ultimately stored in the sugar. 6. What happens to the oxygen that is produced as a result of photosynthesis? The oxygen is released into the air. 7. Why is photosynthesis also important for people and animals? We get oxygen from the air when we breathe. And also if we eat fruits and vegetables, we get energy...
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...functionality. On the colder extreme, the rate of photosynthesis is hindered due to a decrease in H+ concertation due to an alteration in the movement of the thylakoid membrane (Busch et al. 2006). Alternatively, elevated temperatures would also disrupt the rate of photosynthesis. The presence of heat would interfere with the Photosystem II of the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions (Agrawal et al. 2014). Similarly to cold conditions, the thylakoid...
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...[Photosynthesis Practical Report]Title: rate that photosynthesis occurs using ivy leaf discs in various concentrations of sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution Abstract: | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Introduction: The purpose of this practical is to investigate the effect of varying the available concentration of sodium bicarbonate on the rate of photosynthesis in ivy leaf discs. The rate of photosynthesis can be increased or decreased in many different ways. One method in particular, by adding substances like alkaline or salt to the water, you can increase or decrease the acidity or basics, if the water has too much acidity, it can often delay the rate of photosynthesis, often stopping the rate of photosynthesis in the plant, which will possibly lead to killing the plant. Ivy leaf disks will float normally, when the air spaces are infiltrated with solution the overall density of the leaf disk increases and the disk sinks. The infiltration solution includes a small amount of sodium bicarbonate. Bicarbonate ion serves as the carbon source for photosynthesis. As photosynthesis proceeds oxygen is released into the interior of the leaf which changes the buoyancy, causing the disks to rise. Since cellular respiration is taking place at the same time, consuming oxygen, the...
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...The plant photosynthesis process and semiconductor-based solar cells processes are very similar in their functions and creating an end product as well as there are a variety of differences between them. First we need to look at photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants, algaes and cyanobacteria absorb sun light and convert it to sugar. In the photosynthesis processes, the plant absorbs the sun light then in complex processes converts the intake of carbon dioxide to the end results to sugar (carbohydrates) and releases water and oxygen. The oxygen is what humans and all living animals use to survive and breathe in. Humans and animals release the carbon dioxide which is what the plants absorb in with as well as the light rays from the sun. According to Mader, “if the amount of carbohydrate were instantly converted to coal, and the coal loaded into standard railroad cars (each car holding about 50 tons), the photosynthesizers of the biosphere would fill more than 100 cars per second with coal” (2010, p.86). During my research on semiconductor-based solar cell energy, I found that the solar cell energy is capture in about the same means that the plants absorb light rays and carbon dioxide. The solar cells are made up of usually silicone. In 2010, Heindl stated, “the second most abundant element in earth`s crust, silicon has the advantage, of being available in sufficient quantities, and additionally processing the material does not burden the environment” (e.g., Heindl...
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...The purpose of this experiment was to observe whether the wavelength of light affected the rate of photosynthesis. In part one of the experiment my group set out to test which cell fraction contained the most chloroplasts. It was hypothesized that when we centrifuged the first pellet of cell fractionation it would be comprised of the larger organelles since they experience the largest centrifugal force and move the most rapidly; less time and force is required for them to separate. This led us to propose that pellet two would consist of the smaller organelles due to the fact that they require more time and force to separate from the supernatant. Since chloroplasts are smaller sized organelles, we also predicted that the higher concentration of them would be located in pellet 2 because it was centrifuged at an increased force and time. This hypothesis and prediction leads to the overall question; which cell fraction contains the most chloroplasts. In order to obtain the cell fractionation with the most chloroplasts, my group prepared a cell homogenate from a piece of broccoli. We measure 40mL of that homogenate into the P1 tube and centrifuged at 600 x g for five minutes, then poured the supernatant from P1 into P2 and centrifuged P2 for an increased force and time. After centrifugation was completed we again poured the supernatant from P2 into the S2 tube to attain our three different cell fractions. To make the 12 cuvette concentrations we added certain amounts of isolation...
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...distance moved by the pigment from its original position B= distance moved by solvent from the same position. *Round Rf values to 2 decimal places CONCLUSION: We used paper chromatography to separate the pigments found in spinach. Since plants use several different pigments to capture light energy for the light dependent reaction in photosynthesis, we expected that we would see several different bands of pigments on our chromatography paper. As the data in Table 1 indicates, we obtained four bands of different pigments from the spinach leaf: yellow- brown, light green, green, and yellow. The bands moved different distances up the chromatography paper, and were of different widths. According to the data, our hypothesis was correct. Different types of pigments are present in plants. The distances traveled by the pigments can indicate how big or heavy the molecules of the pigment are, or how attracted to the solvent they are. The different widths of the pigment bands roughly show how much of each pigment is in the plant. These two pieces of evidence tell us that there are several different pigments used by plants in photosynthesis, and they are present in different amounts. Possible sources of error include mistakes in measuring...
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...Practical 2: Photosynthesis Introduction: Photosynthesis is a vital process in plants as carbon dioxide is used to form sugars and other complex compounds for growth. There are two basic processes in photosynthesis: light-dependent and light-independent. Light-dependent process, a temperature-independent reaction where light energy is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments and transformed into chemical energy which is used for water, splitting into oxygen molecule, proton (H+) for driving ATP during phosphorylation, and electron (e-) which is being passed down the electron transport chain to yield NADPH. Light–independent, temperature-dependent reaction occurs to form carbohydrate and water molecule by the assimilation of carbon dioxide, driven by NADPH and ATP from light-dependent reaction. In this practical, DCPIP, a blue dye is used. DCPIP turns into colourless as it is reduced by accepting electrons. The rate of DCPIP turns into colourless indirectly gives an estimation on the rate of electron transport, as well as the rate of photosynthesis. Aim: To determine the rate of DCPIP turns into colourless/photosynthetic electron transport in isolated chloroplasts from silverbeet leaves under different type of treatments. The rate of DCPIP turns into colourless is indicated by measuring the absorbance using a spectrophotometer. Hypothesis: The faster the DCPIP turns into colourless, the more rapid is the decrease in absorbance over time, the faster...
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...For your methods, copy and paste the following paragraph into the Methods of your report, but insert the correct word into the blanks provided. “Seven spectrophotometer tubes were numbered and solutions A-D were added according to the volumes shown in Table 1. Tube 1 was capped and inverted several times. The was calibrated using Tube 1, which contained chloroplasts and sucrose only, as the blank, to ensure that any changes in ____________ for the other treatments could be attributed to the ___________ of the dye DCPIP. At time zero (mins), absorbance was recorded for all treatments immediately after addition of __________ and mixing of contents. Immediately following the time zero reading, tube 2 was wrapped in foil and tubes 6 and 7 were placed into larger tubes covered in red and green cellophane respectively. Tubes 1-5 were also placed into larger tubes. All tubes were then placed horizontally on ice, under lights. At fifteen minute intervals, readings of absorbance were taken for all treatments, except for the dark tube which was kept wrapped in foil for 60 minutes, after which its absorbance was measured.” Table 1. Experimental design for the electron transport experiment. | | | | | | TREATMENT | | | | | BLANK 1 | DARK 2 | LIGHT 3 | BOILED 4 | DCMU 5 | RED 6 | GREEN 7 | A | chloroplast suspension (ml) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | - | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | B | buffered sucrose (ml) | ...
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...Rate of Photosynthesis Tyler Marshall AIU Biology Lab (SCIE2017 -1602A-16) * Purpose * The purpose of this lab is to find out the rate of photosynthesis. By measuring the number of oxygen bubbles using different light bulb watts. * Introduction * Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment this much me we know. Even though they are the same thing the difference is that they happen in reverse. What happens is during photosynthesis; carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen. Also during respiration, glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water. As of a result of these two things the plants will give off oxygen. Which when in water you will be able to see the process happening through the release of bubbles. * Hypothesis or Predicted Outcome * The more light the plant is exposed to the higher the rate of photosynthesis. * Methods * In the lab we measure the rate of photosynthesis by exposing seaweed in a bowl of water to different light bulb watts. The watts where 0,25,50,100. The seaweed was exposed to each what for 1 hour, three different times. This was done in order to get an average of number of bubbles released to measure the rate of photosynthesis. Also in order to keep the experiment controlled for accrete results. * Results or Outcome * The experiment started out with exposing the seaweed to a light bulb with 0 watts. And after all three 1 hour trails...
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...Photosynthesis Lab * Intro: Photosynthesis is a process in which plants use sunlight to create glucose and oxygen byproduct from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis involves a green pigment called chlorophyll. The formula for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Variables that can affect the process of photosynthesis include light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. * Question: Do photosynthesis rates increase when more carbon dioxide is present? * Hypothesis: If more carbon dioxide is present, then the rate of photosynthesis will increase. * Variables: The dependent variable of this experiment is the rate of photosynthesis. The independent variable of this experiment is the level of CO2. The multiple control variables of this experiment include light intensity and temperature. * Materials: The materials required for this experiment are 50+ sample sized plants per group (to compare photosynthesis rates between plants with high levels of CO2 and normal levels of CO2), an O2 sensor (to measure how much oxygen byproduct the plant is producing), and a CO2 sensor (to measure CO2 levels). * Procedure: Put 50 plants in the control group and 50 in the independent group. Then add higher levels of CO2 to the independent group. Then add a CO2 sensor and an O2 sensor to measure the input and output of the photosynthesis process. Then add a lamp for light intensity and water as an input for the process. Graphs/...
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...Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to measure the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. The lab begins with adding solutions to multiple cuvettes, then adding either boiled chloroplasts, not boiled chloroplasts or no chloroplasts. After approximately 5 minute timed sessions in light, tubes are placed in spectrophotometer one at a time and the transmittance percentage is recorded for each test. Boiled chloroplasts are denatured, so photosynthesis cannot occur. Solutions in test tubes with not boiled chloroplasts become clear after light reaction. Light cannot reach to the not boiled chloroplasts in foil test so a very minimum change occurs. When the transmittance percentage increased, photosynthesis had occurred. Introduction: Photosynthesis converts solar energy from sunlight into the chemical energy that is used to fuel the organism’s activities. The process of photosynthesis can be summarized by the following equation: solar energy + H₂O + CO₂ ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂...
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