...Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Credit Hour: 4 credit hours Unit code: FHSC1114 Unit title: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Course of study: Foundation in Science Mode of delivery: Lecture, tutorial & experiment Contact Hours: 2 lecture contact hours per week for the duration of 14 weeks. 1 tutorial contact hour per week for the duration of 12 weeks. 2 practical contact hours per week for the duration of 10 weeks. Method of Assessment No. Method of Assessment Attendance for lectures, tutorials and experiments are compulsory for every student. Main Text: Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P. M., & Townsend, J. R. (2012). Chemistry & chemical reactivity (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Total 1. Coursework 50% a) Test 1 & 2 (15% each) b) Experiment (20%) 2. Final Examination 50% Grand total 100% Chapter Scopes FHSC1114 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 Principle of Chemistry Relative Atomic Masses of atoms & molecules Mass number & atomic number Atomic structure (neutrons, protons & electrons) Mole concept & conversion Avogadro’s concept Empirical & molecular formulae Isotopes FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry 1 Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR Objectives To define relative atomic masses of atoms & molecules To define & determine mass no. & atomic no. To determine no. of neutrons, protons & electrons To understand mole concept & Avogadro’s concept To determine the empirical & molecular formulae ...
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...between molecular structure and optical activity. This discovery laid the foundation of the science of stereochemistry, which deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules. This hypothesis was put forward in the same year by the Dutch physical chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. Le Bel wrote Cosmologie Rationelle (Rational Cosmology) in 1929. 2. Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot (25 October 1827 – 18 March 1907) was a French chemist and politician noted for the Thomsen-Berthelot principle of thermochemistry. He synthesized many organic compounds from inorganic substances and disproved the theory of vitalism. He is considered as one of the greatest chemists of all time. He was born in Paris, France, the son of a doctor. After doing well at school in history and philosophy, he became a scientist. 3. Yves Chauvin (born October 10, 1930) is a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He is honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a member of the French Academy of Science. Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics in 1954. 4. Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (10 August 1902 – 29 October 1971) was a Swedish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1948. 5. Sir Joseph John "J. J." Thomson, OM, FRS[1] (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He is credited with discovering electrons and isotopes, and inventing the mass spectrometer. Thomson was...
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...Photon correlation spectroscopy Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) is a technique that is used to determine the size distribution of small particles in suspension or polymers in liquid solution. It’s also known as dynamic light scattering. It can also be used to probe the behavior of complex fluids such as concentrated polymer solutions. Principle When light hits small particles, the light scatters in all directions as long as the particles are small compared to the wavelength. According to the Stokes Einstein’s theory, particle Brownian motion depending on the viscosity of the suspending fluid, temperature of the fluid, diffusion coefficients of polymeric samples, molecular weights of polymers and the size of particles suspending in the fluid. Thus, the graph of scattered light can be used to determine the diffusion of particles which correlates the particle sizes. Application PCS is used to characterize size of various particles including proteins, polymers, micelles, carbohydrates, and nanoparticles. If the system is mono-disperse, the mean effective diameter of the particles can be determined. This measurement depends on the size of the particle core, the size of surface structures, particle concentration, and the type of ions in the medium. Since PCS essentially measures fluctuations in scattered light intensity due to diffusing particles, the diffusion coefficient of the particles can be determined. PCS software of commercial instruments typically displays...
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...Name Date Class COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Section Review Objectives • Identify the three colligative properties of solutions • Describe why the vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of a solution differ from those properties of the pure solvent. Vocabulary • colligative properties • freezing-point depression • boiling-point elevation Part A Completion Use this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and terms that are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, short phrase, or number. In a solution, the effects of a nonvolatile _______ on the properties of the solvent are called _______. They include _______ point and vapor pressure _______, and boiling point _______. In each case, the magnitude of the effect is _______ proportional to the number of solute molecules or ions present in the _______. Colligative properties are a function of the number of solute _______ in solution. For example, one mole of sodium chloride produces _______ as many particles in solution as one mole of sucrose and, thus, will depress the freezing point of water _______ as much. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Part B True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 11. When added to 1000 g of water, 2 moles of a solute will increase the boiling point by...
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...Acta mater. 48 (2000) 4709–4714 www.elsevier.com/locate/actamat GADOLINIA-DOPED CERIA AND YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA INTERFACES: REGARDING THEIR APPLICATION FOR SOFC TECHNOLOGY A. TSOGA1*, A. GUPTA1, A. NAOUMIDIS1 and P. NIKOLOPOULOS2 Institut fur Werkstoffe und Verfahren der Energietechnik (IWV1), Forschungszentrum Julich, D-52425 ¨ ¨ Julich, Germany and 2Chemical Engineering Department, University of Patras, GR 265 00 Patras, Greece ¨ 1 Abstract—For solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures the adjacency of the state-of-the-art yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte with ceria-based materials to both anodic and cathodic sides is regarded as crucial for the effectiveness of the cell. Solid-state reaction, however, and interdiffusion phenomena between YSZ and ceria-based materials can cause degradation of the electrolyte. When a gadolinia-doped-ceria (GDC) layer is used to protect YSZ against interaction with Co-containing cathodes, an unfavorable solid state reaction at the YSZ–GDC interface can be efficiently suppressed when a thin ( 1 µm thick) interlayer with nominal composition of Ce0.43Zr0.43Gd0.10Y0.04O1.93 is incorporated at the interface. When ceria is to be employed at the electrolyte–anode interface to reduce polarization losses, use of a ceria–40% vol Ni cermet is recommended, since suppression of the reactivity between YSZ and ceria can also be achieved in the presence of Ni. © 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier...
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...Introductory Chemistry Introduction Instructor: Dr. Tao Tao Course Section: CHEM1405.6013-6014 Meeting Time: TTh 6:00pm-9:10pm Bldg 13-629 Office Hours: TTh 5:30 pm-6:00 pm Contact: tao.tao@lonestar.edu Introductory Chemistry 2 Course Material Requirements • Textbook – Introductory Chemistry, by Nivaldo J. Tro 5th edition • Chapters 1-4, 6-10, 14 • Sections, 5.6-5.10, 12.4-12.8, 13.6-13.8 • Scientific Non-programmable Calculator • Safety Goggles for Lab • Lab Coat/Apron (Optional) Introductory Chemistry 3 Evaluation and Grade • Tests: 45%; 4 tests, best of 3, no make-up unless good excuses (documented, in advance notice) • Open-book Quizzes: 10%; best n-2, no make-up • Laboratory: 25% • Final Exam: 20% • Homework: Encouraged but not mandatory • Problem Set: Provides but not mandatory • Final withdrawal day: Nov. 10th, 2014 Introductory Chemistry 4 Lab Report/Grade Guideline • Pre-lab write-up (30%): Complete before lab starts, will be checked and signed for completeness – – – – Title/Date Aim/Purpose Introduction Procedures • Lab Performance and Quality of data (25%): will be checked and signed when leaving lab – Observations – Collect and record data • Post-lab (40%) – Result (Calculations, Graphs, Interpretations etc), – Discussions/Conclusions – Post-lab questions if any • Overall Report Neatness (5%) • Report due one week after the completion of experiment for full credit; after two weeks, no report will be accepted, and no credit...
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...assign. Measurement Diff. system of measurement fundamentals and derive quantities scientific notation rules in significant figures conversion of units http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/babarph/babarphysics/physicists.html ) I.1 Science The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. I.2 The Branches of Science The Physical Sciences * Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. * Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. * Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth Sciences * Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing. * Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean. * Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods. * Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate. The...
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...____CHEM 100 LECTURE UNIT 1. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMSITRY Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Applications of Chemistry • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers • • • Classification of Matter A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. An element is a substance that is composed of tiny particles called atoms. A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout. 1 |P a g e _____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical properties: readily observable/measurable without altering...
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...Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. * Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about thereaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. * Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. * Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (theelectrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). * Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in attosecond timescales,[1] and will sometimes form intermediate products. * Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles...
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...Certificate of Education Chemistry 5421 CHM2 Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Mark Scheme 2006 examination - June series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Copyright © 2006 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved Chemistry, CHM2 – AQA AS, Mark Scheme...
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...Chapter 1 1. Analytical Chemistry- study that focuses on the composition of matter Physical Chemistry- Area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change Biochemistry- study of the process that take place in living organisms Organic Chemistry- study of all chemicals containing carbon Inorganic Chemistry-study of chemicals that do not contain carbon 2. A Teory is a well tested explanation, but a hypothesis is a well educated guess 3. Dependent Variable 4. Independent Variable Chapter 2 1. Intensive depends on the type of matter in a sample, but extensive depends on the amount of matter 2. Extensive 3. Mass- measure of amount of matter the object contains 4. Volume- measure of amount of space occupied by an object 5. Liquid- indefinite shape, yet fixed volume Gas- takes shape and volume of container Solid- definite shape and volume 6. Gases exist in the gases state at room temperature, vapor describe the gaseous state that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature 7. Physical change- some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material doesn’t 8. Mixture- a physical blend of two or more components 9. Homo-Composition uniform throughout Hetero-not uniform 10. Solution- homogeneous mixture 11. Filtration and distillation 12. water to gas, back to water 13. Element- simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties -Compound- a substance...
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...Syllabus |Discipline Prefix: CHM |Course Number: 111 |Course Title: College Chemistry I | | |Course Section: D04B | | |Credit Hours: 4 |Lecture Hours: 3 |Clinical Hours: |Lab Hours: 3 | |Contact Hours: 6 |Studio Hours: N/A |Semester: Fall | |Meeting Days/Time/Location: Fridays/1:30pm-4:20pm/Science Building | Instructor Information Name: Dr. Shahin Maaref Office Location: JD-30 Office Hours: TRF 9:00am-11:00am, TR 4:30pm-5:30pm & by appointment Contact Information: 822-7692 Blackboard site: http://learn.vccs.edu Instructor email address: smaaref@tcc.edu Course Information Course Description Explores the fundamental laws, theories, and mathematical concepts of chemistry. Designed primarily for science and engineering majors. Requires a strong background in mathematics. Part I of II. Prerequisites and/or Co-requisites Prequisites - None Corequisites – None It is recommended to have H.S. chemistry or CHM01 as prerequisites and MTH 03 or MTE 06 level or higher. General Education Core Competencies Supported...
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...CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI–XII) Rationale Higher Secondary Stage is the most crucial stage of school education because at this stage specialised discipline based, content oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of mostly for pursuing their career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicines, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary level. Therefore, at this stage, there is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage. National Curriculum Framework for School Education – 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach with appropriate rigour and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the discipline that are properly sequenced to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component of Higher Secondary Science should emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels 22 historical development of key concepts of science be judiciously integrated into content. The present exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework...
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...there. Most laboratories will have several large pieces of equipment, numerous smaller pieces and several computers linked in. The storage required will vary with specialist facilities for radioactive, flammable and toxic materials. Chemistry laboratories Chemistry laboratories tend to break down into the following generic spaces: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry. Biosciences (biology) Laboratories These laboratories, sometimes also called life sciences laboratories, serve as work spaces for a host of special research interests reflecting the investigators' research direction. They are distinguished by the support space that is required for each laboratory or group of laboratories. Fume hoods, as well as biosafety cabinets and laminar flow hoods, are used in all areas of bioscience research. Storage for chemicals (solvents and acids) must be provided in accordance with applicable codes. Physical Sciences Laboratories Physical science laboratories are distinguished from other types of laboratories in a number of ways. First, there is only a small amount of built-in furniture. Second, there is abundance and a variety of electrical power. This, of course, is due to the fact that in most physical sciences research labs the floor space is occupied by an array of apparatus and instrumentation, both home-built and store bought. Almost all of this equipment requires power of varying voltage and amperage... Power and piped services...
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...AP Chemistry Summer Assignment Mr. Ronnenkamp Welcome to SPHS AP Chemistry!! You already have a background in chemistry from your General Chemistry class, but AP Chem is very different. Rather than memorizing how to do particular types of problems, you must really understand the chemistry and be able to apply it to different kinds of problems. AP Chemistry is a challenging course. To succeed, you must keep up with the assignments and be willing to spend time working through the material. Like all AP classes, AP Chem comes with a summer assignment. It is due the second day of class - August 25th - and will count as ½ of a test grade. ALL YOUR ANSWERS FOR THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT SHOULD BE PUT ON ANOTHER SHEET OF PAPER!!!! We will then have a CLASS TEST on the SUMMER ASSIGNMENT ON 9/1/2015 (depending on schedule)!!! This class test will count as the second ½ of your first test grade. I check my e-mail frequently, so feel free to contact me if you are having problems doing the summer assignment. I can offer help via email. My e-mail address is: ronnenkampd@pcsb.org Please take the summer assignment seriously. Completing the summer assignment will allow you to enter AP Chemistry in August ready to succeed!!!! Each section of the summer assignment is referenced with web tutorials to help you if you have forgotten some of your General Chemistry, but feel free to use any good website. I will also be giving you access to an online textbook. ONLINE...
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