... Dulek, R., Motes, W., & Hilton, C. (1997), Executive Perceptions of Superior and Subordinate Information Control: Practice versus Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 16, pgs.1175-1184 This entry examines the ethical practices of leaders in a business and their employees involving information control within a business. Specifically it examines whether these executives know if control is being performed and if they deem it ethical. The statement “…executives are generally drawn to those command activities they deem to be "proper and right." but shy away from those that are iniquitous.” R. Dulek has authored six books and publishes more than forty journal articles. He is currently a professor at John R. Miller School of Business at the University of Alabama. W. Motes is a Marketing professor at the same university and has had articles appear in twelve business journals. C. Hilton is an Associate Professor of Management at the same university and has been published in five journals. From this study it was determined that executives will do what is right when adverse...
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... Philosophers have helped us understand the establishment of governments and the authority of state over the individual. In this world there needs to be rules established and certain freedoms giving up for the exchange for protection and security. This is known as the social contract theory, which was originally founded by Plato. But such ideas has been expanded and taken one step further by many philosophers. This idea of a social contract is one of our most essential foundations of our American political system. The debate of how much of our liberties needs to be taken away to ensure our security has been a long lasting one. One of our most iconic founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, said, “Any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security will deserve neither and lose both.” When we give governments power, they will use them for their own self-interest and when needed for their preservation. In the last decades there have been many technologic advances and our government need to adapt to these changes. The Patriot Act was but into law because our congress believed it was the right course of action to protect our nation’s security. Nonetheless, The Patriot Act undermines one of our most fundamental civil liberties and questions the integrity of our American democracy. Six weeks after September 11, 2001 congress passed a new law named, The Patriot Act (The Uniting and Strengthening America by Proving Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct...
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...There were a few things that made this Act stand out but the determining factor was simply that it dealt with controlling terrorist acts. After September 11, 2001 I always had a little fear inside, and always thought what our country is going to do to make sure this does not happen again. I have always had a great interest on how the United States protects itself from these terrorist acts of violence and felt understanding the Patriot Act should give me a clearer picture on how our system truly works. Throughout the next couple of pages I will use various researched information to provide the reader a clear insightful view of the Patriot Act through my perspective. I will focus mainly on Act titles that I feel are the most important, along with a brief overview of these titles, I will also provide some background information, controversial issues, alternatives, and some of my own recommendations on how to improve the Patriot Act. Lastly, like many other Acts or laws there have been many changes and amendments to the Patriot Act over the last several years, this being said I will also supply the reader with an update on the Act’s current status. Background The USA PATRIOT Act is the acronymic form of the act President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001; this act was enacted by the 107th United States Congress. The acronym stands for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism...
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...The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper University of phoenix Finance and Budgeting in Justice and Security AJS/532 Matthew O’Deane November 20, 2013 The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper My paper evaluates the Social Contract Theory of John Locke, and how his principles are even within the criminal justice system, and private security situations nowadays. This paper shall also in great detail debate whether or not Locke’s’ values and beliefs pertain to criminal justice as well as private security venues. A summary will be presented to identify key dissimilarities of the social contract theories, recognize key any principles connected with Locke’s social contract theory, label how these codes are instilled within the United States Bill of Rights, recognize how these principles show within the criminal justice system and security organizations of present, and lastly define independence in regards to personal rights and proper principles, and commitments. “A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin. (2012)).” This doesn’t mean that it is a state of authorization: a citizen isn’t...
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...Cyber Terrorism: The American Response Mutale Chisanga School of Computer Science 03-60-305 Professor Kristina Verner March 6, 2016 Cyber terrorism: The American Response United States (U.S.) critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber terrorism threats due to advancements in the availability and sophistication of malicious software tools and the fact that new technologies raise new security issues that cannot always be addressed prior to adoption. The increasing automation of U.S. critical infrastructures provides more cyber access points for adversaries to exploit. Industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of the U.S. pipelines, railroads, and other critical infrastructures, are at elevated risk of cyber exploitation. The growth of malicious techniques that could degrade, disrupt, or destroy critical infrastructure is a huge concern for the U.S. government. It is also likely the cyber threats will surpass the terrorism threat to U.S. in the years to come (MLI, 2012). Even though only advanced threat actors are currently capable of employing these high level malicious techniques, these capabilities will eventually be within reach of all threat actors. Discussion The potential economic consequences of cyber terrorism attacks are severe. The severity of cyber terrorism are not felt equally across the board. A small company may not be able to survive even one significant cyber-attack. On the other hand, large companies may take a long time...
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...LAW and FREEDOM The purpose of Law and Freedom is to promote freedom under law, as we enter more lawless times. Law becomes tyrannical without freedom, and freedom becomes predatory without law. A free society under law will always be more prosperous and peaceful. There are three threats to the survival of state authority in Britain and Europe. First, economic breakdown. If the state goes bankrupt, the machinery of law disappears. This is the immediate problem. Second, welfare dependence and collapse. This is the underlying problem. Third, ethnic division, particularly between Islamic and non-Islamic society, and the violence at the heart of Islamic doctrine. This is the most visible problem, and the one that people will blame. Together, these three problems risk creating the conditions for lawless violence. Political and intellectual elites are undermining our laws and freedoms. So we need to take what action we can to preserve them ourselves. The Law and Freedom Foundation is not associated with the English Defense League ------------------------------------------------- Law Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition,[2] but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.[3] Laws can be made by legislatures through legislation (resulting instatutes), the executive through decrees and regulations, or judges through binding precedents (normally...
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...Amendment of the U. S. Constitution states that “no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law.” The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, and courts upheld that it bars racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave all persons the same right to make and enforce contracts and to benefit from laws. There were various laws and court decisions that made discriminating against minorities and women unlawful, but due civil unrest, Congress passed a multitude of new civil rights laws (Dessler, 2013). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the nation's benchmark civil rights legislation, and it continues to resonate in America. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It specifically states that it shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to refuse to hire or to discharge an individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his/her compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Also it states that to limit, segregate, or classify his/her employees or applicant for employment in any way that would deprive any individual of employment opportunities because of the individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act bars discrimination on the part of most employers, including all public...
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...part should further involve a comparison of social thinkers. Read and discuss more original and/or secondary readings. Give your own views, and try to conduct a dialogue with the existing views. In this thesis, I will give a summary of the works by Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx, a discussion on their ideas as well as a comparison of the two thinkers. Alexis de Tocqueville is an aristocrat thinker From France that provides the most famous and influential views on democracy. In his work “Democracy in America”, he regards America as a land of liberty and democracy due to reasons like mores, geographical and historical advantages, but also provides a foresight on the future of democracy in America, and the threats to democracy and possible dangers of democracy. He believes the puritans were the one that contributed the most to American democracy, since they were all middle-class men with no salient differences when they first settled down in America. Also, they brought religion and political liberty to Amercia. Marx and Tocqueville holds different views on human nature. For Marx, he reflected on what it means to be truly human. Since he thinks that all species-beings are communal beings, he disaprroves things like religion, wage-labour and other forms of alienation that bring us far away from our communal nature and we must overcome them. For tocqueville, he emphazied a lot on dignity and liberty and he thinks that we are all born free and that we have the ability to be the...
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...For the political theorists Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau there came a point in history where people, in order to have security in their persons and maintain a standard quality of life, entered into a social contract with one another and established the first sovereign states. For both theorists the period before the institution of a social contract, what they call the "state of nature", is important in understanding what form this first government took and what rights or liberties it was meant to protect. The state of nature is a time in which primitive humans roamed the earth without regard for what we now consider laws or social customs. While not a scientific study of social or biological evolution by any means, in fact both Hobbes and Rousseau admit the State of Nature may very well have never existed, it is an important concept of abstract political theory that enables us to debate the role human nature plays in the formation of governments and how these governments can better serve the people who institute them. Hobbes describes our natural state, in his treatise Leviathan, as one of equality. By this he does not mean moral or social equality, he is referring only to physical equality. He says, "Nature hath made men so equal, in the faculties of body, and mind."(Hobbes 68) He adds that on occasion one may be stronger or smarter than another, however, "when all is reckoned together, the difference between man, and man, is not as considerable as that one man can...
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...Equal Basic Liberties Principle, The Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle, The Modified Difference Principle, The Social and Economic Democracy Principle. First of all, The Basic Rights Principle addresses the very fundamental issues of Security and Subsistence Rights. The Security Rights are described as the institutional responsibility to uphold the physical integrity and protection against threats such as murder torture. Psychological threats are also included which I believe is a great and underestimated point since that is often the more detrimental kind of abuse. The concept of Psychological threats is very hard to apply internationally due to the fact that proof of harm becomes completely subjective. This subjective nature makes it hard to be universally applied. In terms of these states and societal groups not engaging in these ‘extra-juridical’ activities, I cannot say I fully agree. I believe that in certain circumstances where the Security Rights of one person who is has violated that of others, can and should be sacrificed to ensure the security rights of others. A common example would be the interrogation of a known suspect with information pertaining to mass violation of Security Rights (i.e. serial killers and terrorists). In this example I believe it to be perfectly acceptable to carry out whatever is needed (whether that is physical or psychological torture) to prevent the malicious act of others willing to disregard another’s Security Rights. For...
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...Technology Improvements in Surveillance: Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Its Effects on Society Oftentimes when people talk about surveillance we naturally think of cameras on the corner of a street or the camera installed by the entrance of a bank. Surveillance is much more in-depth and diverse than that. Surveillance is the act of monitoring the activity of a person or a group of people in a given location for the purpose of gathering information that can be used for the purpose of directing, influencing, managing, or protecting them. Surveillance can be used by individuals, companies, or government agencies as a form of deterrent to crime and evidence for convicting criminals or solving a civil case. There are different forms of surveillance; natural surveillance which involves the placement of physical features, activities and people in a way that maximizes visibility. If a criminal is aware that he or she is at a risk of being watched or observed, a potential crime is less likely to occur. For the purpose of crime deterrent and safety, the traditional form of surveillance, the Patrols, has rapidly been replaced by technology like the closed circuit televisions (CCTV). Patrols cannot be everywhere and also not cost effective; therefore, technological methods of surveillance have quickly been used to supplement patrols because of its cost efficiency and effectiveness. What is CCTV? According to the article Video Surveillance of Public Places by Jerry Ratcliffe, CCTV...
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...Government, which subscribes to the ideals of religion. Rule by god. Tyranny – Government by one unelected individual who imposes his will upon the population. Note: Some Tyrannies may be elected into power through deception. Eg, Hitler’s German Nazi Party Capitalism – A society in which everybody works for their own gain, and/or financial development. Can lead to massive growth in middle classes. Political Philosophy is aimed at analysing how a society works and how they are governed by a ruling power. It seeks to evaluate the different ethical and political standpoints in different political parties, and analyse how they affect the citizens of the country/state. Some key ideologies include; Conservatism Tradition and custom is more important than change, unless change is desperately needed. Will tend to view human nature as innately selfish. It is government’s job to create legislation in order to provide a secure and supportive social context in which people can realise their full potential. Concentrates on maximising Positive Freedom. If Thomas Hobbes had lived in the modern era, he would probably have been conservative. Liberalism...
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...Amendment (Cetina 2013). The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) became necessary in the 1970s after turmoil surrounding the legality of various domestic intelligence activities, especially that of President Richard Nixon’s usage of federal resources to spy on political and activist groups. In response to these conflicts in 1978 FISA was created (Banks 2007). FISA essentially regulated and authorized electronic surveillance of foreign powers and agents of foreign powers in the United States. FISA Court was created to setup a standard set of rules while obliging by government’s need to obtain surveillance orders secretly and as quickly as possible. However as a result of our changing world FISA has become a drastically more complicated law than when it was originally passed in 1978, and the role of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) has accordingly grown far beyond the bounds of what government envisioned when the law was created (Blum 2008). FISA has proven to be troublesome in multiple ways for both intelligence gathering agencies, and those concerned with its potential violation of the 4th Amendment and various privacy concerns. It has proved to be a bureaucratic burden for intelligence gathering agencies, but also increased scrutiny from the public about concerns surrounding the 4th Amendment. The best way to revive balance between keeping American safe from foreign threats and the constitutional viability of foreign intelligence surveillance is to...
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...consisted of monitoring the community on behaviors, morals, and civil obligations instead of criminal issues. Citizens carried out these policing responsibilities and were referred to as civic duties. There was no training or pay offered for these services. Wealthier people who didn't want to serve began to pay others to do their duties for them. Policing has continued to change in a positive way for America. (NY Region, 2014) In 1658 Philadelphia offered compensation for citizens for their service, and wardens employed watchmen. Watchmen's responsibilities were increased, and they were offered a salary as well. Motoring became a priority when towns and villages were formed and crime increased. Colonies began a system of sheriff's similar to the traditional policing in the English countryside. The sheriff's patrolled the community, and they also collected taxes and served court papers for a small fee. These sheriff's weren't too worried about crime being committed. (Davis, 2009) As time went on, policing focused more on crime prevention rather than crime detection and punishment for the crime that was committed. In the 1840's, guidelines improved relations between the community and the law enforcement officers. People thought that law enforcement officers should wear uniforms to distinguish them from citizens. Crime increased as the economy and society began to change, and it was important to establish a more effective and active form of policing. Paid officers created...
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...one of the most uncertain and muddled aspects of any organization or company, Cyber Ethics are undoubtedly one of the most important in today’s technological age. Every organization or company operates with a Code of Conduct for its employees. This Code of Conduct outlines the “dos and don’ts” for an organization in hopes for “ethical” and “moral” operation of business. A typical code of conduct will outline an Acceptable Use policy, Internet Use policy, Security policy, and acceptable conduct policy for its employees that is supposed to be required reading. Like with any law, in cyber security there are always law-breakers waiting for the chance to exploit a weak firewall, a patch in the system, or a careless employee who leaves login information open for the wrong eyes to see. For this reason government and private sector alike must constantly update security measures and do thorough investigations of employees upon hiring. The internet is so large and open that it is a serious security threat for individual corporations and especially government agencies. The US government defends against countless internet attacks every day and because of the vast connections between private companies and government it is both the responsibility of private and public sector to insure everyone’s safety. Developing a widespread Code of Ethics in regards to Cyber Security is an increasingly difficult task. New advances in technology make it difficult to have up to date policies on cyber issues...
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