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Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium

Lys og det elektromagnetiske spektrum
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Teori
Generelt om lyset
Det synlige lys befinder mellem bølgelængderne 400 nm og 700 nm i det elektromagnetiske spektrum. Man kan se ud fra det elektromagnetiske spectrum, at det synlige lys’ bølgelængde har betydning for hvilken farve man ser. Lys som et fysisk fænomen adskiller sig ikke fra elektromagnetisk stråling med andre bølgelængder, og i selve begrebet lys ligger den kvalitet som vi kalder farve, og derfor er lyset knyttet den menneskelige bevidsthed.
Hvis man skulle nævne farverne med laveste bølgelængde først lyder det som følgende: rød, orange, gul, grøn, blå og lilla. Inden den røde farve befinder det infrarøde lys, hvilket også ligger i navnet, da “infra” betyder “under” på latin. Efter farven lilla kommer der ultraviolet lys, hvilket bl.a. er den form for lys der kan skade en, hvis man bliver ramt af solens stråler (UVA (længste bølgelængde), UVB, UVC (farligste)).
Herudover er lys en forudsætning for liv. Solens lys tilfører energi til jorden, hvilket medfører, at planter er i stand til at omdanne kuldioxid (CO2) og vand til organiske stoffer og ilt (O, O2).
Erkendelsen af lysets enorme betydning kan spores 3000 år tilbage til Det Gamle Testamentes skabelsesberetning, hvor Gud siger: skal være lys” der er mange andre religioner der
”Der
, og tillægger solen eller lyset med guddommelig karakter.

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Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium
Lysets natur og egenskaber
De første tanker om hvordan lys fungerer kan spores helt tilbage til de græske filosoffer, såsom
Euklid der i ca. 280 f.Kr. fastslog at lys udbreder sig retlinjet. han formulerede og spejlloven
, der udtrykker, at den indkommende og den udgående stråle begge ligger i en plan, der indeholder normalen til spejlet, og at indfaldsvinklen er lig udfaldsvinklen. Han opfattede såvel som Platon lys som værende stråler der kom UD af øjet, og da man hurtigt kan se langt væk så snart man åbner øjnene måtte disse stråler brede sig noget nært uendeligt hurtigt. I år ca. 60 e.Kr. opstillede
Heron fra Alexandria en mere generel hypotese: At lys udbreder sig efter den korteste afstand mellem to punkter, og kunne på grundlag af det udlede Euklids resultater. I middelalderen var araberne mere naturvidenskabsbevidste og her skrev en mand ved navn
Alhazen i ca. år 1000 en række bøger om optik. Han var den første der opdagede, at lys ikke kommer indefra, men reflekteres ind i øjnene af de ting de rammer. Han fremsatte desuden en hypotese der lød at: lysets hastighed er endelig, og det bevæger sig langsommere i tætte medier. Dog kom et endeligt gennembrud indenfor faget først ca. 600 år senere, da Willebrord Snell og
René Descartes, uafhængigt af hinanden, formulerede “Brydningsloven” der i en matematisk form udtrykker, hvordan lysstrålers retning ændres, når de passerer grænseflader mellem to medier. Lysets hastighed
Man havde indtil 1670 troede at lyset hastighed var momental, altså det tog ingen tid for lyset at bevæge sig, det skete bare. Den danske astronom, Ole Rømer observerede at det tog en af
Jupiters måner længere tid at bevæge sig rundt om Jupiter, når Jupiter bevægede sig væk fra jorden. Når jupiter bevægede sig væk fra jorden blev afstanden større, og han konkluderede på dette fænomen at lysets hastighed må være en konstant hastighed. Han udregnede hastigheden til at være 227.000 km/s. Lysets hastighed er senere blev sat til at være 299.792 km/s, altså ca.
300.000 km/s 2

Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium
Partikler eller bølger?
Et paradoksalt problem som man havde med lyset gennem mange århundrede var, at man ikke kunne blive enige om, hvorvidt at lys var en bølge eller partikel. Der var to ledende retninger,
Isaac Newton antog, at lys var en strøm af partikler. Den anden retning havde Christiaan
Huygens, hvor han opfattede lyset som bølger i rummet. I mange år var den førende retning
Huygens, da Francesco Maria Grinmaldi havde i 1600 tallet opdaget, at lyset kunne bøje rundt om forhindringer og kunne udvise diffraktion, hvilket er klare tegn på bølge egenskaber.
Derudover udformede Huygens spejlloven og brydningsloven ved bruge en bølgemodel. Da
Newton ikke var i stand til at bevise hans overbevisning om, at lys er en partikel, forblev problemet uopklaret indtil 1800 tallet. I 1801 kunne Thomas Young udføre et eksperiment, hvori at han viste, at lys kan udvise interferens, hvilket er endnu et bølgefænomen. Efterfølgende kunne han bestemme bølgelængden med en præcision ca. 0,0005 mm. Bølgeteorien blev bragt på matematisk form af
Augustin Jean Fresnel det kunne nu vises, at
, og hele den geometriske optik følger som en naturlig konsekvens af bølgeteorien i den grænse, hvor bølgelængden er meget mindre end andre indgående længder.
Afklaringen af lysbølgernes natur måtte afvente en bedre forståelse af begreberne elektricitet og magnetisme, og først med Clerk Maxwells teori for elektriske og magnetiske felter i
James
begyndelsen af 1860'erne blev det klart, at lys er elektromagnetiske bølger den efterfølgende
. I udvikling, der med kvantefysikkens fotoner har givet lyset det partikelaspekt, som Newton forfægtede, er der intet, der adskiller lys fra anden elektromagnetisk stråling, og betragtet som fysisk fænomen har det fundet sin plads som en lille del af et langt mere omfattende begreb, det elektromagnetiske spektrum.

Link til quiz https://www.onlinequizcreator.com/lys/quiz­147150 3

Fysik B //VF, 29/01­15
Oliver, Mads, Jonathan og Frederik F.

Nærum Gymnasium

Kilder http://denstoredanske.dk/It,_teknik_og_naturvidenskab/Fysik/Svingninger_i_faste_stoffer,_væsk er_mv./lys https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology

4

Lyset historie

Frederik F, Jonathan, Mads, Oliver

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