...Causes of sign and symptoms People with Alzheimer disease also develop deposits of protein and fibre that prevent the cells from working properly. When this happens, the cells can't send the right signals to other parts of the brain. Over time, brain cells affected by Alzheimer also begin to shrink and denature. Causes of sign and symptoms People with Alzheimer disease also develop deposits of protein and fibre that prevent the cells from working properly. When this happens, the cells can't send the right signals to other parts of the brain. Over time, brain cells affected by Alzheimer also begin to shrink and denature. How it affects the body body systems effected; Central Nervous System, Alzheimer disease is principally a disease of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Digestive System- Alzheimer disease adversely affects the digestive system in several ways. Swallowing difficulties occur in people with Alzheimer’s, bowel control is also adversely affected with Alzheimer disease, faecal incontinence occurs in most people with advanced disease. Neuromuscular System- people with advanced Alzheimer lose the ability to use their muscles in fixed ways. Patients with late-stage disease typically lose their ability to walk. The ability to maintain posture to sit safely in a chair may also be lost. The muscles become increasingly rigid as control of the neuromuscular system declines. Physical effects; Apraxia- impairment to perform motor...
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...Investigating the abundance/height of butter cups in a managed and unmanaged area Aim To investigate the abundance of buttercups in managed and unmanaged areas in terms of their height and abundance. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Alternate Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Background information The Buttercups are considered to be simple because the floral parts of the plant: petals, sepals, stamens and pistils-are all of an indefinite number and separate from one another. Also, the stamens and pistils are spirally inserted in a cone-like vessel, although it is often very small to see. Buttercups can have either regular or irregular flowers with anywhere from 3 to 15 sepals, often coloured like petals, and 0 to 23 actual petals.[2] There are often, but not always, numerous stamens and numerous simple pistils (also known as apocarpous). The floral parts are all independently attached below a superior ovary. Figure 1 The most accurate pattern to look for is the multiple simple pistils at the centre of the flower. In more advanced plant families there is typically only one pistil, the result of a reduction in numbers along with the fusion of several pistils to make a single compound pistil. A flower with multiple pistils is very likely a Buttercup, but could potentially...
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...Physiological Barriers to Communication A physiological barrier to communication is the result of a sensory dysfunction, either on the part of the receiver or the sender. Speaking, hearing and seeing are fundamental parts of effective communication. For a person who is not able to speak, hear or see, certain measures must be taken to provide alternative communication options and methods and ensure communication is possible. Hearing Impairment * One physiological barrier to communication is a hearing impairment. Hearing disorders can result from hereditary or genetic issues, developmental abnormalities, medical conditions such as infections, or other environmental or traumatic factors. While hearing loss typically will not cause a mental developmental problem, other areas such as speech and language, social development and educational achievement are affected by the condition. All of these areas rely heavily on a person's ability to communicate with others. Auditory impairments not only delay an individual's communication skills, but also decreases the amount of effective communication possible with other people. Speech Disorders * Speech disorders are a common physiological barrier to communication. This includes different types of disorders such as stuttering, apraxia and dysarthria. Stuttering hinders the fluency of communication with prolonged speech sounds and repetitions of parts of words or entire words. Apraxia of speech is a condition which occurs due to...
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...Substance Use Disorder Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is nothing new. For hundreds of years people have been victims of this mental condition. There are a total of 10 substance disorders that are classified under SUD that ranges from alcohol use disorder, commonly known as alcoholism, to opioid use disorder (American Psychology Association, 2013). The condition is caused by two main risk factors (Thatcher & Wilson, 2008). Symptoms are classified under two different categories by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. (DSM-5) (American Psychology Association, 2013). For individuals being treated for SUD, there are three main aspects looked at when treatment is given (Lala, 2013). Research into this disease is constantly...
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...Hunger Motivation As a part of human nature, it is natural and, also, necessary for people to eat. The desire to eat has been challenged by researchers inquiring if it is the stomach, brain, or some other stimuli that creates hunger (Hara, 1997). For example, a child is born with a desire to drink his or her mother’s milk, but what exactly makes this child crave the milk? Hunger can be attributed to both psychological and physiological aspects. The physiology of hunger has been explored in several varying theories, but several of these theories have been proven inaccurate and, therefore, have been rebuked. The stomach contraction theory states that we know we are hungry when our stomach contracts, but this theory does not explain why people without stomachs continue to feel hungry. The glucose theory presents the idea that we feel hungry when our glucose level is low, but it has been found that blood glucose levels do not differ under normal conditions. The insulin level theory indicates that we feel hungry when the insulin level in our bodies increases; however, this theory requires humans to eat to increase insulin levels, which in turn makes them hungry. Perhaps the most accurate theories are the fatty acid theory and the heat-production theory. The fatty acid theory indicates that we have fatty acid receptors, and when these receptors are activated, when there is an increase in the fatty acid levels, we feel hungry. The heat-production theory states that as...
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...Body Fat and Eating Disorders Derrick Murphy SCI/241 Clayton Wilson 0ctober 25, 2012 Body Fat and Eating Disorders Describe body composition and the risks associated with excess body fat. Body composition is the body’s relative amount of fat to fat-free mass. People with optimal body composition are typically healthier, move more easily and efficiently, and in general, feel better than those with less-than-ideal body composition. Body composition is divided into two separate types of mass: fat-free mass which is comprised of all of the body’s non-fat tissues and body fat. Fat –free mass includes bone, water, muscle, and tissues. Body fat is literally fat located within the body. Some fat is necessary overall health: it helps protect internal organs, provides energy and regulates in body regulates hormones that perform various functions in body regulation. Excess fat has been linked to numerous health problems such as increased risk for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Having excess fat, specifically surrounding the internal organs, can damage your health and contribute to serious medical conditions such as liver disease. Assess factors that influence the obesity epidemic? Body Fat and Eating Disorders A main influence in the obesity epidemic is the media. The media is constantly advertising restaurants and fast food. Numerous studies have proven that personal food choices, lack of exercise...
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...Bibliography The topic of this paper will be the mental disorder schizophrenia, and what the potential is for the diagnosis to affect someone’s life. The paper’s main focus is to explain the harm of simply diagnosing an individual with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and relating mood and psychotic disorders will be explained versus the severity range of the associated symptoms.Other topics that will be examined include the potential for over diagnosing of schizophrenia and the disparate amount of diagnoses awarded to african-american patients. The term schizophrenia has been around since early in the 20th century. Schizophrenia and other similar mental disorders have been the targets of many extensive studies in recent medical history. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective and other disorders that fall under a broad spectrum of intermingling symptoms can have crippling effects on the affected patient’s life, potentially including all aspects of their personal and social life. Such mental disorders have had a long-standing history of association with the poor and underprivileged, despite this, many individuals with such disorders have managed to cope with their symptoms and lead successful lives. Despite extensive research, there are few definite answers as to a cause for such disorders and diagnosis do not include any sort of physiological evidence. Because of the history of violence or instability associated with such disorders there is now a social taboo associated with those...
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...People with eating disorders take such concerns to extremes, developing abnormal eating habits that threaten their well-being and even their lives. Like people with bulimia, those with binge eating disorder experience frequent episodes of out-of-control eating. Another category of eating disorders is "eating disorders not otherwise specified," in which individuals have eating-related problems but don't meet the official criteria for anorexia, bulimia or binge eating. Whenever eating behaviors start having a destructive impact on someone's functioning or self-image, it's time to see a highly trained mental health professional, such as a licensed psychologist experienced in treating people with eating disorders. According to the National...
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...Depression disproportionately strikes women and older persons. Hence, older women constitute one of the populations most strongly affected by depression. The psychology of depression has historically received considerable attention, particularly as a disorder with an impact on women. A number of factors identify the depression phenomenon as arising as much from social influences as from the structure of individual emotional lives. At the same time, the results of medical research and medical treatment suggest a physiological basis for many, if not most, of the symptoms of depression. Treatments for depression try, in some instances, to address those physiological factors. In other instances, treatments attempt to address the complex of cognitive, behavioral and social factors that may underlie depression. It may be that depression as a recognizable disorder reflects the interaction of several elements in ways that at least partially explain its prevalance among older women. The incidence of depression is markedly higher among females than among males. Studies vary in the actual numbers they yield, but women across age groups are apparently about two times more likely than males to suffer from depression (Brown & Harris, 1978). Because almost every study of depression conducted in industrialized nations reveals a substantial sex difference in depression, researchers believe that there actually is a difference in the population and not some widespread flaw in depression...
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...that eating disorders are difficult to treat because of causes such as genetics, psychological and emotional health or society. Annotated Bibliography Brownell, Kelly D; Fairburn, Christopher G (2005). Eating Disorders and Obesesity A Comprehensive Handbook. This article will provide a comprehensive study of eating disorders. Molecular genetics of eating disorders will show examples of how genetics is used to find causes of eating disorders. It will show how researchers in neurobiology have used eating behavior to try to find the different reasons why people have eating disorders. A variety of substances is believed to be involved in the complex process of integrating physiological and behavioral systems. Kelly D Brownell, PhD, is a credible source because of his knowledge. He is a Professor of Psychology at Yale University. Christopher G Fairburn is credible also because he specialize in research on nature and treatment of eating disorders. He has addressed different aspects of the eating disorder such as diagnostic status, epidemiology, etiology, assessment, course, and treatment. This article will provide comprehensive coverage of the main issues of relevance to the eating disorder for research paper. It will help with procedures used to determine the causes of eating disorders. Eating Disorders-Clinical Trials. Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Eating-disorders/Pages/clinical-trial.aspx This article focuses on what cause eating disorders. It details...
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...Defining Abnormality Paper This paper will be about the challenges in defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. There are several challenges that arisen when defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. The challenges that will be elaborated will be situational context, culture, and mind and body. Efforts to understand, clarify and control challenging behaviors can be found back to more than a few years. Influences can range from age and gender to culture and situational contexts. When bearing in mind the age of an individual, experts have their work cut out for them, anyone from any age group can experience from abnormal behaviors, this makes it challenging to make a diagnosis Certain cultures have what some would think of being odd or “abnormal” customs. Even with each of these concerns taken into account, mind, body, culture, and situational context, trying to determine if a person is displaying normal or abnormal behaviors can still be challenging. Many human behaviors can follow what is known as the normal curve. Looking at this bell-shaped curve, the majority of individuals are clustered around the highest point of the curve, which is known as the average. People who fall very far at either end of the normal curve might be considered "abnormal” (Sherry, K., N.d.). Situational Context Situational context is a social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place. If the situational context is not considered...
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...food intake, and too much television watching for long periods of time and not enough physical activity, and the portion size of foods being bought (Brantley 2005). What are some health problems associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder? Anorexia nervosa can cause osteoporosis, brittle nails and hair, yellow and dry skin, muscle weakness, constipation, low blood pressure, brain damage, and organ failure and body weakness. People who become anorexic believe that they are over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Bulimia nervosa can cause sore throat, swollen glands, tooth decay and acid reflux, intestinal issues from laxative abuse, dehydration and heart attack. People who become bulimic fear becoming over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Binge-eating disorder can cause cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. People who binge- eats lose control over their eating and are often obese or over-weight ("What Are Eating Disorders?", 2011). Explain, from a physiological standpoint, how eating disorders may lead to health problems. Provide at least three examples to support your answer. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, “An eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as...
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...While there is not a lot of statistics available in the prevention of somatic symptom disorders, there are some aspects that may help to increase resilience. Three important protective factors against developing somatic symptom disorders could include education, strong social support, and a positive outlook. According to Kearney and Trull in Chapter six of Abnormal Psychology and Life (2015) “Youths with somatization are often female, and their parents are often of lower socioeconomic status and educational level” (p. 156). While this statement allows us to deduct other protective factors such as being male and not being poor, I want to focus on education because it is something we can address with primary prevention. Despite the discrepancies...
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...Schizophrenia 5/2/14 Schizophrenia is a mental disorder where it is hard for the impaired person to tell what is real and not real, to act normal in social situations, and to have normal emotional responses. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder and be recognized as many different disorders combined. g to harm or control you, and or having weird hallucinations and disorganized speech. An onset of schizophrenia is having a major physiological brake down or even loss of gray matter. Schizophrenia can also appear all the sudden with out any warring whats so ever. A physiological brake down can include the start of hearing voices, or thinking that someone of something is trying to harm or control you. In the early stages of schizophrenia many noticed the person excluding them self’s from others and the persons work ethic changes. Around 1% of people that are living in the United States suffer from the schizophrenia disorder. While 1% does not seem to be a lot, but it is it is around 2 million Americans suffer from schizophrenia . While schizophrenia equally common in men and women, men seem to have it appear sooner then in women. One cause of schizophrenia thought to believed by experts is loss of gray matter. Gray matter is the dark tissue of the brain and spine with many nerve cell bodies. When the person loses more gray matter he or she's symptoms get worse. Loss of gray matter can cause depression and motive to get around to doing...
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...Reading about anxiety in chapter four was interesting to me. Anxiety is the central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger (fundamentals of abnormal psychology seventh edition; Ronald J Comer). I never knew that anxiety was a disorder, and that anxiety disorder was considered a mental disorder. Not only is anxiety disorder a mental disorder, but it is the Most common mental disorder in the United states. I also learned that more African Americans suffer from anxiety 30 percent more than white Americans. Things like income, discrimination, and the environment are all factors. I would have never thought that being anxious was considered a mental disorder. I have always thought that feeling...
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