...Homeostatic Imbalance The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the internal balance the body must maintain to ensure health. Every Human cell, organ and system in the body relies on a stable environment to function. Fluids and biochemicals must be supplied in specific amounts and body temperature must be kept within a limited range. There are so many factors that can result to an imbalance and stress is one of them. Stress is anything that creates an imbalance. Whether it's a hot day, emotional distress, an injury or tumor, our ongoing health depends on the ability of internal systems to quickly adjust to imbalances and reset homeostasis. This process, controlled through feedback systems, ensures that the body’s internal environment remains stable despite changes in the external environment. Feedback systems are composed of a receptor, a control center, and an effector. When one or more of the components do not function properly the body is placed in a state of homeostatic imbalance. Positive and negative feedbacks are equally important for the healthy functioning of one's body and to restore and maintain the body's physiological systems within a normal functional range. Complications can arise if any of the two feedbacks are affected or altered in any way leading to homeostatic imbalance. Many diseases are a result of homeostatic imbalance. As we age, every organism will lose efficiency in its control systems...
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...Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 1–3) A. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other, and physiology is the study of the function of body parts (p. 2). B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2) 1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye. a. Regional anatomy is the study of all body structures in a given body region. b. Systemic anatomy is the study of all structures in a body system. c. Surface anatomy is the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin. 2. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. a. Cytology is the study of individual cells. b. Histology is the study of tissues. 3. Developmental anatomy is the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime; embryology focuses on development that occurs before birth. 4. Specialized Branches of Anatomy a. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes associated with disease. b. Radiographic anatomy is the study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques. c. Molecular biology is the study of biological molecules. 5. Essential tools for studying anatomy are the mastery of medical terminology and the development of keen observational skills. C. Topics of Physiology (p. 2) 1. Physiology has several...
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...The Effect of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression March 8, 2015 Abstract Mental health is a severe problem in our society today, approximately 61.5 million of the Americans experience mental illness in each given year (NAMI, 2013). The main goal of this paper is to provide answers on how physical activity can replace anti-anxiety and depression drugs. To solve this question numerous research articles were examined by looking at how both acute and chronic bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise correlated with mental health aspects such as stress, depression, and anxiety. The findings showed that almost all types of exercise showed the capability of being able to improve mental health significantly. Thus, it is possible for physical activity to become a replacement for drugs being administered to the general population today, which allows people to treat their mental illness without the adverse side effects, which accompany drugs. This is supported by multiple studies done that compared physical exercise and drugs as treatments for mental disorders. All the studies support the claim that physical activity could be used as a replacement for drugs in treating mental illness. Introduction Mental health illness is a severe issue affecting a significant portion of Americans every day. Serious mental illnesses have been reported to cost America $193.2 Billion in lost earning per year (NAMI, 2013). Specifically, 14.8 million people...
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...The Effect of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression March 8, 2015 Abstract Mental health is a severe problem in our society today, approximately 61.5 million of the Americans experience mental illness in each given year (NAMI, 2013). The main goal of this paper is to provide answers on how physical activity can replace anti-anxiety and depression drugs. To solve this question numerous research articles were examined by looking at how both acute and chronic bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise correlated with mental health aspects such as stress, depression, and anxiety. The findings showed that almost all types of exercise showed the capability of being able to improve mental health significantly. Thus, it is possible for physical activity to become a replacement for drugs being administered to the general population today, which allows people to treat their mental illness without the adverse side effects, which accompany drugs. This is supported by multiple studies done that compared physical exercise and drugs as treatments for mental disorders. All the studies support the claim that physical activity could be used as a replacement for drugs in treating mental illness. Introduction Mental health illness is a severe issue affecting a significant portion of Americans every day. Serious mental illnesses have been reported to cost America $193.2 Billion in lost earning per year (NAMI, 2013). Specifically, 14.8 million people are reported to...
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...Arousal, Behavior, Stress, and Affect Paper Lauretha Morris PSY 355 January 24, 2012 It is necessary to understand the difference between physiological and psychological needs due to the changing in our environment. There is a close behavior pattern between the brain structure and motivation behavior that is very helpful in understanding the habits which are formed to be unhealthy to individuals. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs postulates that the needs of a person are organized into an ascending structure, going from lower physiological needs to the needs of safety, belongingness, esteem, and self- actualization (Deckers, 2005). The difference between physiological and psychological needs is that physiological is physical and it tends to deal with our thought processes and the way that the brain works. A cognitive neuroscience and focuses on the branch of biology dealing with functions and the activities of living organisms and their parts which include all the physical and chemical processes are what physiological psychology is known as. Something such as a drug, a physiological reaction would often refer to how the body physically reacts. Organisms, organ systems, organs, cell and bio molecules carry...
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...PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION Before lactation ← The female breast is primed by estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids. ← These hormones aid in the growth of the ductal system and lobules, and in the development of secretory characteristics of the alveoli. ← Ironically, high levels of estrogen and progesterone also inhibit lactation at receptor sites in the breast tissue. ← The precipitous drop in the levels of these hormones after delivery, in the presence of an elevated prolactin level, facilitates lactation. Lactation: ← Means – the secretion of milk by the breast (Sweet 1992) The Physiology of Lactation can be divided into 2 aspects: 1. Lactogenesis – the initiation of lactation 2. The lactation Reflexes Physiology of Lactation: 1. Lactogenesis / Milk Production • Following placental separation & expulsion, oestrogen & progesterone levels decreased to the point where prolactin can be released & activated • Prolactin – secreted by galactophore (milk cell) of the anterior pituitory gland stimulates milk manufacture – increased • Prolactin now caused the acini cells in the alveoli to produce milk rather than only colostrums • It functioned to act & select nutrients, water & antibodies from the blood supply around the breast to form milk & will pass through the acini cells droplets by droplets & is collected in the alveoli ...
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...management practices (M) given the resources available to search among possible combinations in the target population of environments (E). Crop improvement can be viewed as a search strategy on a complex G×M×E adaptation or fitness landscape. Here we consider design of an integrated systems approach to crop improvement that incorporates advanced technologies in molecular markers, statistics, bio-informatics, and crop physiology and modelling. We suggest that such an approach can enhance the efficiency of crop improvement relative to conventional phenotypic selection by changing the focus from the paradigm of identifying superior varieties to a focus on identifying superior combinations of genetic regions and management systems. A comprehensive information system to support decisions on identifying target combinations is the critical core of the approach. We discuss the role of ecophysiology and modelling in this integrated systems approach by reviewing (i) applications in environmental characterization to underpin weighted selection; (ii) complex-trait physiology and genetics to enhance the stability of QTL models by linking the vector of coefficients defining the dynamic model to the genetic regions generating variability; and (iii) phenotypic prediction in the target population of environments to assess the value of putative combinations of traits and management...
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...determine how particular brain structure(s) or neurochemical(s) contribute to behavior or physiology. 10pts. Our textbook, Biological Psychology, considers the physiological effects of attention by presenting an innovative study. Researchers presented a stimulus to participants that consisted of a face transposed over the picture of a house. First the participants were asked to focus only on the face in the picture and fMRI images showed activation of the fusiform area in the brain which is responsible for face processing. They were then asked to focus only on the house portion of the stimulus image and the fMRI images showed activation of the parrahippocampal place area which is responsible for processing location. This enforces the notion that attention causes the selective enhancement of activity in brain regions that are specialized to process particular types of stimuli 1) Physiological effects of attention: Study showing picture of face over house 2) Focus on face or focus on house 3) fMRIs showed activation of fusiform face area when looking at face 4) fMRIs showed activation of parrahippocamal place area when looking at house 5) focusing of attention causes the selective enhancement of specialized brain regions Stress has psychological and physiological implications. Discuss how a stressor in the environment engages the stress system, how these responses cause changes in physiology, what kind of feedback system is used, how they may impact the structure of the brain...
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...Thesis: Research suggests that co-sleeping benefits infants because it decreases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, increases the amount of time breastfeeding, and helps stabilize the child’s physiology. Annotated Bibliography: Source #1 Goldberg, W. A., & Keller, M. A. (2007). Co-sleeping during infancy and early childhood: key findings and future directions. Infant & Child Development, 16(4), 457-469. doi:10.1002/icd.522 This article describes the benefits of co-sleeping by pointing out that night waking’s declined in frequency and duration. It also points out that most children who co-sleep do not need a security object to go to sleep. Another point this article discusses is the benefits co-sleeping have on breastfeeding ease. The article also defines the many terms used when discussing co-sleeping and bed sharing. Wendy A. Goldberg is a professor of psychology and social behavior at the University of Michigan. This article will be helpful in my research because it discusses how co-sleeping benefits and increases the length of breastfeeding. Source #2 McKenna, J. J., & Volpe, L. E. (2007). Sleeping with baby: an internet-based sampling of parental experiences, choices, perceptions, and interpretations in a western industrialized context. Infant & Child Development, 16(4), 359-385. doi:10.1002/icd.525 This article describes how co-sleeping affects the maturation of the central nervous system. It states that co-sleeping creates...
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...Physiology of Exercise of Competitive Cross-Country Skiing Name Institution Physiology of exercise of Competitive cross-country skiing Recovery mechanism Competitive cross-country skiing is a strenuous endurance sport in which efficiency and energy delivery are deemed very important to achieve a high performance. Recently, shorter sprint competitions have been adopted; skiers are subjected to time-trial qualification race with three knockout heats. The heats take approximately 3-4 minutes and 20 minutes between the heats. Therefore, the ability of the skiers to reproduce subsequent technique, high efficiency, and energy is very imperative in the sport. Sessions of intense competition produce anabolic mechanism and chronic stress,...
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...On Combat: Grossman and Christensen Self development is one of the critical variables in the four domains of Army Leadership Development. In an effort to help expand the contexts related to self development, Grossman and Christensen’s On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and Peace, add strong information to self development that would be useful to all military and police personnel. Picking up where his earlier work, On Killing, left off, Grossman and Christensen examine all facets of deadly combat including preparation/training, the actual moment of conflict and even debriefing at the conclusion of combat. The self development advocated by the authors establishes the true context of being a warrior, which they define as the 1% who protects the 98% from the remaining 1% who would do them harm (Grossman & Christensen 12). Though the work is not infallible, it examines subject matter that many psychologists have traditionally avoided. In addition, it combines psychology and physiology to extend beyond simply combat training and into the realms of healing after combat has occurred. The book is critically divided into four sections: The Physiology of Combat, Perceptual Distortion, Mental Attitude and Aftermath. Each of the four dimensions offer elements of self development that are useful to the reader. The first sections explains to the reader exactly what occurs physically during combat. As the author’s demonstrate, the will to kill another human...
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...be several items that interfere with employee retention, there are also many work motivation theories that an organization can use to assist in retaining their employees; two examples would be goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory. JD’s Casino has a few job related stressors that could be a cause for concern; however, formulating a plan to reduce those by applying work motivation theories will be useful with employee retention at JD’s Casino. Occupational Stressors Occupational stressors are a major concern for health issues and a number of different problems within the workplace, such as substance abuse, physical illness, and family problems. (“Physiology of Job Stress,” 2009). These stressors are often liked to work related problems like absenteeism, low production rates, and more accidents (“Physiology of Job Stress,” 2009). One occupational stressor for the dealers at the casino appears to be the pit boss Joe. In many exit interviews with dealers, they have stated that Joe is “toxic, overbearing, evil, and incompetent.” These words about a supervisor lead me to believe that this supervisor does not respect his employees and more than likely harasses them daily, which are two work related stressors that the dealers do not need. It...
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...lymphatic organs like the lymph nodes. B cell lymphocytes are in the red bone marrow where they live out their life cycle. T cell lymphocytes begin in the red bone marrow but later mature in the thymus. 3. What is erythropoiesis? Which factors speed up and slow down erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis produce red blood cells. The amount of oxygen being carried would affect the speed of erythropoiesis. 4. Explain what would happen if a person with type B blood were given a transfusion of type O blood. A person that has type B blood can receive a transfusion from a person with type O blood because there are no antigens and the person with B blood will not have any antibodies that will attach the O blood. 5. During an anatomy and physiology exam you are asked to view white blood cells in prepared slides of standard human blood smears. Based on the observation below, what is the name and function of each WBC? A. WBC has a round nucleus surrounded by a blue halo of cytoplasm with no visible granules. Lymphocytes. A large number of lymphocytes means an acute viral infection and low could indicate some...
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...neural and hormonal reactions. WEAKNESSES 1. It’s reductionist, which leads to the following criticisms: (a) If someone comes to you with depression is it any use to them to tell them that their serotonin receptors are not functioning properly? (b) Mind/body problem 1: psychology has great influence on physiology (stress and illness) (c) Mind/body problem 2: sensation is not necessarily the same as perception (d) Consciousness: what is it, where is it and is it any use finding it? (e) What about free will? Biological approach advocates determinism 2. Evolutionary approach has a number of problems: (a) Altruism: difficult to explain. Even sociobiologists come up with some very convoluted explanations. (b) Our developing cortex means that we rely less on instincts and more on “higher” processes. (c) Our behaviour is very much socially and culturally determined. 3. Genes: Difficult to separate genes and environmental influences on behaviour. 2. If we know the physiological basis of some aspects of behaviour (e.g. depression) then we can treat the problem using drugs, which could solve the problem entirely if it’s simply a straightforward chemical imbalance. Plus, some aspects of physiology and anatomy are very useful when it comes to diagnosing brain damage etc. 3. Evolutionary theory can offer some neat explanations of behaviour that would otherwise be inexplicable (e.g. graffiti, appendix). 4. The more we know about the brain, the more we should be able to explain how we tick: it is...
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...Coping with Pain in Labour M203.1 Assignment 1 Tutor: Due: Coping with Pain in Labour Pain in labour is something that all pregnant women think about at some stage, what it will be like and definitely, how will they cope with it. For some women wondering about the pain in labout can be terrifying and their instan thought is to have some kind of pharmaceutical pain relief as soon as possible. In this essay I am going to discuss coping with pain in labour. I will discuss the physiology of pain, how it is classified physiologically, the pathways used and how the body percieves pain. I am going to discuss some different ways of managing pain that are non-pharmaceutical, for instance, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and massage. I will discuss briefly a womens’ perspective on pain in labour and cultural perspectives on pain in labour. To start at the beginning what is pain? “Pain can be defined as a sensation evoked by tissue damage that stimulates the activity of specific receptors transmitting information to pain centres in the brain”, (Coad, J. 2001). Pain varies for everybody, it is complex and everybody’s experiences are different, depending on that persons previous experience of pain, the physiological process and the context. Anticipating pain increases the levels of anxiety and also how the intensity of that pain is percieved. It is believed that if the woman thinks she is in control of events then pain is...
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