Premium Essay

Pig Iron Research Paper

Submitted By
Words 1182
Pages 5
Iron is a shiny grey metal that is oxidized into a reddish-brown ferric oxide when exposed to moist air. It was discovered in 3500BC and is ranked as the fourth most abundant element by mass. The other major elements are sulfur and nickel. While iron is ingrained in most minerals, the primary iron is haematite. Nonetheless, iron is found engrained in other minerals such as taconite (Royal Society of Chemistry).
Iron is produced commercially by heating the iron ores with carbon and limestone. The initial process results in an intermediate known as pig iron. Pig iron contains approximately 3% of carbon and other contaminants. It is utilized in the production of steel. The annual production of crude steel approximately about 1.3 billion tons (Royal Society of Chemistry).
Pure iron crystals have a very soft texture. In order to enhance its strength, iron is either mixed with impurities such as carbon, or it is complexed with other metals as is …show more content…
In the periodic table, it is in period 4 and group 8 element. The atomic number of iron is 26. It's documented melting point is 1538°C and has a boiling point of 2861°C. Iron has a relative atomic mass of 55.845. A non-bonded iron atom has an atomic radius of 2.04 and a covalent radius of 1.24. There are four iron isotopes; 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, 58Fe. The atomic masses of the isotopes are 53.940, 55.935, 56.935, and 57.933 respectively (Royal Society of Chemistry).
There are two oxidation states of iron are +2 and +3. These iron forms are mainly involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. These reactions form the foundation of catalytic reactions. The primary catalytic reactions of iron are addition oxidation reactions, reductive elimination reactions, demetallation, ligand exchange reactions, and insertion reactions (Bauer and Kn). Iron easily oxidizes in air to form the ferric oxide. Hence, it is usually galvanized with zinc to prevent this process. (Cengage

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Industrial Revolution and the Civil War

...* * * Argumentative Essay * ___________________ * * A Paper * Presented to * ____________________ * * _______________ * ____ * * In Partial Fulfillment * of the Requirements for the Course * * * ___________________ * * by * * * * James Watt developed a steam-powered engine in the late 1700’s that used the pressure of super-heated water to create steam pressure. This pressure moved a slide piston that pushed a rod on a pivot. The motion turned a rotary wheel for as long as the mechanism was fueled and in good repair. The invention of the steam engine was the catalyst for a series of technological innovations developed during the Industrial Revolution that changed warfare after the Napoleonic Wars through to the American Civil War. Steam engine technology led to the development of factory-based assembly line production of materials, the development of the steamship and locomotive, and to innovations in the production of steel from pig iron. These series of innovations created the means for military power to mass quickly and continuously throughout the Civil War. * As steam engine technology continued to improve1 during the early 1800’s, commercial entrepreneurial ventures morphed into a new industrial system that could generate and project large military forces over greater distances faster than ever before. The steam engine lead to the development of steamships and railroad systems...

Words: 1598 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Humanities

...Ancient China was a government ruled by dynasties and for many years China was eventually united under one of the regional kings; the first emperor was Qin Shi Huang, in 221 BC. China's long history has seen many extremely important ancient inventions and tremendous contributions to the world's economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols of China's role as a great world civilization. Ancient China has many inventions and contributions, the 10 useful ones are identified as follows; Paper making is believed to be invented first in China. The proper paper making is one of the China's significant contributions to the development of human civilization. The paper was first made during the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC). Another invention was a movable typing printing. The world's first printings were invented in China in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 BC). Chinese began to print mainly with carved blocks. Gunpowder is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate. It was used in firearms and as a pyrotechnic in fireworks. It was a useful invention that contributed to the advancement of generating large amount of heat and gas. Chinese also invented the compass. A compass is a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. The first compasses were invented for harmonize environments and buildings in accordance with the geometric principles. The invention...

Words: 1386 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Gmelina Arborea

...Gmelina seeds (Gmelina arborea) as Potential Source of Biofuel Diane Claire Q. Bragais Jeanne Isabelle B. Bilasano Jessa C. Buendia Researchers Mr. Ronaldo C. Reyes Adviser Tabaco National High School Tabaco City INTRODUCTION We rely on coal, oil and gas (the fossil fuels) for over 80% of our current energy needs and by 2030, global energy consumption is projected to grow by 36% and demand for liquid transport fuels will have risen by some 16 million barrels more a day. With the world’s population projected to reach 8.3 billion by then, an additional 1.3 billion people will need energy. (BP Outlook, 2013) The Philippines, which has a population of over 94 million, has three million households which lack access to electricity. Some provinces only have electricity for several hours each day, while countless households on the country's more remote islands still rely on diesel-powered generators. Energy rates in the country remain among the highest in Asia, placing a heavy burden on the 26 percent of the population that lives below the poverty line. (Santos, 2013). These facts prove that energy crisis is indeed one of the serious issues that the world is facing now.  As the world struggle with a growing demand for energy, government agencies and private groups say the answer to these power needs may lie in alternative sources. This is where biofuels can help; in the next two decades, biofuels are expected to provide some 20% (by energy) of the growth in fuel...

Words: 1232 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Animal Suffering

...conditions those lab animals hat to endure to develop that cancer. Most people do not think about these things. However, in this paper, you will be enlightened on the pain and suffering of animals in three different industries and you will also hear from the other side of this issue. First, one of the biggest culprits of animal suffering is the animal food industry. This is an industry in which people have a tendency to block out or ignore the animal mistreatment; this is done by disassociating oneself with the direct harm and ignoring the indirect harm (Harnack 133). A good start under this example in the case of pigs. Normally, pigs are intelligent animals capable of showing affection. They have very good senses of smell, which is why pigs have been used as hunting animals (Coats 31). This normal behavior is disrupted however in the food industry. Pigs are taken to slaughter at about twenty-four weeks of age when they are approximately 220 pounds (Coats 32). Pigs are usually mass-caged into groups that consist of other pigs of the same sex and age. This can cause excessive aggressiveness in the animals due to the stifling of the natural social orders, which are accomplished though mixing (Coats 33). Due to inactivity in cages, pigs become �bored� and do things such as gnaw on the bars of the cage or on the body parts of other pigs. Factory owners attempt to remedy this by...

Words: 2123 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

The Prince vs Animal Farm

...One may think that little comparison could be made between Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and George Orwell’s Animal Farm. However many of the theories of leadership put forward in 1513 in The Prince can be found in Animal Farm. Those same ideas and theories can be applied to educational leaders and educational leadership to examine the morality of Machiavelli’s practices in education. This paper will compare and contrast leadership elements in both The Prince and Animal Farm. Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513. The purpose of The Prince was to record the knowledge that Machiavelli held in regards to leadership and power. Machiavelli lays out in details the ways in which a prince can come to power and how to maintain that power. The principles that Machiavelli put forth are straight forward with no sugar coating and often considered immoral. Orwell’s Animal Farm is in stark contrast to The Prince’s fiction. The novel is set on an English farm where the animals have taken over the farm from humans to rule it for themselves. The animals start out believing that the product of their labor will benefit only them and that all animals are to be treated equally. Over time one of the animals comes to power and emanates the human habits that lead to the overthrow of the humans in the first place. The work is satirical of the Communist Revolution and Stalinism. Orwell and Machiavelli present a united front in the portrayal of the non-ruling class. Machiavelli makes no apologies...

Words: 2277 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Types of Business

...* Agro Products * Animal Feeds * Aqua Culture & Fish Farming * Astrologers * Academy & Arts * Animation * Art & Design * Art Galleries * Audio Recording Studio * Audio-Visual Production & Services * Automobile Air-Conditioner * Automobile Assembler & Manufacturers * Automobile Body Manufacturers * Automobile Display & Sales Center * Automobile Distributor * Automobile Paints * Automobile Parts & Accessories * Automobile Service Center * Automobile Workshop & Maintenance * Advertising Agencies & Counselors * Advertising-Out Door * Acids * Adhesives Glue & Gum * Agricultural Chemicals * Architects * Audio-Visual Equipment Suppliers * Audio-Visual Tapes & Cassettes * Alarm & Alarm Systems * Abrasives * Aluminium Fabricator * Aluminium Products Manufacturer, Dealer & Seller * Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh * Associations * Animal Health * Ayurvadic & Herbal Products * Aerosol * Accounts & Audit Service * Agricultural Machineries & Equipment * Air Condition Project & Installation * Air Conditioner & Air Cooler Distributor & Service * Air Conditioning-Equipment & Parts * Anti Vibration Equipment * Arms & Ammunition * Airlines * Air Craft Spare Parts * Auto Cycle...

Words: 2328 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Termpaper

...affect the well being of poultry and livestock. However, these effects are poorly understood. Most tolerances and standards used to evaluate animal feeds and ingredients for rancidity are derived from human thresholds for detecting off-flavors associated with rancidity. Therefore, it is assumed that feeding fats that have undergone severe oxidation may reduce feed consumption and growth rate in animals. Oxidative rancidity is a complex process that is thought to occur in phases: (1) initiation, (2) auto-oxidation and (3) termination. During each phase, the formation of products increase and decrease over time, as shown in Figure 1. Hydroperoxides form when oxygen and unsaturated fatty acids combine in the presence of a catalyst (such as iron, copper, heat, light, enzymes, etc.) during the initiation phase. These peroxides are reactive and can combine with other fats to form additional reactive products during auto-oxidation. Hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones are formed during the termination or final phase. These compounds are volatile, but relatively unreactive. The best in vitro indicator of rancidity for feeds and feed ingredients has not yet been defined. Rancidity is a qualitative term or state that is not chemically defined and is not quantifiable. As a result, a number of different methods have been used to test for various intermediates or products of oxidation. However, these products are “moving targets”, so it is not possible to predict the best indicator of...

Words: 3022 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Corperate Governance

...Winter Internship Report on the basic study of Corporate Governance and Comparative Analysis Of The Annual Reports of Vizag Steel and TATA Steel At Vizag Steel Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements by NALSAR University Submitted By Sushma Yanamadala ( Centre for Management Studies National Academy of Legal Studies and Research Shameerpet, Secunderabad. Certificate from Company Declaration I hereby declare that the project entitled “Corporate Governance and Comparative Analysis of the Annual Reports of Vizag Steel and TATA Steel” submitted to the NALSAR University of Law, Centre for Management Studies, Secunderabad has been prepared by Sushma Yanamadala in Corporate Governance Department at Vizag Steel, Vishakapatnam. This embodies the data collected and analyzed under Mr.S.SakthiMani, Company Secretary, at Vizag Steel and hereby approved. The data collected for the analysis and report was provided by Vizag Steel, and was asked to use this information only, which include the company profile, annual reports and articles that have been used for reference. Place: Vishakapatnam Date: Signature of the candidate --------------------------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...

Words: 5316 - Pages: 22

Premium Essay

Scientific Management

...Scientific management (also called Taylorism, the Taylor system, or the Classical Perspective) is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflow processes, improving labor productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911).[1] Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study of an individual at work. In management literature today, the greatest use of the concept of Taylorism is as a contrast to a new, improved way of doing business. In political and sociological terms, Taylorism can be seen as the division of labour pushed to its logical extreme, with a consequent de-skilling of the worker and dehumanisation of the workplace. Contents [hide] General approach * Developed standard method for performing each job. * selected workers with appropriate abilities for each job. * trained workers in standard method. * supported workers by planning their work and eliminating interruptions. * provided wage incentives to workers for increased output. Contributions * Scientific approach to business management and process improvement * Importance of compensation for performance * Began the careful study of tasks and jobs * Importance of selection and training ...

Words: 2004 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

The Antichrist of Daniel 11

...page 5 Prophecies Fulfilled………………………………………………………….page 6 Antiochus IV………………………………………………………………...Page 7 Antichrist…………………………………………………………………… page 8 Summary………………………………………………………………………page 9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….page 11 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………..page 12 You have no page numbers showing. See the sample paper and Turabian for correct formatting. introduction Daniel, a contemporary of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, went into captivity to Babylon in 605B.C. when he was around fifteen years old. Jeremiah warned that the Lord would was sending the Babylonians to punish Judah. In 605 B.C. , Nebuchadnezzar led the Babylonian army to victory over the Eygptians at Carchemish, establishing control over Syria and northern Israel. Then he marched south and took some exiles including Daniel.1 “The Book of Daniel is not only one of the most intriguing works in the Bible, but it is also filled with timeless truths that are just as relevant to modern believers as they were to those who first heard them.”2 In this research paper we are going to assert that Daniel foresees the antichrist who will appear at the end of the age. There is much controversy about the antichrist. Who is he? Was he Hitler or Mussolini or some other despot that persecuted and...

Words: 4331 - Pages: 18

Free Essay

What You Eat Is What You Get

...NS 201-Biological Science A. Y. 2013 – 2014 Project #1 What you Eat is What you Get Name: Daniel C. Monares Year and section: 1A7 Date of submission: August 2, 2013 Submitted to: Table of Content Page Number Page Number 1.) Argentina Meatloaf 3 3.) PureFoods Liver Spread 7 Ingredients 3 Beef or Pork Liver 7 Sodium Nitrite 3 Water 8 Phosphates 3 Starch 8 Sodium Erythorbate 3 Flour 8 MSG 4 Sugar 8 Vegetable Protein 4 Iodized Salt 8 Cornstarch 4 Vegetable Protein 9 Sugar 4 Spices 9 Water 4,5 MSG 9 Iodized Salt 5 Flavor 9 Pork 5 Sodium Nitrite 9 Beef 5 4.) Heinz Tomato Ketchup 10 Mechanically Separated Chicken 5 Ingredients 10 Water 10 2.) PureFoods Corned Beef 5 Tomato Paste 10 Ingredients 5 Sugar 10 Cooked Beef 6 Vinegar 10 Beef Broth 6 Salt 11 Iodized Salt 6 Onion Powder 11 Sugar 6 Spice 11 Phosphate 6,7 Spice Extracts 11 MSG 7 5.) Mang Tomas 12 Sodium Nitrite 7 Ingredients 12 1.) Argentina Meatloaf Ingredients: sodium nitrite, phosphates, sodium erythorbate, msg, vegetable protein, cornstarch, sugar, water, iodized salt, pork, beef, mechanically separated chicken Sodium Nitrite: -A white to yellowish crystalline that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic. It is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula of NANO2 -It is usually used...

Words: 4474 - Pages: 18

Premium Essay

Analysis About the Effects of Industrial Productions on Air Pollution

...been ignored when it mainly focused on a higher pace of economic growth for a long time. In this paper, we aim at finding the relationship between air pollutions and its potential contributor—industrial development. And we are also interested in finding out which department in industry contributes most to air pollution. With these questions, it is essential for us to bring our analysis into a practical and comprehensive content. In this paper, we choose air pollution indicators and industry output in provincial level, thus we would like to test it based on different regions. We use the fixed effect model to construct the data and use hypothesis testing to testify our model through three characteristics: normality, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. After the regression and test, we come to the conclusion that basically our model is an appropriate one although several data and time series problems limit its further accuracy. And what is more, the result is quite accordance with our assumption that industrial sectors do effect the environment to some extent and among all the sectors we discuss, mining is the most overarching element. In order to obtain a better and more convincing result, we still need more information about air quality in our further study and research. Keywords: air pollution; industrial sector Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Identification of the research problem “It was a foggy day in London, and the fog was heavy and dark. Animate London, with smarting...

Words: 3854 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Mbuti Culture

...Mbuti Culture Mbuti Culture Mbuti people, also known as Bambuti, are a pygmy foraging group consisting of numerous bands in the Congo region of Africa. Pygmy is a term used worldwide in many ethnic groups to describe individuals whose average height is unusually low. Foragers are a group of people who rely on hunting and gathering to obtain their food and other sources needed for survival. This paper will discuss the background of Mbuti people, their culture, and how society today is changing the future for these indigenous people. Sometimes referred to as “the people of the trees,” Mbuti is one of the four cultures within the Bambuti. The Mbuti, as mentioned before, reside in the Congo region of Africa, specifically the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire. Zaire is home for the tropical rainforest, Ituri. “The “Forest,” or symbolized universe of the Mbuti, can be understood as a system of symbols by which kinship operates. These symbols have direct relevance to the Mbuti social world. The example of the concept of “sphere,” as an organizational system underlying the spatial layout of the family hut, the band community, and the “Forest” itself, illustrates the direct application of ndura symbolism to Mbuti life. Furthermore, the Mbuti kinship system functions at several different levels – the family, the sub-band, the band, and that of general Mbuti society, all of which are connected to the “Forest.” Various...

Words: 1580 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Going Vegetarian

...trying to become eco-friendly and don’t know what they can do to help. Giving up meat is a healthy choice for you, for the animals, and it could even help solve world hunger. Many people, when they think of becoming vegetarian, wonder how they are going to get enough protein and iron in their diet. According the book, The Case for Vegetarianism, people are mistaken in thinking that protein comes from animals. Protein actually comes from plant food, meaning that all animals get protein through the food they eat. When trying to figure out what foods have protein, whole grains, beans, nuts, eggs, and peas are all high in protein, as well as all dairy products. To be the healthiest, one’s diet should include a variety of whole foods. Excess protein actually puts stress on the liver and kidney and is also linked with calcium loss. As for iron, women who eat meat have thicker uterine tissues and higher estrogen levels in their blood, causing them to have heavier and longer menstrual cycles; so vegetarian women are actually proven to retain iron better. Leafy vegetables such as spinach, dried fruits such as raisins and prunes, and soybeans are all high in iron. Vitamin C can also help absorb iron. Most...

Words: 2643 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Customer Satisfacation and Loyalty to Dth

...rInvestors approve Sesa, Sterlite mergeNew natural resources giant is formed with Rs 1,24,000-crore market cap BS Reporter / Mumbai Jun 26, 2012, 00:23 IST Four years after investors shot down restructuring of Vedanta Resources Plc, Anil Agarwal, executive chairman of the Vedanta Group, is second time lucky, as he has managed to convince shareholders to approve the merger of Sesa Goa Ltd and Sterlite Industries India Ltd, two group companies. The new entity, Sesa-Sterlite, with a market capitalisation of Rs 1,24,000 crore, will be in top 10 Indian companies. | |   | | | In a court-convened meeting on June 19, the shareholders of Sesa Goa voted in favour of the merger of the two companies. In an announcement to the stock exchanges on Monday, Sesa Goa said the shareholders had given their nod to the merger. “Of the members present and validly voting, 91.7 per cent in numbers representing 79.12 per cent of votes in value voted in favour of the resolution approving the scheme.” REATING A GIANT Vedanta said it is simplifying its business by merging its Indian subsidiaries | How the Sesa-Sterlite merged entity stacks up among India’s largest companies | Companies | M-Cap (in Rs crore) | TCS | 2,37,927.02 | Reliance Ind | 2,34,273.32 | ONGC | 2,33,521.83 | Coal India | 2,12,735.00 | ITC | 1,95,499.09 | SBI | 1,41,918.25 | Infosys | 1,41,742.53 | HDFC Bank | 1,26,455.22 | NTPC | 1,25,578.36 | Sesa-Sterlite* | 1,24,000.00 | Bharti Airtel...

Words: 15643 - Pages: 63