...REVIEW D. Ryan Georgianna1 & Stephen P Mayfield1 . doi:10.1038/nature11479 Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels Modern life is intimately linked to the availability of fossil fuels, which continue to meet the world’s growing energy needs even though their use drives climate change, exhausts finite reserves and contributes to global political strife. Biofuels made from renewable resources could be a more sustainable alternative, particularly if sourced from organisms, such as algae, that can be farmed without using valuable arable land. Strain development and process engineering are needed to make algal biofuels practical and economically viable. D espite limited supply and increasing demand, fossil fuels remain among the world’s cheapest commodities. Prices will inevitably rise once demand starts to outstrip supply, but short- to medium-term replacement of fossil fuels by renewable and more environmentally benign alternatives will occur only if the substitutes can compete economically. One of these alternatives is based on the oils extracted from algae, and commercial-scale pilot facilities to test these are in operation. However, significant improvements are still needed to make algal biofuels economically viable. In this Review, we outline the advantages of algae as a biofuel producer, discuss the different cultivation methods, consider the options for achieving optimal algal biomass and lipid production, and the process engineering...
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...will also focus on the development of such energy facilities in Indonesia. Background The consumption for electricity has been increasing in Indonesia (CIA World Factbook, 2013). This was due to the positive growth the economy has been experiencing in recent years (Trading Economics, 2013). In addition, the population is expected to increase from its current 239.9 million to 278.5 million by 2030 (The World Bank Group, 2011). This will lead to a surge in the demand for energy and electricity in the future. In light of today’s depleting fossil sources, there is a need to search for energy alternatives, for energy security. The government has actually implemented policies involving other forms of energy, such as solar, wind and biodiesel. As of 2012, renewable energy accounted for 11.5% of total energy production (Global Energy Statistical Yearbook, 2013). Algae, a 3rd generation biofuel, have not been brought forward by the government due to the lack of research and development capabilities in the country (Winston, 2013). Despite this, there is good reason to believe that algae are ideal for energy production in the future. It yields 7 to 31 times more oil than palm tree (Shay, 1993) and can be cultivated anywhere (Demirbas, 2010). Recently, developing countries like Brazil have taken steps towards algae-biofuel production. Within three years, there are already projects involving the construction of an algae-fuel factory, to be...
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...affecting Nigeria’s economical progress is power. And this has been a major discuss in the country for a long time. A reliable and sustainable energy source is greatly desired to power the nation’s economy and this need cannot be overemphasized, due to the epileptic power supply to the national grid, it has become absolutely important to explore other cheap sources of power to meet our urban and rural energy need. This will in no small measure support our national grid and reduce rural-urban drift. The heavy dependence on gas generated by the Nigeria National Petroleum Co-operation (NNPC) to power our turbines at our gas plants often exposes the country to power outage due to high cost of maintenance and vandalism. Applying biomass technology to generate power can help the country develop its energy sector more rapidly as the raw material needed to feed the Bioenergy plants are almost everywhere in the country some are mere waste such as agricultural and domestic waste. The focus of this paper is on the use of bioenergy to alleviate the poverty rate in Nigeria especially in the rural areas where there is large amount of Lands and biomass material. Developing the bioenergy strength of the country also creates wealth and employment opportunity in the country; generate electricity and the production of domestic cooking gas across the rural and urban settlements in the country. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is the mainstay of Nigeria’s economic growth and development. It plays a significant...
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...warming is the oneof them that people are aware of. It is widely accepted that global warming is caused by fossil fuels and therefore fossil fuels should be replaced with clean energy sources to reduce carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, energy demand today is much higher than ever before and it will increase by fifty percentages in the next 20 years according to Energy Information Agency (IEA) report. The main alternative energy sources to fossil fuel are biofuels which have received much attention worldwide and they have already generated 45% of all energy from natural fuels in Brazil.(Sims & Taylor, 2008) The most widely used biofuel is the first generation biofuel which is make from plants like sugarcane, oilseed. By using these kinds plants, ethanol and oil can be produced.(Ahmad, Mat Yasin, Derek, & Lim, 2011) In this essay, innovations in biofuels will be divided into 3 sectors with examples illustrated. 2. The Innovation Dimension 3.1 Innovation Type Innovation can be divided into four types: production innovation, process innovation, position innovation and paradigm innovation. (Tidd, Bessant, & Pavitt, 2005)In the biofuel sector, product innovation and process innovation are widely used. Product innovations are changes in the products which an organization offers. Process innovations are changes in the ways in which they are created and delivered. 3.2.1 Product Innovation Product innovations take place when the...
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...Company Profile Company profile REinVEnTinG A GREAT coMPAnY The year 2008 saw the definitive reinvention of a great company. Less than a decade ago, ACCIONA was one of Spain’s leading construction companies and was actively diversifying and seeking business opportunities worldwide. In the last year, and after divesting Endesa in 2009, ACCIONA has culminated the transformation into a company that is a pioneer in development and sustainability, and a global leader in the development, production and management of renewable energy, water and infrastructure with the minimum environmental impact. This achievement would not have been possible without ACCIONA’s pioneering background. It was created by the first merger in Spain’s construction industry and, in the 1990s, it was the first non-utility to move into renewable energy. ACCIONA is the construction company that has most successfully diversified followed by a process of concentration. Sustainability is a core axis of its strategy, and energy, infrastructure and water are the vectors of future growth. In 2004, José Manuel Entrecanales was appointed Chairman, and he spearheads the Company’s transition towards these three pillars of growth. In 2005, ACCIONA strengthened its position using an innovative strategy based on orienting those businesses towards sustainable development, with a strong international approach. This sweeping transformation was also possible thanks to the enormous investment effort and social commitment...
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...What is the form of energy that is present in pizza that we eat? A) Mechanical B) Chemical C) Radiation D) Electrical Which of the following is not a unit of energy? A) Joules B) Meters C) BTU D) Calories What is the energy stored in the bonds that hold molecules together called? A) Chemical B) Kinetic C) Nuclear D) Thermal Which of the following is the process of breaking a large nuclei into two intermediate size nuclei? A) Chemical reaction B) Nuclear fusion C) Nuclear fission D) All of the above A woman moves a box through a distance of 10 m. What is the work done if the force applied is 10N? A) 100 J B) 50 J C) 0 J D) None of the above How many calories is 1 food calorie equivalent to? A) 1,000,000 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 What property of a small meteor falling from the sky causes a lot of damage when it hits the earth? A) High Kinetic energy B) High heat energy C) High Potential energy D) Explosive Chemical energy What happens to its temperature when a gas is compressed? A) can either increase or decrease B) decreases C) remains the same D) increases Energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called A) Thermal B) Kinetic C) Potential D) Chemical Energy can be created or destroyed. A) True B) False Correct answer(s): False In what direction does thermal energy flow? A) independent of the temperature difference B) From low temperature to high temperature C) From high temperature to low temperature D) in both directions What is the form of energy in a flying airplane...
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