...Alexander Templet Transpiration Rate in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum Biology 156 Summer 2008 Mr. Leith Adams, Instructor Lab Partners: Michael Adams Andrew Scalist Experiments Conducted: 23 June 2008 Abstract Plants draw water up through their roots and out through their leaves. This process is known as transpiration. The transpiration rate is a major determining factor in how quickly plants absorb water, and is thus critically important to understand for agriculture. In order to study how varying weather conditions affect the rate of transpiration, we conducted experiments using stems of the tomato Solenum lycopersicum. Our results showed increased transpiration when the plants were subjected to wind and also when subjected to light. Interestingly, wind and light combined did not increase transpiration as greatly as light acting alone. Introduction Plants draw water in through their roots, and then transport it through the xylem up to the branches and leaves. Water exits the leaves through the stomata in the form of water vapor. Polarity causes the water exiting through the stomata to draw after it the water in the xylem, which then pulls in more water through the roots. This process is known as transpiration (Raven et al., 2002). Transpiration is a vitally important process in plants, and to study it further we designed and conducted an experiment to measure the rate of transpiration in the tomato plant, Solenum lycopersicum. In order to study...
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...Introduction 1. Transpiration is “the uptake of water by plant roots, transport through the plant and evaporation from the leaf through pores called stomata” (Roberts et al., 2006). Transpiration is important because it enables the plant to absorb nutrients while taking up water and the effect of evaporation prevents the temperature within the plant from reaching “supra-high levels” (Roberts et al., 2006). 2. Plants regulate transpiration through “partial or complete stomatal closure” (Roberts et al., 2006). 3. Transpiration is affect by many abiotic factors such as “water stress, flooding, light intensity, high temperatures, cold and freezing” (Nilsen and Orcutt, 1996). Water Stress refers to drought conditions which can lead to dehydration of vegetation. Flooding can cause the nutrients to be washed away as well as smother the plant roots. High light intensity could cause irreparable damage to the leaves due to radiation where as low light intensity could inhibit photosynthesis. Under freezing conditions, water will turn to ice which prevents the plant from absorbing it. Also, as water becomes ice, the volume will expand and can cause physical damage to the plant itself. High temperatures increases evaporation of water and can lead to the plant dehydrating. In our experiment we will be exploring the abiotic factors heat as well as humidity, closed stomata, and surface area of the leaves. Humidity can affect transpiration because under high humidity, the water...
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...conductance and transpiration rate of Betula papyrifera Previous studies on transpiration rates of plants suggest that in the presence of wind, transpiration rates can increase as the boundary layer is removed. A branch of Betula papyrifera was set up as a potometer and exposed to windy conditions and its transpiration rate measured, as well as the stomatal conductance. Although the average rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance were lower for the branch exposed to wind, there was no significant difference between the treatment and control group data sets to suggest a direct relationship. Introduction Plants are able to take in water and move it throughout its systems through the process of transpiration, in which moisture is carried from the roots to the leaves to be evaporated out through the stomata. Water loss through transpiration is crucial for plant survival as it allows them to cool their temperature, as well as increase their nutrient intake as additional water is absorbed to compensate for the loss. Although most of the water absorbed from the soil is lost through transpiration, plants utilize a small percentage of water to undergo photosynthesis. The energy required to carry out both transpiration and photosynthesis is obtained from sunlight, which can have a direct effect the transpiration rate. Plants are at a higher risk of wilting in hot, sunny weather due to the increase in rate of transpiration and lack of water abundance (Ku et al., 1977). Plants accommodate...
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...Transpiration and Leaf Resistance By: Bernina Berber Due: February 24, 2011 Lab: Thursday 1:40pm Section: 15227 Introduction Transpiration is a part of the water cycle process, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of the plants. It is a process similar to evaporation. Evaporation and diffusion cause the plant tissue to have negative water potential. If you were to compare transpiration it would be like saying it is close to sweating (but in plants), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Stomata are dots with openings on top of the leaves surfaces, which in many plants have numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomas are boarded by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf transpiration happens through stomata, it is considered as a necessary need associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration is very important for plants because it cools them and enables the mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots and shoots. The amount of water vapor within the plant tissue, air humidity, and air temperature all play a roll in the rate of transpiration. The rate of transpiration can be measured using the mass of water lost per unit area of leaf tissue relative to time. When you take a leaf from a plant it is obvious that water is lost from the tissue, however it has no source of water to compensate for its negative water potential, which keeps...
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...organization, and the availability of resources influences response and activities. For example, water and macronutrients are used to synthesize new molecules, and, in plants, water is essential for photosynthesis. Organisms have evolved various mechanisms for accumulating sufficient quantities of water, ions, and other nutrients and for keeping them properly balanced to maintain homeostasis. Plants absorb and transport water, nutrients, and ions from the surrounding soil via osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. Once water and dissolved nutrients have entered the root xylem, they are transported upward to the stems and leaves as part of the process of transpiration, with a subsequent loss of water due to evaporation from the leaf surface. Too much water loss can be detrimental to plants; they can wilt and die. The transport of water upward from roots to shoots in the xylem is governed by differences in water (or osmotic) potential, with water molecules moving from an area of high potential (higher free energy , more water)to an area of low water potential (lower free energy, less water). The movement of the water through a plant is facilitated by osmosis, root pressure, and the physical and chemical properties of water. Transpiration creates a lower osmotic potential in the leaf, and TACT (transpiration, adhesion, cohesion, and tension) mechanism describes the force that move water and dissolved nutrients up the xylem. Condition | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day...
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...which is used as plant food and growing materials (e.g. cellulose).A leaf which is exposed to plenty of light will have sufficient amounts of food and will not need an excessive amount of chlorophyll. This enables the leaf to have a small surface area. It is also necessary for leaves in areas of high light intensity, and thus high temperature, to have small leaves to reduce the amount of transpiration. The heat will cause water to evaporate a lot faster. Leaves in shaded areas will need a large surface area full of chlorophyll to collect as much sun light as possible; essential for survival. These leaves will also have no threat of excessive transpiration because the temperature in the shaded area will be lower and the humidity probably higher. Transpiration is the removal (evaporation) of water from a plant through the stomata in the leaves; this water is removed in a cycle due to the active uptake from the roots. Transpiration involves osmosis; which is the diffusion of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane, until both the concentrations are equally saturated. All these factors i.e. transpiration and photosynthesis, come together to confirm my hypothesis. To support my hypothesis further, I did a pilot study in a meadow in which I studied the population of certain plant species in areas of different light intensities. I learned that different plants need different...
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...The saguaro cactus has many adaptations w hich allow it to survive in its native desert biome. Many of the saguaro cactus's adaptations are shared with other cacti species. one example of this is the saguaro's thick epidermis and t hick, waxy cuticle, which is an anatomical adaptation. The thick epidermis and waxy cuticle prevent water loss and limits transpiration, so that transpiration can only occur in the stomata when the stomata are open and not through the epidermis of the saguaro. Another anatomical adaptation which allows the saguaro to survive in the desert is it's spines, which are modified leaves and are common amongst most cacti plants. The spines of the saguaro protect it from animals that would otherwise eat the saguaro, or use it...
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...Mark Meritt COMM 213 Judy Moorhouse 3/13/12 Green Roof A green roof is a green space located on buildings. Green roofs use evapo-transpiration and radiation to absorb heat, filter air pollutants and retain storm water. The term “green” stems from nature, or anything that has to do with it. . Architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Llyod Wright used very early forms of green roof technology on their own homes, which led more people to become familiar with green roofs worldwide. The “green” or earth-friendly solution for urban areas with high pollution was green roof technology, used to create less pollution and to conserve energy. Evapo-transpiration is evaporation and transpiration through plant’s leaves, which leads to water loss in the plant. Parts Analysis From the top-down, the Green roof has many parts. The very top is where the indigenous plants are stored. Indigenous plants are more adaptable to a particular environment. Under these plants, there are roots with soil. This soil, also known as the growing medium is usually 1597 kg per cubic metre for a roof. Mediums mostly have around 20 to 40 cm of soil thick. Underneath the medium lies a filter such as a cloth of fabric or in some cases aluminum foil. Beneath all this is the drainage layer, which is held above the waterproof membrane layers. Drainage passages hold leaked water caught through rain faill. Newer roofs contain thin aluminum foil layer between the membrane. The waterproof membrane separates the water...
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...epidermis. In the dicot there was even a greater margin, with 2 stomata in the upper epidermis, and 51 stomata in the lower epidermis. In addition you could see how the dicot and monocot stomata differed: the dicot stomata were arranged in an irregular pattern, while the monocot stomata were arranged in a more parallel pattern, reflecting the leaf structure of the two types of leaves. 2. In this experiment we observed on average 67 stomata on the monocot lower surface, versus 32 stomata on the upper epidermis. In the dicot there was even a greater margin, with 2 stomata in the upper epidermis, and 51 stomata in the lower epidermis. This is because the lower epidermis is not directly affected by sunlight, preventing undue loss of water by transpiration....
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...Temperate Deciduous Woodland Biome Deciduous tree: a tree that sheds its leaves in the autumn months, when water supply is limited. By losing its leaves, trees will prevent water loss through transpiration. Also they will have more energy to grow upwards, to reach the limited amounts of sunlight in the winter, instead of through photosynthesis. The leaves of deciduous trees are broad and thin so that there is a larger surface area for maximum photosynthesis in the summer when there are long days of sunlight.. Temperate deciduous woodland areas are located in the climatic climax of countries with temperate climates, for example the UK. In the UK the climate in the summer is between 15°C and 20°C, whereas in the winter temperatures rarely fall below 0°C. There is around 1000 to 1500mm of rainfall each year. An example of temperate deciduous woodland is Salcey Forest, UK. The climate of a temperate biome is between 15°C and 25°C in the summer but between 0°C and 5°C in the winter. There is rainfall all year round, with between 500 and 1500mm a year. This climate allows deciduous woodlands to develop as they shed their leaves in the winter when temperatures are lower, so they conserve their energy, allowing them to grow upwards rather than photosynthesise. Dynamic equilibrium: is when the diversity of species/vegetation is balanced with the abiotic factors of the environment, eg. climate and soil. An ecosystem is in dynamic equilibrium with its environment when it is in natural...
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...Most plants such as soybeans are called C3 species because they go through photosynthesis by using C3 carbon fixation, where CO2 is first incorporated into a 3-carbon compound called PGA, by using the enzyme RUBISCO for carbon fixation and Calvin cycle. Other plants, like pigweeds are called C4 plants because Carbon is first incorporated into a 4-carbon compound activating the PEP enzyme carboxylase for carbon fixation and RUBISCO for the Calvin cycle. The difference between the C3 and C4 species anatomy is in a C3 plant, photosynthesis occurs in a single chloroplast of the mesophyll cell (on the surface of the leaf) whereas in a C4 plant, C4 pathway separates carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle in an anatomic structure called Kranz anatomy, consisting of the mesophyll cell and the bundle sheath cells. The difference between the species is that C3 is inefficient in carbon fixation in comparison to C4 plant because both Carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle take place in the mesophyll cells, which is packed with RUBISCO and RUBISCO has a strong affinity for O2 than CO2. This is a problem because increase O2 causes increase photorespiration....
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...Photosynthesis: What is Photosynthesis? Animals and plants both synthesize fats and proteins from carbohydrates; thus glucose is a basic energy source for all living organisms. The oxygen released, with water vapor in transpiration, as a photosynthetic byproduct, principally of phytoplankton, provides most of the atmospheric oxygen vital to respiration in plants and animals, and animals in turn produce carbon dioxide necessary to plants. Photosynthesis can therefore be considered the ultimate source of life for nearly all plants and animals by providing the source of energy that drives all their metabolic processes. The discovery of photosynthesis in cells began with the findings of Joseph Priestly. Joseph Priestly, a chemist and minister, discovered that when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly "injure" air. He then showed that the air that had been "injured" by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant. In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, court physician to the Austrian Empress, repeated Priestly's experiments. He discovered that it was the influence of sun and light on the plant that could cause it to rescue a mouse in a matter of hours. In 1796, Jean Senebier, a French pastor, showed that Carbon Dioxide was the "fixed" or "injured" air and that plants in photosynthesis took it up. Soon afterwards, Theodore...
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...also responsible for the earth’s climate. If this process did not take place, the Earth would freeze over. Instead, the surface of the earth exists as a concentrated region for the transmission and transformation of cosmic and solar radiation, through the action of living organisms (Teng & Shields, 2010). Plant cells and solar cells have some similarities. Both plant cells and solar cells transfer sunlight into energy. However, plant cells produce chemical energy where solar cells produce electricity. Solar cells use solar panels made from a collection of photovoltaic cells that help create the photosynthesis process (Toothman & Aldous, 2012). They are essentially beneficial to humans because we need oxygen from plant cells and the electricity from solar cells. Electrons are bumped up to a higher energy level by the intake of sunlight in both plant and solar cells (Teng & Shields, 2010). There are also several differences in plant and solar cells. Solar cells are more costly than plant cells. For instance, you can plant an acre of corn for about $100, but solar cells will cost about 2.5 million per an acre (Howstuffworks.com, 2012). Another difference is that unlike plants, solar cells produce, but do not consume, heat. The majority of the sunlight that hits a solar cell is either reflected or absorbed as heat, without inducing an electrical current (Teng & Shields, 2010). Solar cells do not contribute to putting moisture back into the atmosphere like...
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...intolerant – светлолюбиви shade requiring – сенколюбиви shade tolerant - сенкоиздържливи chlorophyll - ['klarafil] – хлорофил migration - [mai'greiʃn] – миграция intensity - [in'tensiti] – интензивност diurnal - [dai'ə:nəl] – дневен nocturnal - [nɔk'tə:nl] – нощен crepuscular - [kri'pʌskjulə] – сумрачен atmosphere - ['ætməsfiə] – атмосфера pollute - [рə'lu:t] - мърся, замърсявам pollutant - [pə'lu:tənt] - замърсяващо околната среда вещество frost-resistant plants – студоустойчиви растения heat- resistant plants - топлоустойчиви растения stem - [stem] – стебло poikilotherms = exotherms – ['pɔikilɔ:θə:ms] пойкилотермни homotherms - ['hɔmɔ:θə:ms] – хомотермни heterotherms - ['heterɔ:θə:ms] – хетеротермни vertebrates - ['və:tibrəts] – гръбначни unvertebrates – безгръбначни amphibians - [æm'fibiəns] – земноводни reptiles - ['reptails] – влечуги mammals - ['mæmls] – бозайници transpiration - [trænspi'reiʃn] – транспирация hydrophyte - ['haidrofait] – хидрофит hygrophyte - ['haigrofait] –...
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...chaparral is also found around the world in Chile, South Africa, and Western and Southern Australia. The chaparral’s climate is defined by mild, wet winters and hot dry summers. Plants of the Chaparral Plants of the chaparral must survive long periods of heat, fire, and drought. Many plants of the chaparral very closely resemble plants of the desert that can also survive long periods without rain. The South African Chaparral contains many species of plants that are not located anywhere else in the world. Examples...
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