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Plants

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Plants
General Characteristics: * Multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well developed tissues * Autotrophic by photosynthesis * Chlorophyl a and b , carotenoids etc. * Store starch in chloroplast * Cell wall – cellulose * Protect the embryo from drying out by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure * Alternation of generation’s life cycle ( sporophyte and gametophyte phase)

Main Division:
1. Non Vascular * Lack vascular tissues * No true roots, stems and leaves * Rootlike, stemlike, and leaflike structures * Usually small * Found in moist habitat * Example: hornwort, liverwort, mosses

2. Vascular * Seedless * Include the ferns * With vascular tissues * With true roots, stems and leaves * Seed * Gymnosperm (naked seed) and Angiosperm (enclosed seed) * With vascular tissue * With true roots, stems and leaves

* Gymnosperms * Cone bearing plants * Conifers * Cycads * Ginkgo * Gnetophytes * Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) A. Dicot (class Magniliopsida) * More primitive than monocots * Embryo has two cotyledon * Floral part’s in 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4’s or 5’s * Mostly woody, some herbaceous stems * Oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation * Taproot system A. Monocot (class Liliopsida) * More advanced than the dicots * Embryo has one cotyledon * Floral parts are in 3’s or multiple of 3’s * Usually herbaceous, soft and green stems * Narrow shaped leaves with parallel venation * Fibrous root system

Vegetative structure and function:

A. Root * Anchor plants * Absorb water & nutrients (13 essential) * May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes, turnips) * May store water for dry periods * Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients * Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients * Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants

Types of root system
1. Taproot system * Characteristic of dicotyledonous plants * The primary root continous to grow and send out lateral smaller roots
2. Fibrous or Diffuse system * Characteristic of monocotyledonous plants * The primary root stops growing and numerous adventitious roots grow and develop from the base of the stem and takes the place of the primary root

Zone of Cell Differentiation * Process of differentiation completed * Located 10 to 50 mm behind the root tip * Composed of non-elongated mature cells * Presence of many ephemeral root hairs

Zone of Cell Elongation * Located 4 to 15 mm behind the root tip * Composed of long vacuolated cells * Process of differentiation starts

Zone of Cell Division * Dome shaped apical meristem * Located 0.5 to 1.5 mm behind the root tip * Divides every 12 to 36 hours * produces almost 20,000 new cells per day

Root Cap * Protects the growing root tips and its meristem * senses light and pressure exerted by soil particles * secrete mucigel, that aids in protection, lubrication, water and nutrient absorption of the roots

Epidermis * Covers all the root except the root cap * Usually one cell thick * Lacks stomata / lacks a cuticle Cortex * Located interior into the epidermis * Occupies the largest cross sectional area of the root * Consist of 3 concentric layer * Hypodermis * Storage parenchyma tissue * Endodermis lined with casparian strip Stele * Pericycle produces branch roots * Vascular tissue form in alternating strands interior to the pericycle *Vascular tissue in dicots is at the center of the root *In monocots, vascular tissue forms a ring around pith at the root center B. Stem * Adapted to support leaves * Transport water & minerals * Transport sugars (usually sucrose) from Source (where they're made) to Sink (where they're stored) * Movement of sugars is called translocation * Store food and/or water

External structure of a stem:
1. Nodes * Slightly enlarge portions where leaves and buds arise
2. Internode * Region between two succesive nodes
3. Lenticel * Tiny raised pores on the surface of dicot stem for gas exchange
4. Bud * Undeveloped shoot, largely meristematic tissue

Kinds of Stem
1. As to location * Aerial or epiterranean – grow above the soil surface * Underground or subterranean stem – grow beneath the soil * Rhizome(luya), Tuber(potato, kamote), Corm(onion-like),Bulb(onion)

2. As to texture * Herbaceous * Very little woody tissue * Chiefly annual and die after flowering and producing seeds * Composed only of primary tissues * Woody * Well developed woody tissue * Chiefly perennial * Composed of primary and secondary tissues * Covered with corky bark

3. As to direction of growth * Erect * Ascending * Decumbent * Prostrate * Creeping * Climbing 4. As to increase in diameter * Exogenous stems * Characteristics of dicot * Capable of unlimited increase in diameter due to secondary tissues * Endogenous stems * Characteristics of monocot * Not capable of unlimited increase in diameter due to absence of secondary tissues *Leaves are attached to stems at nodes & have lateral buds that can develop into new stems or branches *Internode is space between nodes on a stem *Vascular Tissue is arranged in bundles with xylem toward the inside & phloem toward the outside *Vascular bundles are scattered throughout monocot stems *Vascular bundles are arranged in rings in dicot stems C. Leaf * Flat surfaces helps leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis * Convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars (glucose) * Some leaves store food (onion) and water * Protect (cactus spines) * Attached by a stem-like petiole to the plant * Simple leaves have one blade, while compound leaves have several leaflets * Covered with a single layer of cells called epidermis (upper & lower) * A waxy cuticle prevents water loss * Openings called stomata on the underside of leaves for gas exchange (CO2 & O2) * Two guard cells on either side of the stomata open & close the openings *When guard cells LOSE water, the stoma CLOSE, while the stoma OPEN when guard cells gain water & swell *Stomata are CLOSED during the HOTTEST parts of the day to prevent water loss from leaves *Below the epidermis are 2 types of chlorophyll containing MESOPHYLL cells ---palisade & spongy *PALISADE mesophyll cells are closely packed columnar cells (most photosynthesis occurs here) *SPONGY mesophyll cells are loosely packed with air spaces containing CO2 & O2 *VASCULAR BUNDLES (xylem & Phloem) in the spongy mesophyll appear as VEINS on the surface of the leaf * Vascular bundles * Contains sclerenchymatous fiber or collenchyma cells * Xylem – composed of vessel elements located toward the upper epidermis * Phloem – composed of Sieve tube members and companion cells located toward the lower epidermis * VENATION is the arrangement of veins in a leaf * Monocots leaves (such as Grasses or Corn Plants) have Parallel Venation * Dicots leaves form a Branched network called Net Venation D. Seed * There are two main types of seeds -- naked and enclosed. * All cone-bearing plants have naked, or uncovered, seeds. * All flowering plants have seeds enclosed by an ovary. * The ovaries of such plants as apples, berries, and grapes develop into a fleshy fruit. * In other plants, including beans and peas, the ovaries form a dry fruit. Seeds consists of three main parts: (1) the seed coat * The seed coat, or outer skin, protects the embryo, which contains all the parts needed to form a new plant. (2) the embryo (3) the endosperm * The endosperm nourishes the embryo until it can make its own food. * The endosperm of a monocot contains one cotyledon, and that of a dicot has two cotyledons. E. Flower

Petal- Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may have guidelines on them and be scented. Stigma- Is covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will adhere to. Style- The style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease the likelihood of pollen contamination. It varies in length. Ovary- This protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken place it will become the fruit. Ovule- The Ovule is like the egg in animals and once fertilization has taken place will become the seed. Receptacle- This is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in some cases becomes part of the fruit after fertilization e.g. strawberry. Flower stalk- Gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the insects. Nectary- This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract insects. Sepal- Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from a bud. Filament- This is the stalk of the Anther. Anther- * The Anthers contain pollen sacs. * The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that brush against insects on entering the flowers. * Once the pollen is deposited on the insect..it is transferred to the stigma of another flower. * The ovule is then able to be fertilized.

Male | Female | Stamen Anther Filament | Pistil Ovary Stigma Ovule Style | 2 Types of flowers: Perfect vs. Imperfect 1. Imperfect * a flower that has either all male parts or all female parts * EX: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons 2. perfect * a flower that has both male and female parts in the same flower * EX: roses, lilies, and dandelions

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