...Physical Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section B – Human Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section C – Essay Questions (You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B) [pic] |Plate tectonics and associated hazards |Ecosystems: Change and Challenge | | | | |Plate movement |Nature of ecosystems | |Earth structure, plate tectonics theory: convection |Structure of ecosystems, energy flows, trophic levels, | |currents and sea-floor spreading. Evidence: |food chains and food webs. | |continental drift and palaeomagnetism. | | |Destructive, constructive and conservative plate |Ecosystems in the British Isles over time | |margins. Processes: seismicity and vulcanicity. |Succession and climatic climax: illustrated...
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...Physical Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section B – Human Geography Structured Questions o 1 from Section C – Essay Questions (You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B) [pic] |Plate tectonics and associated hazards |Ecosystems: Change and Challenge | | | | |Plate movement |Nature of ecosystems | |Earth structure, plate tectonics theory: convection |Structure of ecosystems, energy flows, trophic levels, | |currents and sea-floor spreading. Evidence: |food chains and food webs. | |continental drift and palaeomagnetism. | | |Destructive, constructive and conservative plate |Ecosystems in the British Isles over time | |margins. Processes: seismicity and vulcanicity. |Succession and climatic climax: illustrated...
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...Structure and composition of the Earth The overall composition of the Earth is very similar to that of meteorites, and because of this, it is thought that the Earth originally formed from Planetesimals composed largely of metallic iron and silicates. What makes Earth unique? Soon after the Earth formed, unique processes occurred - division into metallic core, silicate mantle and crust - which, along with surface water, made it different from the other planets in our Solar System. The formation of the early mantle was important as it consisted primarily of ferromagnesium silicate minerals, some of which contained water as an essential component (e.g. amphibole group minerals). Water-bearing magmas (molten rock) from deep in the lower mantle then rose towards the surface (being liquid, they were lighter than the surrounding solid rock) and emerged as volcanic eruptions. The Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere developed from the degassing (loss of gaseous elements such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) of the early-formed core and mantle during this volcanic activity. In the present, abundant gases are still released from the Earth during volcanic eruptions and these are mainly composed of water (77%), carbon dioxide (12%), sulfur dioxide (7%), and nitrogen (3%), with minor amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur, chlorine and argon. The Earth can be divided into two main parts. Atmosphere: measured from the surface of the Earth upwards to 150 km (anything above this...
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...“Human Response to Volcanic Hazards is the Same Everywhere” Discuss this statement Each year, there are approximately 60 volcanic eruptions across the globe. It is extremely difficult to predict the exact location, ferocity or timing of a volcanic hazard, therefore risks are imminent and potentially dangerous. A volcanic hazard comes from tectonic plates (large rigid blocks of the earth’s surface which appear to move as a unit) colliding with each other or moving apart, disrupting the ground beneath us, allowing magma to rise up through the crust. Hazards are events, natural or man made, that affects human life, property or activity. A response is the methods that humans take to reduce future risks, or prevent damage during in a hazard. Evacuation plans are in place in both MEDCs and LEDCs, however a lack of education about hazards and human resistance to government advice can have implications on responses. Evacuation plans can be put into place in order to respond to hazards. One such example is used in the Bay of Napoli, Italy where the volcano Vesuvius is active. There are 3 zones; Red, yellow and blue. The red zone is subject to the most danger, including pyroclastic flows, gases, landslides and ash. There is a population of just under 550mila living in this zone, therefore if an eruption is highly anticipated, then the entire area will be evacuated as soon as possible. The yellow zone will most likely be affected by only pyroclastic particles, such as ash, and it is...
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...Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Tyler Turner Strayer Introduction to Physical Science SCI 110 Prof. Amanda Slaughter June 5, 2016 Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation In this paper I will be discussing different causes and effects of global warming. First we will look at comparing and contrasting natural versus anthropogenic climate changes and include examples of each type. We will then discuss which position I will take in wither global warming exists or not. After that we will I will assess two current mitigation strategies for global warming and analyze the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy. Lastly we will look at the policy changes that I would propose to help stabilize global climate, and what business sectors or nations would be held to stricter standards to my proposed policy. To start this paper off I will first look at comparing and contrasting natural versus anthropogenic climate changes and providing examples of both. But I think to start off we need to first know what natural climate change and anthropogenic climate change are. Natural climate changes are anything that effect the climate of the earth in natural ways, for example the sun, the moon, the atmosphere. But what is anthropogenic climate change? Anthropogenic climate change is defined as; “the production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity” ("Anthropogenic Climate Change," n.d.). Let us first look at natural climate changes, and what causes these type of changes. There...
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...Missions: Oklahoma Christian University is a higher learning community, which transforms lives for Christian faith, scholarship, and service. The mission of OC's Department of Chemistry & Physics is to transform the lives of all students who come our way. This includes students who have chosen chemistry, biochemistry, or forensic science as a major; students majoring in biology, nursing, engineering; pre-health professional students; and general education students needing education in chemistry, physics, or general physical science. We wish to transform their lives in a manner that they will be prepared for graduate-level studies, professional programs, or entry-level positions in the workforce. They will have an in-depth knowledge of their area of study and an attitude of service, ethical behavior, and willingness for hard work. They will have a renewed Christian faith, a lifelong desire for spiritual maturity, and a desire for lifelong learning about God’s creation. Physical Science I: The Earth GNSC 2313 Physical Geography GEOG 2313 Spring 2014 Lecture (all sections): M W F 12:30 – 1:20 PM in PEC 229 Lab Sections: 01 T 8:00 – 8:50 AM in NSW 111 02 T 11:30 AM – 12:20 PM in NSW 111 03 T 12:30 PM – 1:20 PM in NSW 111 Instructor: Dr. Amanda Nichols Office: NSW-HSH 202M Phone: x5420 E-Mail: amanda.nichols@oc.edu (best way to contact me) Course Websites: Blackboard (http://bb.oc.edu/) and MasteringGeology (http://www.masteringgeology...
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...being asked to write, and what this requires you to do. In general essays fall along a continuum between those that ask you to describe a particular phenomenon, and those that ask to discuss, analyse, criticize and debate particular issues. At university essays increasingly tend to fall into the latter discussion type. These types of essay require you to go beyond simply repeating what you have been told towards thinking about the information you have found and knitting it into an argument. TIP: If you are not sure what the essay requires you to do, ask the person setting the question about what they want. Analysing the Question: Answering the Question A key point to remember as you prepare you essay is that no matter how well you write the essay, if you do not actually answer the question you will not do well. This seems an obvious point, but in the heat of the moment it is often neglected. To help you stay on track you can do two simple tasks: first, have a close look at the essay question; second, as you prepare and write your essay continue to look at the question and think if what you are doing matches what the question requires. Essay Writing and Format Guide 6 It is important to pay close attention to the essay question because the way in which the question is worded often gives clues to the way in which the question is designed to be answered. To help you understand an essay question a simple step is to divide the question up between content words, and command...
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...Topic: What begins people’s discovery of science? Thesis: “Hypotheses non fingo,” Newton confidently claimed. Therefore, he arbitrarily excluded the “hypothesis” from the experimental philosophy. Affected by him, more and more remarks neglected the importance of the “hypotheses” since then. As a result, it becomes a common view that discovery should proceed from analytic methods stricto sensu. Then, what is the real definition of hypothesis in Newton’s opinion ? Will he believe in intuition? Therefore, I will try to explain the definition of both “hypothesis” and “intuition”, and then attach significance to the “intuition” to show how the intuition begins a new discovery of science and struggle to prove that sometimes, the intuition can be a quite strong power to lead us to reach our confirmations. Outline: 1. The moment when I realize the importance of the intuition (Faraday) 2. The definition of hypothesis and intuition 3. The supporter- Einstein (using his examples as detailed ones) 4. The other famous successful discoveries in four different fields: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography (describing the main story of each example) 5. How should we treat the intuition? What should we do after the intuition? 6. The conclusion includes 1) The importance of the intuition, 2) The significant role it has acted in the history of science, 3) Its efficiency of finding a certain answer, 4) An interesting analogy to show the role of intuition Body: ...
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...solutions is a catch 22 however, I think it is worth researching instead of banning it completely. Fracking seems to have quite a bit of benefits to our economy lowering the unemployment rate and creating 600,000 jobs. It also gives the US a leg up in natural gas production making us less reliable on foreign oil and other countries and making the US the lead in natural gas production. As a result, fracking is a way for the US to slow down our damage to the environment and is a way to grow our economy. For that reason, I believe it should still be an option for oil companies to venture into. I think with research as to how fracking can be done without damaging the earth’s tectonic plates and possibly finding sites far from residential homes where fracking can take place without hurting our other natural resources, the US can find a way to fracking an all around good resolution to two of our nations biggest problems. 2. While fracking might have flown under the radar during the Industrial Revolution, the relationship era requires companies to build long-term relationships with customers—some of whom may oppose the practice. Imagine that you’re a marketing manager for a gas company that is about to venture into fracking. What steps will you take to maintain current customers? How will you address potential new ones? Fracking appears to be a serious controversial issue that I find hard to get those who oppose to agree with. I think the best way to market fracking...
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...coloring and mix them. the alcohol will be the one on the top, because alcohol is less dense than water. 2. Water: molecular mass of 18.015, density of 1 g/cm³ at 4°C, refractive index of 1.3330, solid form less dense than the liquid form, amphoteric properties, boiling point of 100°C at atmospheric pressure, not flammable. Alcohol: molecular mass of 46.07, density of 0.789 g/cm³, refractive index of 1.36242, solid denser than the liquid, slightly more acidic than water, boiling point of 78°C at atmospheric pressure, highly flammable Water (along with life) is what sets our planet apart from our neighbors and it is the topic of this chapter. The hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth, but this is a little misleading since it gives the impression that there is one place where water occurs. Instead, water is everywhere, or nearly so. Water is present in the atmosphere, in the form of vapor, liquid, and solid. It is tied up in rocks, locked away in the crystal lattices of minerals that make up rocks; it occurs in the innumerable small pore spaces of rocks, from the surface to depths greater than 5 km. Water is also tied up in living organisms; humans, for example, contain about 70% water. Water is stored in ice sheets large and small, it occurs in various surface water bodies, and, of course the oceans, the reservoir of the great majority of Earth's water. The hydrosphere, then, is intimately tied up with all of the other spheres that make up our whole Earth system. ...
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...Introduction The following summary report will review the events that took place in a movie called “2012” that was released in the year 2009. The report will provide a review of the plot but it will primarily break it down into the main scientific information the writers choose to include and the validity of their claims. It will also provide the geological landmarks that were used throughout the film. The creators of the film took advantage of some very high-quality special effects to dramatize what it might be like if the Earth was to come to an abrupt end. The plot of the movie choose to focus in on the propaganda and conspiracies that many people actually believed to be true about the winter solstice of the year 2012. These conspirators believed that on December 21, 2012 the world as we know it would come to an end. Obviously now in the year 2013 we know that we have successfully survived this “catastrophic” event and it is safe to say these claims had/have no scientific merit behind them. The people who believed these claims prior to the date they feared so much thought that all the planets in our solar system would align, and that this planetary alignment would set forth a series of events that would result in the end of the world. They also concluded that a Mayan calendar would also be ending on this same date. If only the people who bought into these claims took the time to research their validity they would have been able to learn that planetary alignment of all the...
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...Table of content: Abstract 3 I. INTRODUCTION 4 II. Theory 1: GLOBAL WARMING IN THE PAST 5 • Article 1: Volcanism • Article 2: Orbital variation • Article 3: Solar output • Article 4: Plate tectonic • Article 5: Solar radiation III. Theory2: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 7 • Article1: Carbon Dioxide • Article2: Methane • Article Ni trous Oxide • Article Ozone • Article4: Synthetic Chemicals • Article 5: Aerosols IV. Theory3: EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 13 • Article 1: Weather • Article 2: Ice Sheets and Glaciers • Article 3: Sea Level • Article 4: Agriculture • Article 5: Plants and Animals V. Theory4: The impact of global warming on humanity 22 • Article 1: Extreme storm affects health and infrastructure • Article 2: Heat wave increase death and illness • Article 3: Water and food supplies threatened • Article 4: Drinkable water become increasingly contaminated • Article 5: Large numbers of environmental refugee VI. Theory5: EFFORTS TO CONTROL GLOBAL WARMING 23 • Article 1: Carbone Capture • Article 2: Energie Sources • Article 3: koyoto • Article 4: Programs in the United States • Article 5: Montreal protocol CONCLUSION 27 Bibliography 28 Abstract: Throughout its long history, earth has warmed and cooled time, and again. Climate has changed...
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...Indian Infrastructure With all the battering that we do to the infrastructure sector, there is also some good news. First is that Gross Capital Formation in Infrastructure is increasing. The 10th Plan average was 5.1 per cent of GDP. It is expected to be 7.1 per cent in the 11th Plan and estimated to go up to 9.7 per cent in the 12th Plan. In the early 1990s, we used to envy China at 9 per cent, saying can we ever match China when we were doing 3 per cent. This is tremendous good news, where across shades of different political dispensation we have had a silent movement of the tectonic plates of India's infrastructure geoplates. To achieve this in the kind of polity and democracy we are, in a space of 15 years, has been a major structural shift. Second, private-public-partnership is above expectations. During the 10th Plan, 25 per cent of our infrastructure was through PPP. The 10th Plan was largely driven by telecom and the early power projects. In the 11th Plan, the target was 30 per cent, but we achieved 37 per cent and in the 12th Plan there is reasonable confidence that we will do 50 per cent. This is a major change in India's infrastructure development. In the 10th Plan, the investment was $220 billion, of which 25 per cent came through PPP. In the 11th Plan, it is almost $480-500 billion of that 37 per cent, and 50 per cent of $1,000 billion in the 12th Plan. The third is we constantly debunk the Planning Commission. India is one of the few countries that officially publishes...
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...Answers to Conceptual Integrated Science End-of-Chapter Questions Chapter 1: About Science Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions 1 The era of modern science in the 16th century was launched when Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view of the heliocentric universe, using experiments to study nature’s behavior. 2 In Conceptual Integrated Science, we believe that focusing on math too early is a poor substitute forconcepts. 3 We mean that it must be capable of being proved wrong. 4 Nonscientific hypotheses may be perfectly reasonable; they are nonscientific only because they are not falsifiable—there is no test for possible wrongness. 5 Galileo showed the falseness of Aristotle’s claim with a single experiment—dropping heavy and lightobjects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 6 A scientific fact is something that competent observers can observe and agree to be true; a hypothesis is an explanation or answer that is capable of being proved wrong; a law is a hypothesis that has been tested over and over and not contradicted; a theory is a synthesis of facts and well-tested hypotheses. 7 In everyday speech, a theory is the same as a hypothesis—a statement that hasn’t been tested. 8 Theories grow stronger and more precise as they evolve to include new information. 9 The term supernatural literally means “above nature.” Science works within nature, not above it. 10 They rely on subjective personal experience and do not lead to testable hypotheses. They lie outside...
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...Must one argue that America was built on the values of freedom? If this is true, which history has already proven it is, then why are we stripping the rights of our youth by requiring them to participate in mandatory volunteering? Before one can even begin to answer this they must also ask what is volunteering? In short it is offering to do something “freely”. Schools should not force our students to participate in volunteering, because they are inevitably causing the youth to be rebellious and devaluing the appreciation for true volunteering. While volunteering may be a seemingly good thing, mandatory volunteering causes young adolescents to rebel against community service and volunteer work. According to the Cognitive Evaluation Theory study, people tend to resist and lose interest in what is being asked of them when they feel they are being controlled by an outside source because of the human nature of individualism(Pearce 1).This is already seen in other school situations, such as with homework. Many children will often refuse to do rudimentary or simple homework assignments. Throughout history, volunteering has evolved into a cultural connection; a common characteristic of humans on a local, national, and global level is the desire to help one another. Although this statement is not necessarily true for every individual, most people feel an urgency to assist friends, family members, coworkers, and/or strangers in need or in crisis. Why should we volunteer? Many people...
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