...1. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson and Cumming v. Richmond equal but separated was being demonstrated. However, in reality, it is never separate and equal instead unequal. In Plessy v. Ferguson case, Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, by violating the Louisiana law. However by declining Plessy’s argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Court ruled that the state law did not violate the rights. Furthermore, the Supreme Court upheld the state’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson because the constitution provides separation of power between the state and the federal government. Also, according to the 14th amendment, it provides equal protection for all. This means as long as rights are being preserved it is not a violation...
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...The Plessy Vs. Ferguson court case was an unjust and predjudice trial. An African American man who sat in the first-class section of a train on June 7, 1892 was asked to be seated in the Jim Crow Cars although he had already bought a first-class ticket. After refusing peacefully, Plessy was arrested and trial was set for five months later. The case ultimately moved up to the United States Supreme Court. Plessy Vs. Ferguson hearing would “challenge the definition of race itself” and eventually the case was overturned in 1954. The United States Supreme Court’s ruling was an unjustified verdict based on relativism and deontological ethics. Homer Plessy boarded a train that was on it’s way to Covington, Louisiana. He bought a first-class train ticket and was well dressed, but he was not accepted into first class because he was an African American. The train conductor, John J. Dowling asked Plessy if he was in the proper coach not because of his train ticket but because of his race which wasn’t easily seen. Plessy was so...
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...Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Background • June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in “White” section of the East Louisiana Railroad • Considered black despite of his light complexion • He was “creole”- black person w/ background of French, Spanish & Caribbean • Violated 13th & 14th amendment Decision • The precedent that “separate” facilities for blacks & whites were constitutional as long as they were “equal” • This satisfies the 14th amendment • Facilities were always inferior to whites( restrooms, theaters, public schools) Chapter 3: Industrialization, Workers, & New Immigration Industrial Revolution • 18th and 19th century • Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport & technology • Marks turning point in human...
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...Plessy v. Ferguson In 1896 the United States Supreme Court upheld a case that changed segregation. The Plessy v. Ferguson case declared that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were equal. This court case set the “Separate but Equal” laws. After this court case was unjustified the black communities became outraged. In 1892 a man named Homer Plessy was taking a train to from New Orleans, LA to Covington, LA. Plessy could easily pass for white but he was considered black by the law. Plessy decided that he was going to sit in the white car instead of the black car. He identified himself as a black male and was arrested. Plessy was arrested for violating and 1890 Louisiana statue. The statue provided...
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...Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown v. Board of education is not a case just about education and children, it is a case of everybody being equal. Brown v. Board of Education was a beginning for American people to understand that separate but equal is not the same. The Brown case revealed this. It was the reason why blacks and whites do not have separate accomodations any more. Separate and equal does not exist any more, Brown v. Board of eduacation made everyone equal. The first case in which African American challenged the doctrine of separate but equal in the United States public education system was in Boston Massachusetts in 1849. Prior to Brown v. Board (1954), from 1881 to 1949 there were eleven cases initiated to try an integrate schools in Kansas. The schools that the African American children attended were not equal to their white counterparts. Most of the time the African American students had to travel farther than white students to get to their schools. The schools for African Americans were run down with-of-date text books used for studies and those schools...
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...Ferguson unconstitutional, a feat that would immensely impact both white and black Americans and the course of how the country will run. Marshall, an African American himself, had become known for being involved in civil rights cases and was “trumpeted as the one man able to defend black Americans against the Klan, racist judges, and bigoted small-town cops” (McNeese). The opportunity for the Supreme Court take a stand against racism opened on December 9, 1952. The prosecution centered around the 14th Amendment which states, “No state has any authority under the equal protection of clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to use race as a factor in affording the educational opportunities among its citizens” (Constitution). The prosecution had a range of expert witnesses that they called to the stand to develop the disastrous effects that segregation has on young children. Dr. Hugh Speer, the chair of Education at the University of Kansas City, served as an expert witness to the trial after performing studies on the public schools in Topeka. He found that in every case the white schools were physically superior to the black schools (McNeese). Horace B. English, a psychology professor from Ohio State University, was deemed an expert witness and testified that segregation of black...
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...He attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and graduated a year early in 1925 with a B grade average. Subsequently, he went to Lincoln University which was the first degree granting historically black university in America. He intended on studying medicine and become a dentist, but he later studied Law. Among his classmate were: poet Langston Hughes and musician ‘Cab Calloway. He did not take studies seriously at first, but his marriage to Vivien Burey in September 1929 encouraged him to take his studies seriously and he graduated with honors’ Bachelor of Arts in Humanities with a major in American literature and philosophy. Marshall was to study in the University of Maryland School of law, but he did not apply due to the segregation policy. He later attended Howard university school of law and he graduated first in his class in 1933. He eventually started a private law practice in Baltimore. At the age of 32, he won US Supreme Court case ‘chambers vs...
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...In many cases, it is difficult to align scientific advances and history to psychological theories. What can be said with confidence is that many psychological theories would not have existed without the contexts of some of the dominant social systems that existed worldwide. In cases where there were not many major historical events, scientific advances or psychological theories, the distributions of such events seems to be similar (i.e., 2011-present). It is possible that with more major historical events and advances in science and medicine, the more psychological theories seemed to be...
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...Ricci v. DeStefano Jennifer Drab Baker College Abstract Ricci v. DeStefano is case based on reverse discrimination. The New Haven firefighters that brought this suit against the city did so on the belief that the city in its efforts to avoid litigation violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Reverse discrimination is a term that is used widely; however, it is very difficult to move forward with this claim in a court of law. The New Haven firefighters that brought the suit had their case heard before the Supreme Court of the United States. This was not a case that the justices took lightly; they asked many difficult questions, which looked at many different aspects of Title VII. The answer from the high court is that rejecting the test scores in fear of Title VII litigation is not grounds enough to disqualify candidates that qualified for promotion. In the end, the high court upheld the firefighters claim that the city’s rejection of the exam scores violated the rights of those that qualified based on the exam. Introduction Ricci v. DeStefano, is case of reverse discrimination within the fire department of New Haven, Connecticut. This case is an illustration that affirmative action does not always result in fairness. New Haven city officials created a very comprehensive written examination for testing those fire fighters that were looking to be promoted to captain and lieutenant (Epstein, 2009). Unfortunately, the examination showed that there was disparity...
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...Brooke Baker A.P US History Court Cases I. Marbury v. Madison a) Issue: i) Judicial v. Executive and Congressional Power ii) Judicial review/separation of powers b) Background: i) 1803 ii) In his last few hours in office, President John Adams made a series of “midnight appointments” to fill as many government posts as possible with Federalists. One of these appointments was William Marbury as a federal justice of the peace. However, Thomas Jefferson took over as President before the appointment was officially given to Marbury. Jefferson, a Republican, instructed Secretary of State James Madison to not deliver the appointment. Marbury sued Madison to get the appointment he felt he deserved. He asked the Court to issue a writ of mandamus, requiring Madison to deliver the appointment. The Judiciary Act, passed by Congress in 1789, permitted the Supreme Court of the United States to issue such a writ iii) Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act c) Decision: i) John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional ii) The Supreme Court has the right of judiciary review d) Significance: i) Impact of Marshall Court ii) Strengthened the judiciary in relation to other branches of government iii) Allows Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional II. McCulloch v. Maryland a) Issue: i) Supremacy v. State Rights ...
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...Movers and Shakers in Education The purpose of this paper is to evaluation and identifies the efforts and inspirations of four important individuals in history who facilitated to shape the American educational system. However the four people deliberated in this paper are definitely not the only ones who left a permanent mark upon the history of our American educational system we have in the present day, their works and morals that laid the groundwork upon which our educational system today was built. Common School Movement Horace Mann is recognized with creating the first state board of education in 1837, whereby schools were managed by a state system. He was a leader in the Common School Movement and believed that teaching standards were in great need of improvement and that instructors should be paid better. He brought a great deal of focus onto current school conditions and prompted discussions on ways to improve them. Because of him, school conditions were improved and better prepared. Mr. Horace Mann was essential in helping to prompt teacher training organizations (known as normal schools) and significantly successful in raising the standards of not just schools, but universities as well. He has been referred to as “The Father of American Education”, (gcumedia.com, 2012). His way of life was conditional upon the state to make sure all children were provided the opportunity to receive an education(www.ait.net). The...
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...The (un)Official United States History Cram Packet This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a powerful tool for review. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain 1497: John Cabot lands in North America. 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain. 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast. 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley. 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States. 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida. 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California. 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635:...
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...Is Racial Antipathy Increasing? The Polarizing Effect of Obama’s Presidency Abstract Previous research has shown that individuals who are highly conservative are more likely to hold negative perceptions of African-Americans and other minorities. Furthermore, racial antipathy affects the way individuals perceive Barack Obama. In light of recent trends, this study tested whether individuals who identify themselves as Republicans are substantially more likely to maintain negative racial attitudes. The study also investigated whether white Americans are more likely than other racial groups to harbor racial prejudices and disapprove of Barack Obama. Results from this study indicated that racial resentment plays a significant role in contemporary politics. Data from between-subjects ANOVA and correlational analysis suggested that the Democratic Party and Republican Party are polarized in regards to racial issues. Moreover, conservative whites are the most likely racial group to hold racial prejudices against African-Americans. Finally, disapproval of President Obama is highly associated with high levels of negative racial stereotypes. Keywords: race, antipathy, conservatism, prejudices, Obama Is Racial Antipathy Increasing? The Polarizing Effect of Obama’s Presidency In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become President of the United States. His election marked a pivotal turning point in American politics. To millions, Obama’s election signaled...
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...Americans it may seem ironic that The United States of America is known as “the land of the free” considering that majority of their ancestors entered the US as slaves. African Americans were brought to North America via the middle passage which originated during the fifteenth century. They were enslaved for approximately 400 hundred years until the end of the Civil War in 1865. Although African Americans were enslaved in America, they were determine to survive and one day be freed in this great country. During The African American’s journey to freedom several significant events took place which was inclusive of but not limited to: The Civil Rights Movement of 1865-1877, Separate but Equal Legislation (Plessy vs. Ferguson court case) in 1896, The Harlem Renaissance of 1920, Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, The March on Washington Movement of 1963, and The Black Power Movement of the late 1960s and 1970. I will discuss the significance of these events in relation to the African American journey to freedom and how they have help shape American society today. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF 1865-1877 Frequently when one hears of the Civil Rights Movement we automatically think of the Civil Rights events that had taken place in the 1950-1970s. However, the Civil Rights Movement actually began in the 1860-1870s immediately following the Conclusion of the Civil War. After hundreds of years of enslavement of African Americans, the Civil War was fought with the intent to abolish slavery...
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...Warriors Don’t Cry: Notes, Summaries, and Other Information Key Facts full title · Warriors Don’t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High author · Melba Patillo Beals type of work · Memoir genre · Nonfiction, memoir, biography language · English time and place written · 1990s, The United States date of first publication · 1994 publisher · Pocket Books narrator · Melba Patillo Beals point of view · The book is the story of Melba’s teenage life, and the adult writer, Melba, is both the narrator and the protagonist. Melba tells the story from the first person point of view. tone · Restrained anger tense · Past setting (time) · Early 1950s setting (place) · Little Rock, Arkansas protagonist · Melba Patillo major conflicts · The attempt made by Melba and eight other African-American students to integrate into Little Rock High School rising action · The Supreme Court rules in Brown v. the Board of Education that separate schools are not equal; Melba volunteers to go to the all-white Central High School; Melba and eight other African-American students enter Central High. climax · Ernie becomes the first black student to graduate from Central High School. falling action · Unable to return for a second year at Central High School, Melba moves to California and lives with a white family; she becomes a journalist and reports on injustices around the world. themes · The shifting of power through...
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