...offer unmitigated benefits for police and public safety. This claim is almost valid, yet with flaws. While those weapons are introduced to offer a safer alternative in comparison to firearms, their main intention is to incapacitate without causing permanent harm or death to the person (Heal, 1999), unlike firearms. Taser (2015) claimed that the purpose of their products are “to save lives”, “help keep officers and subjects safe”. They listed a study from Houston Police Department, who shows that their products reduced suspect injuries by 60% when their smart weapons were deployed. Although the less-lethal weapons are the ideal force below firearms, hence...
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...the overall number of accidents by approximately 15%. In particular, the study indicated that the rear-end accidents increased by approximately 40%, apparently because RLCs cause drivers to break abruptly and unexpectedly [Retting, Ferguson, and Hakkert, 2003]. Garber et al. [2005] also found the same trend while evaluating RLC enforcement programs in Virginia. Erke [2009] also found out that right angle accidents reduced by approximately 10%, the target crashes for RLC [Erke, 2009]. Practitioners have taken several steps to reduce red-light running activities. Traditionally, police patrols have been used to enforce red-light running. However, this approach has significant setbacks because police departments have limited resources and violators learn to avoid police [Martinez and Porter, 2006]. Violators know that enforcement is irregular, and inconsistent. For example, Porter and Berry [2001] show that police are likely to stop only two out of ten violators. Another approach taken to reduce red-light running is configuring light cycles in accordance to the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) protocol that is increasing the duration times for amber and red intervals. This reduces injury associated crashes by approximately 12%, and pedestrian-bicycle crashes by approximately 37% [Retting, Chapline and Williams, 2002]. While estimating the effects of RLC enforcement on per capita fatal crash rates at signalized intersections, Hu et al. (2011) used Poisson regression distributions...
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...stops although representing only 26% and 24% of the New York City population. In comparison to the number of arrests of each group in the previous year (used as a proxy for the rate of criminal behavior), blacks were stopped 23% and hispanics 39% more often than whites (pg.18).” The way in which the data was collected was by the authors “using hierarchical multilevel models to adjust for precinct-level variability, thus directly addressing the question of geographic heterogeneity that arises in the analysis of pedestrian stops (pg.1).” Even with the data that they collected they determined that ‘African and Hispanic descent were stopped more frequently than whites.” Having these findings presented, the question is why are minorities being stopped more frequently than whites. To answer this question we must understand that people have biases, and have subconscious biases. With members in law enforcement being human, they also suffer...
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...Introduction In past years, police officers had the responsibility of patrolling particular areas of town where crime would most likely occur; also, they were dependent on citizens reporting crime. CompStat was adopted to help police officers become more aware of crime in a particular area without necessarily doing their normal patrols in particular areas of town. CompStat helps many police departments to utilize different sources and place necessary resources in areas where crime is more common; whereas, many police could not to respond in a timelyto the time. By usg the CompStat system they have a statistical chance of being where they need to be at the right time. COMPSTAT (COMPuter STATistics) is used as a law enforcement crime fighting strategy by the New York City Police Department. CompStat uses Geographic information system (GIS) to map the locations of where crimes occur, identify: hotspots”, and map problem areas. CompStat has amassed a wealth of historical crime data which are used by Mathematicians to design and develop algorithms for predicting future crimes. The CompStat process can be summarized in one simple statement: "Collect, analyze, and map crime data and other essential police performance measures on a regular basis, and hold police managers accountable for their performance as measured by these data(The CompStat Process, 2003). a. Input CompStat is an information-driven managerial process. Accurate and timely information is important. The basic information...
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...Development of Police Agencies and Their Jurisdiction Derek Dortch CJA/204 - Introduction to Criminal Justice Prof. A. Mendoza April 18, 2012 When exploring the historical development of police agencies and their jurisdiction it is important to understand that there are several branches of agencies. The government has created certain laws by the legislative branch to protect individual’s rights and wellbeing. As a result, Law Enforcement has always played a vital role in protecting and serving the community ranging from local, state and federal jurisdictions. However, Law Enforcement has gone through drastic changes in their tactics and strategies since the beginning in 1626 and now especially after the terrorist attacks on 9/11. To understand how time has changed in the development of police agencies it is substantial to be informed on the history and present law enforcement. To have a future there must be a past and history that will influence the progression in any society or government. The American police departments were heavily influenced by the British model there have been numerous changes that have occurred over time which has made this system unique. The system now is made up of three tiers of law enforcement. Local enforcement being one of the tiers of law enforcement is the most commonly and oldest known agency. Local police agencies include: campus police, transit police, municipal departments and rural sheriff’s departments. Each local police agency is...
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...Historical Policy Comparison Jermaine Hunt, Jason McFadden, Kendra Williams, Michael Dasher CJA/464 December 10, 2013 Ken Jones Historical Policy Comparison Criminal justice policy over the past 50 has evolved. The key issues of criminal justice policies were gangs, drugs, juvenile, root causes of crime, and gun control. Currently, the key issues are terrorism, illegal immigration, and global organized crime. Traditionally, criminal justice policies were issued by state and local governments. However, the federal government plays an important role in implementation of criminal justice policy. The federal government provides grants to local and state governments to support these criminal justice policies. Criminal justice agencies at the local and state level have to enforce these policies made by federal and state officials. Nevertheless, the local and state governments still bear much of the responsibility. States operate law enforcement agencies, correctional systems, criminal courts system, whereas cities operate the local police departments. Within the past 50 years, criminal justice policies have affected the criminal justice system. The “war on drug” policy has poured billions of dollars into the criminal justice system, although drug-related violence and drugs remain a problem. The criminal justice policies have gone from drugs polices to sentencing policies and currently to globalization policies. Currently, the criminal justice policies go beyond the United States...
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...Policing Strategy Kimberly Ford AJS/501 – Survey of Justice and Security February 17, 2014 Instructor Melinda Allen CHICAGO ALTERNATIVE POLICING STRAGETY The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy Model is a community based program established to transform policing efforts into an efficient five step process for law enforcement. The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy was started in 1993 as an experimental trial for five different neighborhoods. Once the program was tested for a year, it was implemented into the departmental program across the Chicago area. The purpose of the program was to reduce the events of crime by combining traditional policing strategies with alternative strategies so that the community residents and the police officers could have a working relationship with each other. The motto of the program is, “Together We Can” to bridge the gap of communication between the community and the police services, so they can target the problem areas in the low income housing neighborhoods. The goal of CAPS is to have a proactive approach in preventing crime in the neighborhood, rather than merely reacting to crimes when they happens. Matt L. Rodriguez, Chicago’s Police Superintendent, came up with the idea after studying several different police models trying to get a grasp on all the serious crime that was occurring in the Chicago area. He had a clear vision for five of those areas: Englewood (7th), Marquette (10th), Austin (15th), Morgan Park...
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...Kyle Wright CJA/334 August 13, 2012 Nelly Clotter Conducting Research Police Officers The year was 1870; the idea of collecting crime statistics is discussed between the US Congress and local police executives throughout the year (Investigation, 2006). Their ideas, thoughts, and hurdles overcame them with doubts of funding suck a program. With the overwhelming issues of creating such a program the US Congress and police executives were forced to shut the program down until additional funds and counsel were found. In the early 1920s the ideas of an association gained momentum. “The International Association of Chiefs and Police (IACP) took lead, as it had in many police reforms in the early 20th century” (Investigation, 2006). During this time an advisory group was formed which was head by Director J. Edger Hoover and his technical group to form a criminal statistics program. It was the late 1920s when the gaining momentum of notorious villains like Al Capone, Lester Gillis – AKA “Baby Face” Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, and John Dillinger that the congressional leaders create such a program to track criminal activities. Using a nationwide barometer to measure crime and track its trends the congressional leaders created its first reports (Investigation, 2006). In August 1930, Volume one, Number one of the Uniform Crime Reports “UCR” were issued by the Bureau of Investigation, the United States Department of Justice (Investigation, 2006). Many crimes tracked by UCR like murder, robbery...
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...In the article Victims and Offenders in Two Crime Statistics Programs: A Comparison of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), (herein after NCVS and NIBRS will be called “systems” when referencing the statistics of the nature of the crimes), the comparison of the two reporting systems for crimes are similar. These two reporting systems are a visual representation of the crimes that are reported. They do not account for crimes that are not reporting or crimes that are reported after the date. They report crime only when there is an official report, such as one by the officer that comes to the scene of the crime to take statements from the individuals. NCVS and NIBRS are only report burglary, larceny, aggravated assault, and vehicle theft. They do not report on more serious crimes such as rape or murder. Every report was different for males and females. Males where committing more crimes than female in every category mentioned above for offenders. Aggravated assault victims had more male than female. The crimes where committed against males more than females. This was reported by both systems noting that males where victimized more than females. Robbery was the same way noting that males were victimized more than females. Larceny and vehicle theft on both systems display white people has have being the must victimized out the other races. This includes white males and white females. This is broke down to head of...
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...It is defined as a multi-disciplinary, law enforcement-based strategy that brings together advanced technologies, criminological theory, predictive analysis, and tactical operations that ultimately lead to results and outcomes-crime reduction, management efficiency, and safer communities(Uchida, 2009a). Compare and contrast the new technique and random patrols. From the early 1800s to the 1980s, patrol and criminal investigation dominated policing. Uniformed police patrolled the streets to prevent crime, to interrupt crimes in progress, and to apprehend criminals. However, research since the 1960s has shown the limits of both patrol and investigation for controlling crime. Patrol officers did not effectively prevent crime by questioning suspects, victims, and witnesses. In the 1990s, the police adopted predictive policing strategies in which police initiate action instead of waiting for calls. Patrol remains the backbone of police operations. It consumes most of the resources of police agencies. On patrol, a police officer makes regular circuits or passes through a specific area. Studies of foot patrol indicate that these patrols are costly and do not reduce crime. Because crime is not evenly distributed throughout a community, which means...
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...Chapter 9 * The police as peace officers * This article talks about how a small community (small tribes) operates in comparison to a large community such as a city and, how law and order is uniquely structures in order to cater for those people within that community. It highlights that small communities don’t implement courtrooms and large amounts of rules and regulations for society to run smoothly but rather how everyone looks out for everyone else and that society is run by neighbours being nosy and intervening with other people’s private lives. * It also refers to how technology has helped to make changes to society for the better. E.g. racial rule of motor vehicles. * Talks about how the police officers should be seen as a catalysts or the bridge between how people run their lives and the implementations of law. They shouldn’t been seen merely as law enforcement body but rather a role model in society. By Mehde Chouhdury What is policing? I believe policing has become very diverse and that every year there is more and more responsibilities and, work to be carried out as police officers. So much that there have been other roles implemented recently in the police service, such as police community officers and Special Forces such as dog handler to ease their duties. Policing to me is simply to help people in communities out either directly or refer them to someone who can help them instead. One view I see is that they are simply the enforcer of law and order...
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...Comparative Criminal Justice Essay 1 The goal of comparative studies is to extend a person’s knowledge of people and cultures beyond his or her own groups. Some comparative scholars have a better understanding of their own society and of ways that society might be improved. When thinking about research in comparative justice, there are two questions that we should ask ourselves; what is it that we want to compare? What are the strategies of comparison or the perspectives of comparison? There are issues and problems that when comparing you have to deal with both internal and external to the system of criminal justice. There are multiple perspectives that are to be used: historical, systematic, relativistic, and cultural perspectives. First is the Historical perspective, which is the perspective of understanding the history and the evolution of criminal justice. Before the rise of the nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most of the world societies were ruled for centuries by different monarchies, kingdoms, and colonial powers. China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all had some kind of historical or traditional law. As for China they were under a traditional law that demanded that any offender must confess and voluntarily surrender. But this somewhat changed when the Qing law was reinforced, this caused the obligations to change by making provisions for alternative sentencing for those who surrendered and by lengthening the limitations...
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...of residents that live in the city. Recently the mayor of Kelsey has put in a request to Kerry, the budget director. The request asks that the budget director needs to revamp the City of Kelsey budget for the upcoming year. Because of an increase in population in the City of Kelsey, statistics show an increase in crime in the City of Kelsey that is above the norm. This brings about a need for more police officers (University of Phoenix, 2011). Another issue is the recent reduction in federal pass-through funds, which will have a negative impact the budget for the City of Kelsey. At the federal level, a budget reform has put pressure on the City of Kelsey and other policing agencies to implement the use of federal funds within the allotted period. The mayor of Kelsey does not believe that state aid is an option for the City of Kelsey to make up the budget deficit, and increasing taxes does not appear to be an option because the state and local government does not want to increase taxes as this time. A final issue is a local club; the Sierra Club does not want more police officers and instead wants the City of Kelsey and the state to build more prisons to house the increase of inmates that result from increases in crime (University of Phoenix, 2011). The City of Kelsey budget is vital to the smooth operation of the city because any government organization or government centers their policies, resources, goals, priorities, finances on an organization or government budget...
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...strategise a way to talk and connect with this patient. Empathy is a main component in therapeutic communication as a patient will often feel at ease if he/she feels as though the healthcare worker who is tending to them understands what they are going through. Williams, Boyle and Earl conducted a study of empathy levels using 94 undergraduate paramedic students. The following is a visual representation of the results. The results demonstrate that “The JSPE (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy) empathy level scores were lowest among first-year paramedic students.” (Williams, Boyle and Earl, 2013) Drawing from this study it is interesting to observe that second year paramedic student’s levels of empathy were increased in comparison to first year students. Thus subsequently determining that experience within the workplace environment allows healthcare professionals to familiarise themselves with the skill of empathy in practice via therapeutic...
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...Procedure Policy Paper “A due process model is a type of criminal justice system which is based on the principle that a citizen has some absolute rights and cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards” ("Due Process Model Law," 2001, p. 1). This model involves two aspects which are procedural and substantive. The main focus of the due process model is the power of the government to protect its society with less focus on the individual liberties of the people. Crime control model is a law that refers to a theory of criminal justice which focuses on decreasing the crime in society through increased police and their prosecutorial powers. Since these two models go hand and hand with criminal justice there will be various opinions of the comparisons and the contrasts. Some of the differences amongst the due process model and the crime control model are that people are innocent until proven guilty in the court of law in conjunction with the due process model. This allows for everyone to be able to receive a fair trial. For those who take the crime control model approach believe that people who are arrested, are guilty and are required to receive punishment by the government. Those who believe in the due process model law feel as though that policing within the criminal justice system is vital to maintaining justice amongst the society. For the individuals who back the crime control model feel that apprehending people in the...
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