...to help shift the equilibrium struck in the U.S. as far as statistics of African Americans working in high-paying professional environments are concerned. A consequence of this action was seen in the case Bakke v. UC Regents, a case in which medical schools were setting aside racial quotas and accepting this quota of African-American students even though it was proven that their test scores were generally lower (Abernathy 1233). These quotas are not just for either race and racial equality is ultimately set when race doesn’t play a factor in whether someone gets hired or accepted into a position. There has been a host of court cases in America dealing with this “Affirmative action” issue in colleges and graduate schools. A look at this progression will help people to understand where Affirmative action is today and how colleges accept students based on race. Bakke v. UC Regents is an example case of a bigger issue in America about the fairness of affirmative action. This case is also what the first case to appear that really dealt with a racial bias as it was concerned to acceptance into a professional school. While affirmative action is not the reason in which this school set racial quotas, the idea behind setting it is the same as the idea behind affirmative action. With this information, the parallels may be considered almost identical. UC Regents refers to the governing board of the state medical schools in California. This particular case happened at the University...
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...Looking at Affirmative Action Timothy Eby Southern New Hampshire University Introduction to Critical Thinking PHIL - 111 Dr. Jean Suplizio October 11, 2015 Looking at Affirmative Action THESIS: Explore segments of the inherent disadvantages associated with affirmative action, as experience by non-minority college applicants. Present a relevant objection(s) and a response to the objection. DEFINITIONS: Affirmative action is defined as: “… programs required by federal statutes and regulations to remedy discriminatory practices in hiring minority group members; i.e. positive steps designed to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination, to remedy lingering effects of past discrimination, and to create systems and procedures to prevent future discrimination; commonly based on population percentages of minority groups in a particular area. Factors considered are race, color, sex, creed, and age. National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 306 U.S. 240” (Black, 1990, p. 59). An additional definition can be found in the widely accepted Random House law dictionary: “… any step by a public or private employer, school, institution, or program, beyond the mere cessation of intentional discrimination, to promote diversity, provide opportunities, and alleviate the effects of past discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin or disability” (James, 2000, p. 20). REASON # 1: Colin Powell, the 65th United States Secretary of...
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...Affirmative Action MGMT345 AIU Abstract This paper will discuss Affirmative Action and the initial intent of its legislation. It will discuss the conclusion of Bakke v. Regents and its basis. It will also discuss the positive and negative results of the AA legislation. Affirmative Action Introduction US history has shown us that not everyone has always been considered equal. Americans were allowed to own slaves and work them however they saw fit. After slavery was abolished, African-Americans were still not treated fairly. There was a “separate but equal” state of mind among Americans which kept whites and black separate in the workplace and schools. Once schools and workplaces were segregated the African-Americans were still treated unfairly. Today we see a lot less unfair treatment towards African-American’s because of the Affirmative Action policies and cases like Bakke v. Regents. What is Affirmative Action? What is Affirmative Action? Women and minorities are allowed entry into professions that were formally off limits to them because of affirmative action programs. Initiated in the 1960s this federal agenda was designed to counteract the discrimination towards women and ethnic minorities (Nittle, 2012). This program is meant to promote equal opportunity in employment, education, government sectors, and more. It is not meant to create reverse discrimination but in its modern form affirmative action can cause reverse discrimination by admissions officers...
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...The constitutional issue was Allan Bakke a white male who applied to and was rejected from the regular admissions program, while minority applicants with lower grade point averages and testing scores were admitted under the speciality admissions program. Bakke filed suit, alleging that this admissions system violated the Equal Protection Clause and excluded him on the basis of race. The parties that were involved in the case were Allan Bakke, Supreme Court, Justice Powell, and also the Blacks, Chicanos, Asians, American Indians. The case had taken place by the Supreme Court of the United States which was argued on October 12, 1977, and was decided on June 28, 1978. Before the Supreme Court began when Allan Bakke applied at The Medical School of the University of California at Davis which had two admissions programs for entering the class of 100 students the regular admissions program and the special admissions program. Though he had a 468 out of 500 score in 1973, he was rejected, since no general applicants with scores less than 470 were being accepted after respondent's application, which was filed late in the year, had been processed and completed. In 1974 Bakke had applied early, and though he had a total score of 549 out 600, he was again rejected. In those two years his name was not placed on the discretionary writing list. In both years, special applicants were admitted with significantly lower scores...
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...New Jersey State Police The New Jersey State Police has a lot of history behind it. The State Police has done many good things for the state of New Jersey but still there has been a lot of controversy due to accusations of them not hiring minorities and also pulling people over based on their race or ethnicity. These are obstacles that the State Police have had to confront throughout the years, but overall the State Police was created to help serve and protect the communities of New Jersey. There are many reasons why I want to become a Police Officer and one of them is because I want to help solve crimes. To begin with, in the beginning of the 20th century New Jersey was having a hard time finding sufficient protection for inhabitants who lived in rural areas. There wasn’t much of an effort put into this issue at first and it was overwhelming for NJ because this service all depended on county sheriffs and his constables and more often not this burden was too much for the local sheriffs. Legislation for the creation of the New Jersey State Police came in 1914 but it was not until March 29, 1921 that the State Police Bill was passed, stating that a Statewide Police force was intact. The man who passed the bill was Senator Clarence I. Case who was nicknamed the “Father of the State Police”. NJ would hire Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr. as their first superintendent of the New Jersey State Police who would have the biggest impact on the first State Troopers. Schwarzkopf was a graduate...
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...An issue I deem that is a flaw in the criminal justice system is using racial profiling for the stop-and-frisk policy. Racial profiling is basically the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of committing a crime or an offense. The stop-and-frisk policy is when a police officer stops someone he/she deems suspicious and frisking the person for something. One case that relates to this flaw in the criminal justice system would be the Floyd v. City of New York. The date that this case was filed was on January 31, 2008 by David Floyd, David Ourlicht, Lalit Clarkson and Deon Dennis. This case challenged the New York Police Department’s (NYPD) practices of racial profiling and seeing whether or not the stop and frisk policy...
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...Police departments are facing major issues in today's society. Police departments are greatly understaffed, and sadly they fail to meet there recruitment quota. Money is the main sources of issues we face in America. If money is scarce in certain regions, then some police officers are willing to pack up and move to areas where they may pay more. Quite frankly I see this issue as being something good. For example, the job of a police officer is very risky. They stand the chance of losing their life everyday they are on patrols. If they put their lives on the line to protect the community and its property, then they should be paid something reasonable. The same goes for Soldiers who takes part in the army. My brother and sister are in the army. They have worked their way up to the rank of an E6, they claim that the pay they receive are quite good for the job hey are doing. My brother has spent 3 years in the Middle East, and my sister stayed for 2 years. They both came back to the mainland of America, and are now working on base as a supply sergeant and a recruitment officer. Police officers are more likely now to join the army because of the salary they receive as well as the benefits they will get. They can become an active duty soldier, a military police officer, or any other job of their choice, as long as it’s available, and they gain the right requirements. Homeland security, collects the data’s that has been collected by the police departments so that they can help register...
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...the feeling of public safety, and making law enforcement officers available for service. Police departments today use these nine principles as a foundation of maintaining positive relationships with citizens and their community (FBI, 2012). The Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) of 1829 was established by Sir Robert Peel during his term as the Secretary of England. Peel’s theory rests mainly on his quote “The key to policing is that the police are the people and that the people are the police.” The concept behind the Peelian Principles is preventing crime, not fighting crime. In order for community policing to be proved successful, Peel first established the Metropolitan Police. Because of the success in community policing, today’s police agencies still base their ethics and policies around the nine Peelian Principles as listed below. The first Peelian Principle explains the basic mission of police existence; prevent crime and disorder. The concept of prevention of crime is to the alternative factor of control by legal punishment or military style force (Nazemi, 2012). Most individuals consider the consequences prior to committing a criminal act. The majority of the individuals who do make the decision to commit a crime are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The second Peelian Principle explains the necessity of public approval and to maintain public respect in order for the police to have full capability to perform their duties (Nazemi, 2012). Society demands accountability...
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...Police and ethics Holly McCullough Unit 5 AIU Abstract Local police law enforcements are held to a higher standard then society. When ethics are abused and broken this can cause mistrust among the people and community’s. The community’s in which these police departments work must keep ethics under control and know how to handle the people they are working with dignity and respect. The public expects the law to work on both sides even when a police officer has broken the law they should be treated as a regular person if not harsher because of their job. Police and Ethics At Cook County hospital a very busy emergency room a 59-year old stabbing victim sat in the lobby waiting to be treated became disruptive by cursing and yelling he believed he was waiting too long and was not being treated fast enough. Nurses asked police to intervene to help elevate the complaints coming from others sitting and waiting. A uniformed officer went to the man and handcuffed the man to his wheelchair and then began to beat on him with his baton. It was all documented and caught on videotape. After an internal investigation...
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...Petty crimes were met with a much harsher punishment. Police Commissioner William Bratton was a strong advocate of the broken windows theory and believed that the New York City Police Department was responsible for the drastic decrease in crimes during the nineteen nineties. Bratton introduced his own broken windows initiative. This initiative cut felonies in New York by forty percent and the homicide rate had been halved by 1996 when Bratton retired (Britannica). This could be viewed as a positive because any decrease in crime is a positive. However, in this situation a crackdown on petty crimes could also be viewed as a crackdown in minorities. This gives police officers the ability to arrest minorities for minor offenses under the basis that they will become serious crimes if left unattended. This higher arrest rate for minorities can also be related to the concept of mass incarceration, a term used by historians and sociologists to describe the substantial increase in the number of incarcerated people in United States' prisons over the past forty years (Wikipedia). The crackdown can be used as a platform to fill up prisons and advance the agenda of the police in incarcerating as many people as they can and meeting their...
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...agencies have been faced with challenges throughout the years, including the increase of cultural diversity among our communities. Sir Robert Peel focuses his beliefs on the fact that police and the people of the community are equal in terms of effective policing. For a plan of action to be successful it’s necessary to have effective communication between all involved. Policing Paper Sir Robert Peel established the nine principles of law enforcement also known as the Peelian Principles in 1892 under the base of patrol functions defined as deterring crime, enhancing the feeling of public safety, and making law enforcement officers available for service. Police departments today use these nine principles as a foundation of maintaining positive relationships with citizens and their community (FBI, 2012). The Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) of 1829 was established by Sir Robert Peel during his term as the Secretary of England. Peel’s theory rests mainly on his quote “The key to policing is that the police are the people and that the people are the police.” The concept behind the Peelian Principles is preventing crime, not fighting crime. In order for community policing to be proved successful, Peel first established the Metropolitan Police. Because of the success in community policing, today’s police agencies still base their ethics and policies around the nine Peelian Principles...
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...SALEM, OREGON INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM To: All Departments, and Officer Employees From: Colonel Pat Bacon, Director of the State Police Department Date: May 21, 2014 Subject: Planting Evidence, Perjury, and Falsifying Police Reports It has come to the attention of this department that there have been reports of questionable conduct from some of our officer employees. Police officers that are supposed to enforce the law, at times become more aggressive than the criminals themselves. How much corruption there is and knowing its characteristics are important steps to understanding corruption and then being able to successfully control corruption without illegal means is what is done. We uphold the laws, not bend them or break them to apprehend suspects, and criminals, “the bad guys.” Because of these reports, there is a serious threat to our law enforcement, which could compromise the values of our profession and our high ethical standards, and it is called “Noble Cause Corruption.” Noble Cause Corruption Noble cause corruption policing can be thought of as “doing something bad that will have a good end.” Peter Northouse This happens a lot when good police officers care too much about their job and the people of the community, and in order to get criminals off the streets they begin to do bad things because they truly believe that the overall “outcome will be good or justify the means.” Peter Northouse Examples of noble cause corruption can...
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...Local officials and the companies that sell and operate them love red light cameras, which are not called cameras in the law. Nearly everyone else, not so much. Why? Is Florida a hotbed of red light runners crashing into others? If you look at our traffic crash data over the past several years, you'll see that is not the case. My background is law enforcement. I worked for two years as a Florida deputy sheriff and the remaining 23 years of my 25-year career with the Florida Highway Patrol, where I worked as a trooper, traffic homicide investigator, and squad sergeant, and retired as an investigations lieutenant. I currently operate a small lobbying firm in Tallahassee that specializes in issues involving liberty. According to our Department of Highway Safety, red light running as a cause is around 2 to 3 percent of all crashes. One thing you will never see in any news story about the devices is how many red light running crashes are taking place to justify the need for these automated for-profit law enforcement devices. (Like the Florida Legislature, I don't call them red light cameras either.) Why didn't the Legislature call them red light cameras? It is simple really. Running a red light is a traffic infraction, as is speeding and passing a stopped school bus. It just so happens one automated for-profit company has devices for these other infractions. Calling the devices red light cameras would limit their use. Calling them traffic infraction detectors means they...
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...to be propelled to the twenty first century from and information technology perspective. Department stores use components of an information technology system to gather information to better service the customers. The company gathers valuable information coupled with analyzing the data and then realigns the needed resources accordingly. They can exceed in meeting the quota of providing supply-in-demand in certain instance. Companies utilize websites to capture information about customers when they visit and browse their website. When the customer login or browse a website a Cookie is created to capture what sites the customer visited and their browsing history. This allows the company to learn what the customer’s vested interest is and provide multiple resources to obtain it. Multiple search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, AltaVista, Excite and AOL search to name a few, which capture a customer’s browsing history and immediately provide alternate websites options a customer can utilize to search. Some companies use components of technology systems to provide advertisement to customers email accounts. The police departments throughout the United States use components of technology in predictive policing. “The predictive vision moves law enforcement from focusing on what...
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...................................................................................29 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................31 Research Proposal The goal of my research is to expose the racism in the criminal justice system that is so hidden. I want to show how racism contributes to the huge number of incarcerated African Americans. The criminal justice system creates and perpetuates racial hierarchy in the United States, and has done so throughout history. African Americans are criminalized and targeted because of their skin color. I want to look at the Reagan administration, the War on Drugs, corrupt police practices, media, inner city enforcement, police discretion, racial...
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