...Steps of the Policy-Making Process A policy is a positive method or strategy designated by the government, a group, an individual or institution from alternatives and to guide and usually determine present and future decisions in the light of known conditions. In this case, the policy making steps discussed will be the policy for wearing body cameras with the criminal justice agencies. There are seven steps of the policy making process. These seven steps include: problem recognition, setting an agenda, formulation of policy, legitimization of policy, setting a budget, implementation of policy, and an assessment or evaluation of policy. Each and every step of the policy making process is crucial and vital when developing a policy. In the problem recognition step the issues that affect the people and causes a demand from the government. For a situation to turn out to be a problem there needs to be an assessment that causes people to believe that the situation itself does not have to be tolerated or accepted and it has to be something that can be entrusted to be taken care of by the government. A prominent example of this step is the aftermath of the August shooting by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson causing the death of 18-year-old Michael Brown (Fox News, 2014). Following the problem recognition, it has to be conveyed to the public official’s attention and be placed on the agenda. Within this step is when the recognized is in fact brought to the attention of the governments...
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...1990's, welfare reform was essential in regards to addressing federal policy issues. Concentration around issues such as limits on cash funding, work requirements, and qualifications were some major focuses. The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, which established Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) block grants, provided necessary services that enable families to find employment and remain self-sufficient. This act changed the structure of welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received welfare funding. AFDC also known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children, was a federal assistance program which was in effect from 1935 to 1996 and was stopped and then modified into Temporary Assistance for Needy Families because AFDC encouraged women to have children in order to receive financial aid. Gais states that "one other consequence is that the simple distinction between state and county supervised welfare systems under AFDC has been blurred, as many state supervised systems create more decentralized structures" (Gais, pg. 2). I'd rather a work incentive program and education requirement to establish welfare needs. Programs such as grants for housing and daycare attached to it so that if you have kids, they put you to work and you get a loan for school would have been beneficial to the AFDC. Instead the government sought a better solution; TANF. Policy changes, funding flexibility, and devolution in welfare reform in 1996...
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... − − − Are governments prepared to operate effectively in an international policy environment? How can the impacts of globalisation on democratic processes be managed to protect core values such as accountability, responsiveness, and transparency? What future do governments envisage for "global governance"? From Autonomy to Influence -- preparing for a global policy role THE IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION ON POLICY-MAKING 1. Globalisation has changed the context in which governments operate. Even traditionally domestic issues are increasingly influenced by international actors and international events that are beyond national governments' ability to control, either individually or collectively. This has evoked a good deal of hand-wringing and fears that national policy autonomy -- or even national sovereignty -- is being undermined. These fears, while important, may be short-sighted. While globalisation poses many challenges for national governments, it also holds many opportunities. International co-operation offers new opportunities to improve overall policy effectiveness and to address common policy dilemmas. But are national governments adequately equipped to manage the problems and reap the benefits of globalisation? 2. The following discussion examines the impacts of globalisation on policy making1. It raises questions related to three main themes: 3. may international interest groups...
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...POLICY MAKING IN THE REAL WORLD Evidence and Analysis Michael Hallsworth, with Simon Parker and Jill Rutter 1 Contents About this report Executive summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction: The Institute’s Better Policy Making theme Why look at policy making? The drive to professionalise policy making The gap between theory and practice Process Qualities Structures Politics Improving policy making 3 4 15 16 22 30 38 46 64 80 100 103 104 10. Annex A: Methodology for survey of policy characteristics 11. Annex B: The Policy Skills Framework Contents 2 About this report This report is one of three that the Institute for Government is releasing as part of its research into policy making in government. It provides both an in-depth look at attempts to reform policy making over the last fourteen years and draws on both interviews with senior civil servants and ministers, in the last government, to look at the experience of policy making. It also draws on our analysis of government’s own evaluations of policy, our ‘Policy Reunions’ looking at the factors behind policy success and the extensive academic literature on policy making. As such, it forms the evidential and analytic base for our recommendations report, Making Policy Better. This report is largely the work of the Institute for Government’s Senior Researcher Michael Hallsworth. In its early stages, the research was led by former Institute Fellow, Simon Parker, and in the later stages was overseen...
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...Leadership in Public Policy Making Dawn Miller PPA 601 Foundation of Public Administration Dr. Shavonnie Carthens September 15, 2014 Leadership in Public Policy Making Leadership is a significant role in any organization or agency that determines the conduct of actions as well as the course of action inside of the organization or agency. Leaders help develop clear visions, work multiple constituencies, know as well as understand social and ethical values, create vibrant networks, improves performance, and maintains values (Cropf, 2008, pg. 233). There are different levels of leadership abilities this depends on what each person wants to achieve and what the organization is requiring. The top leadership level is an executive level, the leaders at this level need to be practical, have personal skills as well as political skills. Leaders need to know that it is not only political factors that have a part in decisions or policy making but there are environmental issues too. Public policies that are successful usually have had a leader(s) that have developed, promoted, and executed some sort of public policy. Being able complete this accomplishment the leader(s) have learned or developed certain leadership traits. Traits that are important for a public policy are creativity, enthusiastic, follow through, responsibility, and persuasiveness. Characteristics that are different from a leader and a follower, intellectual, and endurance. Leadership traits are beneficial...
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...Re-thinking the relevance of philosophy of education for educational policy making Morwenna Griffiths MORAY HOUSE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH Abstract The overall question, ‘What kind of ‘philosophy of education’ is relevant to educational policy makers?’ is addressed by focussing on the following four themes: What meanings are attached to the term philosophy (of education) by philosophers themselves? What meanings are attached to the term philosophy (of education) by policy makers? What difference does place and time make to these meanings? How do these different meanings affect the possibility of philosophy (of education) influencing policy? The question is addressed using both philosophical methods and also some empirical evidence from conversations and conversational interviews with some philosophers of education and other educational researchers. The argument begins with an investigation of different ways of understanding philosophy and philosophy of education in relation to education and educational policy. It then examines first the current policy context and secondly some evidence about the practices of policy makers in relation to ideas and to research. It goes on to present some of the findings from the conversational evidence. The paper is drawn together in the penultimate section where I make some suggestions about possible fruitful relationships between philosophy and policy making. Finally, in the concluding section, I point out some further –...
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...How the Media Affects Policy Making Through Their Reporting October 30, 2011 How the Media Affects Policy Making Through Their Reporting The debate over how fairly and unbiased the media presents their reporting on issues to the public is an ongoing one. There are those who say the form of the media in which it is presented may have a lot to do with its influence on public opinion. Although, there are others who believe all forms of media hold the same amount of influence. Over the past week, media in the form of newspaper and television has been compared to each other in its reporting on various public policies. The New York Times and ABC’s World News Tonight with Diane Sawyer were looked at comparatively in their handling of stories regarding public policies for the time period specified. The key notes compared are: equal focus on policies within the media form; presence of objectivity or bias within the content; and how in depth the storyline was reported. The lack or overabundance of any of these key notes could have a significant impact on the public view of the same subject. Equal Focus on Public Policy The amount of press given to stories of public policies from The New York Times was much more significant in frequency as compared to the stories focused on by Diane Sawyer from ABC’s World News Tonight. In the past week, The New York Times discussed varied stories ranging from the potential impact the United States’ reaction to the United Nations Educational...
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...Uses of force as it relates to Foreign Policy decision-making describes a critical tool a president, diplomat, or military leader has at his or her disposal to persuade a country or person to align with certain policy goals or ideas. Each force can have either a positive or negative end result if not used and communicated properly. For example the appropriate use of force for a country seeking weapons on the grey market to supply radicalized militia groups will be different than the force used to deal with a nation infringing on another’s sovereignty. Sometimes the way a certain force is chosen and applied is based on how we may perceive that countries reaction to it. In some cases it is necessary for Force to be applied inclremently in order to avoid unwanted conflicts. Most nations’ states seek to resolve matters diplomatically before using the force of:”Aggression” or “Armed Power” in order to resolve matters at the lowest possible denominator. If this cannot be done then measures are taken in order to assess the risk of an unwanted outcome and use the best possible course of action one has at his or her disposal. Nations may also chose to use force in concert with each other in order to have a more effective impact. For years we have used the forces of Armed Power, with Economic and Diplomatic means to engage Iran and its allies. While this is adequate and necessary for Iran given the circumstances, we will not use this specific force to engage china freed trade agreements...
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...Observation of Policy Making: City Commission Meeting The city commissions serve as leading body of the City; they regulates policies and rules by which the City is operated, including launching City goals and target issues, as well as setting City tax rates. On March 14, 2012, I had attended a city commissioner meeting. It was held in Tallahassee city hall. Nearly 150 people from the general public were present. Furthermore, it was handicapped accessible. The officials include John Marks, Andrew Gillum, Nancy Miller, Mark Mustian, and Gil Ziffer. John Marks is the Mayor of the City of Tallahassee. He is Tallahassee's fifth African-American mayor to be elected, and won his proposal for a third term in the 2010 elections. He received his B.S. degree in 1969 from the Florida State University School of Business and his Juris Doctorate in 1972 from the Florida State University College of Law. Likewise, Commissioner Andrew D. Gillum, an African American is recognized statewide and nationally as an emerging leader. At the age of 23, Gillum became the youngest person ever elected to the Tallahassee City Commission in February 2003. Commissioner Nancy Miller grew up in Asheville, North Carolina, graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has an M.S. in Biology from Northeast Louisiana University. Miller is a self-employed urban planning consultant who has been an independent business person all her life. She has made a long-term commitment to...
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...The Role of Government in Policy-Making Holly Regan HSM/240 January 26, 2014 Terra Harris The Role of Government in Policy-Making There are three branches of government established by the U.S. Constitution which are: the legislative branch, executive branch, and the judicial branch. The purpose for these three branches of government is to establish the individual and combined powers of each branch, while reserving the rights of each individual state in the union, (Buzzle, 2014. The outline for The Constitution clearly and concisely defined the importance of jury trials, accountability of the government and the protection of every citizen’s rights and civil liberties of the United States of America. It is the business of the legislative branch, the Congress and Senate, to propose and enact laws. It is the business of the executive branch to see that the laws are put into effect through various governmental departments and it is the business of the judiciary (the court system) to preside and rule over who is right or wrong according to the criminal, civil law and often administrative law. Before a social policy or program can come before the judiciary branch of government, someone must believe that a law has been broken. One of the most important parts of policy making are legislative tasks and these tasks are necessary for paving the way for getting a bill passed into law. First task: for an interest group is to clearly define its issue, have complete unanimity...
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...The Role of Government in Policy-Making Holly Regan HSM/240 January 26, 2014 Terra Harris The Role of Government in Policy-Making There are three branches of government established by the U.S. Constitution which are: the legislative branch, executive branch, and the judicial branch. The purpose for these three branches of government is to establish the individual and combined powers of each branch, while reserving the rights of each individual state in the union, (Buzzle, 2014. The outline for The Constitution clearly and concisely defined the importance of jury trials, accountability of the government and the protection of every citizen’s rights and civil liberties of the United States of America. It is the business of the legislative branch, the Congress and Senate, to propose and enact laws. It is the business of the executive branch to see that the laws are put into effect through various governmental departments and it is the business of the judiciary (the court system) to preside and rule over who is right or wrong according to the criminal, civil law and often administrative law. Before a social policy or program can come before the judiciary branch of government, someone must believe that a law has been broken. One of the most important parts of policy making are legislative tasks and these tasks are necessary for paving the way for getting a bill passed into law. First task: for an interest group is to clearly define its issue, have complete unanimity...
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...Human service organizations are governed by a legislative and judiciary system. The judiciary system decides what policy is legal and illegal, and can require the executive or legislative branch to fix it, in some cases the judiciary can impose a remedy. The legislature system shapes public policy by passing laws, and approving budgets. The Maryland Department of Human Resources is the state's social services provider. The Maryland Department of Human Resources consists of the following programs: Foster Care/Adoption, Child Protective Services, Food Assistance, Energy Assistance, Child Support, Medical Assistance, Health Assistance, and Purchase of Care. (The Maryland Department of Human Resources, 2010) Each Program under the Maryland Department of Human Resources has policies, procedures, rules, and regulations to follow that has been developed through legislation, state and federal guidelines, house of representative and senate bills, and other legal mandates that set the programs’ functions. There are two Maryland laws (Health General Article 4-306, and the Family Law Article 5-711) pertaining to the disclosure of medical records, including mental health records to local departments of social services. (Health General Article, 4-306 went in effect July 1, 1991. The Family Law Article 5-711 went in effect July 1, 1987). Health General Article 4-306. (The Maryland Department of Human Resources, 2010) Mandates that health care providers...
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...when it comes to foreign policy making and execution. Concerning foreign policy making, the constitution is normally considered as the invitation to struggle. There are safeguards in the American constitution that prevents tyranny but, mostly, pit the executive branch against the congress, making it difficult to develop and implement an important and cohesive foreign policy successfully (Lind, 2006). The safeguards also create uncertainties as to what the foreign policy is, thereby giving special interests and foreign governments a chance to apply pressure. Consequently, it is always difficult to discern the American foreign...
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...Evidence-based policy-making offers the potential to strengthen the quality and effectiveness of environmental policy at each stage of the policy cycle. Introduction: According to Davies, 2004, the evidence decision making policy is the approach that helps the masses informed about the decision, policies, programme and project by putting the evidences in the policy and making it the heart of the policy development and the implementation. Evidence based policy making is that approach that promotes the particular method for producing particular evidence in the process of the policy making. It helps in assessing the policy, in term of what works. The evidence based policy making is about 10 years old. And it is used widely by the government in its environment policy making. It is generally consider that the policy Making based on the evidence is generally a good process. But this practice is very challenging and is still evolving. The link between the researcher and the policy maker is still need to be stronger, as it is required that the policy maker should tell the demand of the evidence in much advance and the researcher should be able to do it routinely. But still it is the area of weakness. Policies are all around us and indirectly or directly they affect many aspect of our life often we ask our self that what is the procedure of formation of these policies, why politicians have decided to implement that policy, and not another one. In formation of any policy some international...
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...country. This calls for biodiversity legislations and laws to avoid abuse of natural resources. Since, environmental protection plays an important role in many fields there is increased control and authority from different players that often leads to disputes. Policy-makers and lawyers have often overlooked the representation of systems used in legitimate regulatory behavior in the context of environmental protection. Environmental regulations are based on certain models that are perceived and created to aide policy-makers. These models help legal professionals and policy-makers to understand technical aspects and adverse impact on the environment for correctly framing laws and in decision making. Role of Environmental Models in Policies and Regulations Environmental models play an increasing role in decision making. They act as a catalyst for policy making and also for devising regulatory strategies. Models are required to be understood for policy makers and lawyers because of their focus in dispute resolution. Despite the presence of models lawyers have not understood them fully well due to its administrative nature and it does not fall in the legal domain. In the United States a prestigious body for science policy-making, namely the National Research Council (NRC) provides definition for a model as: ‘a simplification of reality that is constructed to gain insights into select attributes of a...
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