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Politic Marketing

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Submitted By nekand
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El marketing político, en general, debe entenderse como el conjunto de técnicas empleadas para influir en las actitudes y en las conductas ciudadanas en favor de ideas, programas y actuaciones de organismos o personas determinadas que detentan el poder, intentan mantenerlo y consolidarlo, o aspiran a conseguirlo.
El marketing electoral se refiere con exclusividad al planteamiento, realización y difusión de unos determinados mensajes, con ocasión de la puesta en marcha de procesos electorales, para designar el gobierno de una determinada comunidad política; se trata, por tanto, de una variante específica del marketing político. Herreros M.
Mercadotecnia política moderna.
Factores que dieron origen a las políticas modernas
 La conquista del territorio de la mente
 El uso continuo de los medios de comunicación
 La sociedad de mercado que abrió también la política a la oferta y demanda del mercado.
En el mismo siglo XXI hubo dos formas de conquistar territorios:
 Por la fuerza
 Por la mente.
La tecnología abre las perspectivas a un mundo inimaginable de comunicaciones. Los medios de comunicación masiva dan el don de la universalidad, podemos llegar a cualquier público en cualquier rincón del planeta o del país. Los medios, asimismo, tienen un gran poder persuasivo y un atractivo característico que llega a toda la gente.
Las campañas modernas se van a caracterizar por la presencia significativa de los medios.
En tercer lugar, la sociedad de mercado con su economía abierta también abrió el mercado a la política, ahora hay una lucha política que ganará aquél que tenga la mayor capacidad para convencer y persuadir de que sus propuestas son las más viables y adecuadas para detentar el poder.
Lo moderno:
Ante todo, hay que aclarar que el marketing no es la medicina, es un instrumento que puede servirnos para organizar y ser más efectivos con la campaña política.
De ninguna manera, el marketing sustituye al ejercicio de la política o dicho en términos de los politólogos: un instrumento publicitario jamás podrá sustituir al enigmático arte de hacer política.
El marketing trabaja hacia afuera, es lo público y lo que se hace público, la ingeniería política en su mayor parte se construye en el cuartel de guerra y una porción de ella, sólo el grupo compacto de estrategas la manejan. El estratega y la estrategia:
La estrategia política es un arma poderosa que permite conocer al adversario, a los públicos, al contexto y, desde luego, nos puede proporcionar opciones sobre cómo conquistar la victoria. Es al estratega político a quien le toca posicionar a los candidatos y a los partidos dentro de una oferta política para que el público elija a sus gobernantes.
La estrategia es un proceso sistemático y controlado que permite diagnosticar, planear, elaborar y evaluar las diferentes etapas de una campaña.
Con el diagnóstico se puede detectar desde las demandas de la población, el perfil esperado del candidato, hasta el grado de conocimiento del candidato pasando por el conocimiento específico de cada región o área que permite detectar los grupos de presión, de interés y de influencia, así como la situación particular de las mismas.
Nuevas técnicas como el atlas político nos sirven para entender, planear y obtener el triunfo electoral.
Antes en política las campañas equivalían al disparo de un escopetazo con el que los perdigones caían indistintamente, con las campañas modernas el tiro debe ser exacto, milimétrico, dar en el blanco. Para ello, el estratega debe tener elementos y conocimientos cada vez más complejos, cada vez más certeros apoyados en talento e imaginación creativa para poder competir en el mercado electoral y "vender" adecuadamente a su candidato.
El trabajo no es fácil, ya que no se trata de vender productos estáticos que no se mueven de un anaquel, se trata de vender intangibles y tratar con situaciones tan delicadas como la identidad, los símbolos, los ritos, las percepciones, las creencias, la credibilidad, la verosimilitud, la legitimidad.
Una parte importante de venta del candidato es el trabajo de imagen que se ha popularizado tanto los últimos años. Sin embargo muchos piensan que cambiar la imagen es sólo el trabajo de cambiar la ropa o el look del cabello. El trabajo de la imagen va más allá. Hay mucho que trabajar por el lado del lenguaje corporal: los gestos, la postura, la figura cuando está sentado, las distancias, los muebles de la oficina, la cara comprendiendo cejas, ojos, barba, frente, boca, mentón, arrugas, patillas, bigote, fleco etc…
Del lenguaje no verbal tiene que estudiarse el oral y el escrito todos a la luz de los discursos que se manejan y de las formas de comunicación que se tienen con los demás.
En este trabajo de marketing, interactúan múltiples disciplinas y actividades, no sólo la política, también la comunicación, la redacción, la oratoria, el teatro, la psicología, la cromoterapia y hasta el feng shu para la decoración de un lugar.
La publicidad política por sí misma no es capaz de llevar al triunfo a un candidato. Se han multiplicado ejemplos locales, nacionales y extranjeros en los que las campañas publicitarias han sido exitosas pero el candidato ha perdido. La explicación, en mucho, se encuentra en la necesidad de manejar la campaña con sensibilidad política, de ahí que paradójicamente quien deba dar las líneas de comunicación de una campaña sea el estratega y no el comunicólogo. Este último lo que tendrá que hacer será reflejar esas líneas en la concreción de diferentes medios de comunicación que van desde el lema hasta los medios más complejos y caros como los mismos electrónicos, con la suficiente racionalización de recursos y de información que no sature pero que sí multiplique el efecto de los mensajes.
Proceso de mercadotecnia política y electoral.
Tanto el marketing político como el electoral, en cuanto a derivaciones de la teoría y práctica mercadológica, suponen para su funcionamiento e implantación una sociedad con una democracia representativa. Para los partidos las campañas electorales implican presentar a la ciudadanía, en un escaso y breve periodo, un programa de gobierno y grupos de candidatos con un conjunto de ofertas, que se supone guardan alguna relación con las demandas de la población.
Por tanto, las campañas políticas requieren un trabajo de acercamiento de los partidos y candidatos a los electores, que tienen características diferentes con respecto a sexo, edad, educación, ingreso, cultura, etcétera.
Durante este periodo, los partidos y candidatos no sólo deben presentar una plataforma de gobierno y un conjunto de ofertas, sino también tienen que mejorar su imagen frente a los electores y lograr que los electores se identifiquen con ellos y sus conjuntos de promesas, aspectos que pueden abordarse a modo de temas o propuestas que mantengan relación con los deseos y necesidades de los grupos de electores a quienes pretenden dirigirse.
Lineamientos más indispensables para la definición de una campaña con base en la mercadotecnia política son:
• Investigación y cuantificación del mercado político electoral (partidos, candidatos).
• Cuantificación del tamaño del mercado electoral (padrón electoral).
• Historial reciente de las elecciones en la localidad y en sus respectivos distritos.
• Conocimiento y cuantificación de los respectivos segmentos electorales.
• Conocimiento de las demandas de los distintos segmentos y sus preferencias, simpatías y antipatías hacia los respectivos partidos políticos y sus candidatos.
• Posicionamiento o selección los segmentos a los cuales se busca llegar en la elección para dirigir a ellos los mensajes.
• Establecimiento de las estrategias y las tácticas correspondientes de comunicación y acción con los segmentos seleccionados.
De estas acciones generales a emprender en una campaña política, a partir de una estrategia de mercadotecnia político-electoral, ¿cuáles son los elementos novedosos, propuestos en este esquema? Fundamentalmente, que el soporte para la elaboración de una campaña política comienza con la investigación de mercado, con base en la visión de que ganar votos implica comunicarse con los ciudadanos, enviar mensajes con formatos que satisfagan al electorado y que contengan lenguajes cercanos y comprensibles.

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