...MGT4110: Organizational Behavior Power & Politics Professor Dr. AAhad M. Osman-Gani, MBA, MA, PhD (USA) Department of Business Administration Kulliyyah of Economics & Management Sciences Power Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Power may exist but not be used. Probably the most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependency. A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. 13-2 Power and Dependence Person B’s countervailing power over Person A Person A Person A’s control of resource valued by Person B Resource desired by person B Person B Person A’s power over Person B 10-3 Contrasting Leadership and Power • Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. • Leaders achieve goals, and power is a means of facilitating their achievement. 13-4 Contrasting Leadership and Power - Goal compatibility Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. - The direction of influence Leadership focuses on the downward influence on one’s followers. 13-5 Five Bases of Power Formal Power: Legitimate Power Reward Power Coercive Power Personal Power: Expert Power Referent Power 13-6 Bases of Power Legitimate Agreement that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others Based on job descriptions and mutual agreement Legitimate power range varies across national...
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...Politics in Philippines Philippine politics is largely controlled by the economic elite. Electoral competition did not revolve around class differences. Instead, politics was a game played within the elite classes, who manipulated and controlled the political process. The election process is the main mechanism where people participate to select those who will pass laws, formulate policies and govern. Patronage politics and "guns, goons and gold" thwart the people's There is no substantial people's participation in decision-making and governance. The unequal distribution of wealth, unequal participation in decision-making and political power does not contribute to a stable peace and order situation. Communist rebels, Muslim groups, Christian vigilante groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines still continue their armed conflicts, causing the displacement of thousands of families every year (internal refugees). Most vulnerable in these situations of armed conflict are women, children and elderly - especially those from indigenous tribes. Many rich people in the Philippines lack social responsibility, poor people have been conditioned that they do not have the resources required to help themselves or that change for the better is not possible since these are how things have been done ever since. It has always been this way with many political administrations in the past to the present. Limited development opportunities and options and living daily on a survival mode also...
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...Politics from the past The great philosopher Aristotle stated the bare truth when he said centuries ago that man is "a political animal". He and his equally famous disciple Plato strongly denounced politics. Plato went so far as to say: "O, men of Athens, if I was engaged in politics, I would have perished long ago and done no good either to you or to myself." Since then, however, politics has pervaded every sphere of life, and the number of politicians has grown beyond measure. There is politics everywhere, in government generally, in the administration, in schools, colleges, universities, art, literature, and even in sports and games. In fact, there is hardly any sphere of life and activity, male or female, which is free from politics and the insidious influences of the fast-growing tribe of politicians of various hues and types’ sincere ones, insincere ones and downright hypocrites, and others who fall and share the traits of both the good and the bad. Of course, it would be unfair to paint them all with the same brush. The lament of Aristotle and Plato has become pointless in modern society, despite the advance of civilization and the remarkable progress of education and general enlightenment. Politics and politicians have not only grown amazingly, but have also prospered without let. This may indeed be described as the age of politics and politicians are supreme everywhere. The gates of politics are wide open; anyone can join the vast society of politicians...
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...Writing Assignments i n World Politics Courses Thomas 0. Schlesinger Walking out of Rounds Hall with me after class, Benny, a sophomore in one of my international relations courses, asked for, and received, some pointers on the required paper. “You’ve just told me to write exactly as I’ve been taught not to write,” said he. “And who, pray tell, taught you?” asked I. He gave an over-the-shouldernod across the street, toward Ellen Reed House--the English Department. "Hmmm. . . fine--I'mnot surprised to hear they tell you something different,” I told him. “The English profs teach you to write in a generic way, say, fiction, or generically expository stuff. I want you to write a social science paper.” With some ”Hmmm-ing” of his own, Benny shuffled off, wearing a mildly annoyed and not altogether convinced frown. How dare they teach different ways to write in different departments at the same college! Benny did make an effort to heed my suggestions, but it took persistence. For example, the introduction to his first draft, included a vague Writing Across the Curriculum, Vol. 11, August 1990 35 36 Writing Across The Curriculum (August 1990) statement like: ”Conflict between Arabs and Black Africans in the Sudan is a serious problem and should be examined in greater detail. . . including its history, causes, and future.” The purpose statement I eventually settled for read more like this: ”This paper will examine social, economic, and political aspects...
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...Political Behaviour in Organizations Review the definition of organizational politics. Discuss whether an organization can be totally free of political behaviours? How could managers minimize political behaviours in their organization? (Farrell and Petersen 1982) states that Political behaviour resides in informal structures and relates to the promotion of self and group interests rather than being part of those formal roles regulated by organizational norms and goals. Both researchers went on to define Political behaviour in organizations as “those activities that are not required as part of one’s organizational role but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.” Additionally (Robbins and Judge 2011) suggested that organizational politics focuses on the use of power to affect decision making in an organization or on individual and organizationally unsanctioned behaviours. It also includes efforts to influence the goals, criteria or processes used for decision making. (Robbins and Judge 2011) indentified two dimensions which influences political behaviours within the organization, and which plays a pivot role in the behaviours and attitudes found in the organization. These include: legitimate and illegitimate political behaviour. Legitimate political behaviour refers to the normal everyday polities which includes obstruction of organizational policies and decision through inaction or excessive...
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...not only from the educated people as in the previous political changes, but also from people in every social level, particularly “ the grass-root” who has been called as “ the poor” and has been ignored for a long time. In addition, they have been played an important role in the Thai political recently. Although Thai society nowadays, at least as seen in Bangkok and in some regional cities, has divided clearly into two sides, it signifies the size of the social gap that is much more narrow than in the past. So, It is one of the reasons about the real democracy that everyone is equal. Presumably, more participating and collaborating of Thai people I have seen recently, could make Thai politic gradually becoming to a real democracy which has a lively civil society, press and people politic. Overall, it would be even better if the government including the politicians did not only think about their own business and turned back to take the national issues such as flooding, corruption etc. more seriously. So that all the problems our country has at the moment could be well organized and...
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...CHAPTER 1 – POLITICS AND KNOWLEDGE INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Review Sekar Rizki Wibowo – KKI_B What is politics? Politics is a process by which a group of people, whose opinions or interests might be different from each other, reach collective decisions that are generally regarded as binding on the group and enforced as a common policy. The basis of political knowledge always came from three important sources, which are: 1. Authority : Involves the appeal of any documents, tradition, or person that is believed to be an important source of politics or some explanation regarding a particular issue. 2. Personal thought : Relies on assumption of human brains that may develop a thought that determines the definition or anything he/she knows about the political world. 3. Science : Uses expliicit methods that attempt to enable the different people to agree about what they know. The goal of using science in order to learn about politics is that it answers the facts what, why, and how questions about politics. Political science is composed from some subfields that are usually defined by their specific subject matter, rather than by their mode of analysis. The four subfields of political knowledge are: 1. Comparative politics : Focuses on similarities and difference in political processes and structures. 2. International relations : Focuses on the political relations between countries, the behavior of transnational actors, and the dynamics happenting...
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...to take place or make any decision for the country. Today, there still have a country that used autocracy as their country system. Autocracy never listens to citizen about how to make a country to be betterment. Everything will be decided by the rural. Usually, the rural is despotism because the right of people are not hear but not at all of them. Characteristics. 1. Form of ruling. It will determined by the rural. People do not allow participating. People who try to participate will be a person who tries challenge the rural. And the person will becomes as rural enemy. It’s because in autocracy, people voice are useless and nothing for government. The participating by the people in terms make decision making is too smallest. The politics scope fully under the rural with any influence by the people. As example, to decide who will be the head of Republic of China. A person does not participate in this context. President Hu Jintao selected without citizens influence. 2. Political Party. In autocracy country. There have political party but the political party only for the government side only that legal. Other political party does not get legal. It’s because other political party who create does not allowed to join in any election and it’s useless. It’s because in the autocracy country, it does not has election. The election is nothing. What so ever the result by the election it will not legal because the head of state still will be a rural. Every decision will decide...
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...Religion and Politics and the effect of religion in America For a virtuous instance of how religion affects politics in our current world we need not look very distant but rather look around you. The influence of Catholicism on Latin American politics, and the role religion plays on Middle Eastern politics have had a profound affect in those related societies. After examining the effects of religion into the above mentioned societies it is clear that the introduction of religion into politics has proven to be suppressive and counterproductive to most third world countries, and various subcultures in first world countries. A very well known writer and scholar on the history of Egypt, Budge, E. A. Wallis, "Egyptian Religion and Society: Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life (Library of the Mystic Arts)". Citadel Press. August 1, 1991. Wrote, “Most scholars have concluded that, in later times at least, there was no close personal tie between the individual Egyptian and the gods, that the gods remained aloof, that their relationship to humans was indirect, communicated to him by means of the king”. We must remember that there was no established book or set of teachings, as the Bible or the Qur'an, and few prescribed conditions of behavior or conduct. Humans were guided essentially by human wisdom and trusted in their belief in the goodness of the gods and of their divine son, the king. An important concept in Egyptian life was the idea of justice. Although the Egyptian was entirely...
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...WHAT IS POLITICS? Why do we have to be interested in politics? If you’re not, others will influence the decisions that govern your lives. For example, who decides to declare war, to fix taxes….Ignorant is manipulated. Aristotle, the founder of the discipline, called politics the “master science”: he meant that almost everything happens in a political context. For example, politics is connected to economics: suppose a hurricane or earthquake strikes a country, in this case it is the political system that decides for example which victims to aid. The disaster is natural, but its impact on society is controlled by politics. Politics may be immoral: we have a misuse of power, corruption…. But even if we don’t like these features, we have to understand how things go on: how A gets B to do what A wants. This is what Political Science tries to explain. Political Science is related to the other social sciences: - History: it’s an important source of data for political scientists (if we analyze the Cold War (1947-1989), we have to know the events so history). But the data are handled differently: political scientists look for generalizations, historians for details. - Geography: physical and human (ethnic areas, regions …….) - Economics: many political quarrels are economic. A good economic development may be the basis for democracy, only few poor countries are democratic. - Sociology: Political Science starts by looking at society to see “who thinks what”about politics. For example...
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...Power and Politics An individual sets out in life, and in work, to achieve his or her own goals, and to promote his or her own interests. Therefore, in a hierarchal setting of an organization, individuals will naturally contend for their own interests. Aided by the use of personal power, politics, influence, and empowerment, many individuals achieve their goals within organizations. Through analyzing power and politics in the workplace and organization, one may understand the organizational behavior that is touched by power and politics in the workplace (Robbins & Judge, 2009). Leadership Practices that Influence Organizations A key organizational management and leadership practice that influences an organization is the exhibition of power and the resulting influence that exhibit of power has on organizational behavior. According to Schermerhorn, et. al., “Power is the ability to get someone else to do something you want done, or the ability to make things happen or get things done the way you want. The essence of power is control over the behavior of others” (p. 214, 2008). In contrast to power, which is the energy behind making people behave in a certain way, “influence is what an individual has when he or she exercises power, and it is expressed by others’ behavioral response to that exercise of power” (Schermerhorn, et. al, p. 215, 2008). Together, power and influence in an organization or workplace are fundamental behavioral practices that influence an organization...
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...BORNO POLITICS: SHERIFF MAY HOLD THE TRUMP CARD ‘’Democracy in literature is the reverse of all this. It wishes to know and tell the truth, confident that consolation and delight are there; it does not care to paint the marvellous and impossible for the vulgar many, or to sentimentalise and falsify the actual for the vulgar few’’ - William Dean Howells – (Criticism and fiction 1891) Senator, Ali Modu Sheriff born in 1956 in Ngala town, L.G.A. Borno State, a son of an astute business tycoon Galadima Modu Sheriff. He is an epitome of a political gladiator whose match is still to be found in North –East Nigeria with high level profile of holding sway through the political tides of the region till now. Elected Senator for Borno central under the platform of United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) under the Abacha military regime. He joined the ANPP and was again elected a senator in 1999 after serving one term; he ran for the position of Governorship In 2003 and won defeating the seating Governor at primaries where he then served his two terms. At the inception of the current political escapade earlier this year 2014 he migrated along party decisions to join the newly formed All Progressive Congress (APC) as it is a decision of his party ANPP which he engaged holistically, no sooner had he moved did he know he was with birds of strange fellows; as a man of the people he subjected himself to a critical and objective consultation which necessitated the migration of Senator Ali Modu...
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...What is Politics? 1. Introduction When questioned, “What is politics?” what kinds of image do people have? Nowadays politics is an essential factor for our everyday life. Almost in every country there is governance to control the country, and politics to support the organization. According to Merriam Webster’s definition of “Politics”, politics is an activity that supports people’s lifestyle by creating rules to control governance with maintenance, repair and destruction. However, people would normally think that politics is about the government holding beliefs to aim for an organization to benefit for themselves and have small interest to the citizens. In fact this view of politics cannot be denied when looking at such examples from the past and now. 2. Politics in the Past 2.1 The Root of Politics When did politics start? This question cannot be answered, as there are no specific dates of when it had started. If there were an answer to this question, probably the start of mankind would have been the beginning of politics, since the nature of politics is very similar to that of rule and control. Countries that had monarchs, for instance a country that was ruled by kings and emperors were classified as divine; a more like authoritarian government style. Until the French revolution, this divine was the absolute and most common way of ruling a country. These monarchs can be dated as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria, which is said to be one of the longest and lasting...
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..."A GOOD HEAD AND A GOOD HEART ARE ALWAYS A FORMIDABLE COMBINATION Nelson Mandela ZAMBIA POLITICS IN GENERAL The Zambian politics especially those exhibited by the ruling Government or in certain sectors of the opposition today has become alarmingly volatile over the past few years. In the olden days when Zambians very well understood who they were, as a dignified and well cultured people of good moral standing, it was unheard of, for individuals in the same community to publicly demean one another in the way many politicians in the ruling Government and certain sectors of the opposition talk about each other today. There is no doubt that society would reprimand any citizens for not respecting each other or for publicly bringing down their dignity to disrepute. UPND believes that Politicians are supposed to be individuals of integrity and responsible leaders of our country, yet actions of some politicians in the ruling government appear like people who do not want to serve the interests of the Zambians but their own interests. It shouldn't be a mystery to anyone why things don't get done in Zambia when we see how the ruling Government and some opposition leaders talk to one another other. The question is why have our politicians that are in Government become so malicious toward those in the opposition over the years? • Is it that they do not have true leadership attributes, • Or is it that they are just power hungry, • Or is it that our culture has lost...
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...Facing a Crisis of Democracy? By Catherine Bromley, John Curtice and Ben Seyd The Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends is an ESRC Research Centre based jointly at the National Centre for Social Research (formerly SCPR) and the Department of Sociology, University of Oxford http://www.crest.ox.ac.uk Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy? by Catherine Bromley, John Curtice and Ben Seyd EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Britain is widely believed to be suffering a crisis of democracy. This briefing examines whether this perception is justified or not. Our findings - which are based on a four year research project funded by the ESRC - address four key issues: the legitimacy of governments, patterns of participation in politics, the impact of constitutional reform, and the explanation for any crisis. Legitimacy There has been a decline in levels of trust in government and confidence in the political system. Thirty years ago, four in ten people in Britain trusted government to put the needs of the nation above those of their political party; today, just one in five do so. But much of this decline set in during the early 1990s, although trust and confidence have fallen further since 1997. Participation Turnout at all elections has declined since 1997, most noticeably at the 2001 general election, when the participation rate was the lowest since 1918. At the same time, levels of non-electoral participation have increased somewhat. Meanwhile, it is not the case that...
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