...Work and Well-Being How and to what extent does positive affect influence organizational citizenship behaviours? January 2006 Introduction This essay is broken down into various sections to develop the ‘building blocks’ upon which we can provide an answer to the question. In section 1, we will look at the core constructs of ‘positive affect’ (PA) and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’ (OCBs). In section 2, we will answer the question of how PA influences OCBs by looking at some of the main theories and models. In section 3, the extent to which PA influences OCBs will be considered by reviewing the empirical evidence. Finally, section 4 attempts to draw conclusions and provides an overall discussion. Section 1 - Definitions This section looks at the constructs of ‘positive affect’ and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’. Positive Affect (PA) Between the 1930s, when it started to emerge as a construct of interest to organizational research, and the mid-1980s, affect at work was construed almost exclusively in terms of job satisfaction (Brief & Weiss, 2002). However, Organ & Near (1985) argued that job satisfaction has both a cognitive (belief, judgement, comparison) as well as an affective (emotional, feeling) dimension, whereas most measures of job satisfaction tended to focus on the cognitive element. This distinction is important: Weiss & Cropanzano (1996) see affective experiences...
Words: 4423 - Pages: 18
...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
Words: 75129 - Pages: 301
...HR should be aligned with the Organizations Goals to increase employee engagement and the company's bottom line. Companies are more successful when HR is aligned and the results are reflected in better profitability. HR strategic planning defines how the organizations goals will be achieved through people by integrate HR policies and practices, which should be tailored to fit the needs of the organization. Having the right people in the right place at the right time to meet or exceed standards of the job. Maersk's was experiencing a rise in Employee turnover, had become a publicly traded company and competition was on the increase. HR had to analyze the situation, form a strategy and implement it. Maersk was expanding globally and trends in the broader market became increasingly mobile. The work force changed, talent, needs and practices also changed. Finding and retaining high-quality talent was becoming a bigger challenge. One advantage of hiring internally is that promoted employees are already familiar with the policies and culture. Hiring internally may also improve employee morale and loyalty. Disadvantages of hiring internally are potential narrowing of thinking, stale ideas (inbreeding), smaller talent pool (fewer applicants) and internal politics will occur (possible discontent of rejected applicants, new subordinates may not respect new boss). One advantage of hiring externally is that new candidates can provide new ideas or fresh perspectives. Another is...
Words: 1977 - Pages: 8
...Examining Emotions, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction Trader Joe Kimberly Love Dr. Thomas Schaefer Business 520 Leadership and Organizational July 20, 2014 Trader Joe’s founder had a perception for his stores after vacationing in the Caribbean. He perceived that the customers would try new things while on vacationing. Also realized that less is better. Many time customers buy more when there is less to choose from in that store. Their attention is only selective when there is not a big variety of supplies. Trader Joe case describes the business practices and how they reinvented themselves. Trader Joe’s set themselves apart from the 7- Eleven style store they had and they became top competitors to Whole Foods and Dean and Deluca giants. The case gives a description on the history of the retail chain and various aspects of its unique business practices. The retail store offered a selection of exclusive, which were mostly private-labeled products, and replaced poorly performing products with new ones. Trader Joe’s is a small supermarket chain which offers a limited selection of unique food products at reasonable prices. It sales most of its products under the private label 'Trader Joe's' and its variants. T.J. targets its stores at highly educated and travelled, but not necessarily wealthy, segments of the population. Trader Joe has a team of experienced buyers, who does extensive traveling and research before bringing new products into the stores (Palmeri...
Words: 1245 - Pages: 5
...Moral and Ethics Name of the Student Institutional Affiliation Morals and Ethics Two of the most influential ethical theories that have been studied in this module include Mill’s Utilitarianism and Kant’s duty-based theory. The aim of this essay is to weigh each of these two ethical theories. The analysis conducted will then be used to determine which of the two theories is applicable in day-to-day life. An explanation for the belief will also be presented. Utilitarian theory of J. S. Mill Utilitarianism was initiated by John Stuart Mill. It refers to an essay that supports utilitarianism as a moral theory. It also responds to the various misconceptions that individuals have concerning utilitarianism. According to Mill, the principle behind utilitarianism is that actions are only right if they are aimed at bringing happiness and wrong if they result in the opposite of happiness (Mill, 2009). In his regard, Mill claims that happiness exists in the presence of pleasures and absence of pain. Pleasure differs in terms of quality and quantity. Some of the ways that count as one’s happiness include achievement of personal goals and virtuous living. Mill also claims that utilitarianism is a result of the various sentiments that are caused by the social nature of human beings. As such, a society that embraces utilitarianism as its ethic standard would be bound by such standards and morals that...
Words: 958 - Pages: 4
...(COO). Just like MISTERCHI, multiple companies mention COO in their communication (Magnusson, 2011). In doing so, attempting to create positive product associations and increase purchase intentions amongst customers (Bilkey & Nes, 1982). Though COO is widely used, scientists debate its effectiveness (Balabanis & Diamantopoulos, 2008). Before commencing this discussion, it is important to formulate an accurate understanding of this phenomenon. Jaffe & Nebenzahl defined COO as follows: ‘The country which a consumer associates with a certain product or brand as being its source, regardless of where the product is actually produced.’ (2006: 29). According to Herz and Diamantopoulos (2013) the association can relate to both the country of manufacturing or the geographical origin of the product. Dichter (1962) was the first to claim that the mention of COO by companies has ‘a tremendous influence on the acceptance and success of products’ (p.116). This was later proved by Schooler (1965), turning COO into a topic of interest for academics (Johanson, 1985; Godey et al., 2012). As mentioned before, the effectiveness of COO is debated. Recently some scientist opted that its effects have been inflated (Liefeld, 2004; Balabanis & Diamantopoulos, 2008). They therefore argue that COO has no significant effect on customer behavior. Based on this development a claim counter arguing the influence of COO will be...
Words: 3579 - Pages: 15
...| Assignment 1 | Essay | | By : Sanjula Hapuarachchi | 4/3/2015 | | Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Purpose of the report 2 1.2 Personality 2 1.3 Methodology 2 2.0 Job Satisfaction 3 2.1 Definition and relationship to turnover 3 2.2 Locus of control 3 2.2.1 Definition 3 2.2.2 Internal LOC Vs External LOC 4 2.3 Two-Factor Theory 5 2.3.1 Definition 5 2.3.2 Motivators Vs Hygiene factors 5 2.3.3 Application of the theory 5 3.0 Organizational Commitment 6 3.1 Definition and relationship to turnover 6 3.2 Value Congruence 6 3.2.1 Definition 6 3.2.2 The effect of value congruence on the three types of organizational commitment 6 3.3 The Five Factor Model 7 3.3.1 Definition 7 3.3.2 The effect of the model on the three types of organizational commitment 8 4.0 Conclusion 9 5.0 Recommendations 10 6.0 References 11 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the report The purpose of this essay is to provide recommendations for the human resource practitioners to increase employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the company by taking into account the personality of an employee and his/her influence on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. 1.2 Personality Personality is defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others (Robbins & Judge, 2012). In modern organizations, management has started to take employee’s personality in to consideration in order to...
Words: 2338 - Pages: 10
...Usually, Math isn’t a subject that requires you to write essays, but the Quartic Polynomial Analysis Project did. This method helped me to get a clear understanding and master the different concepts of quartic polynomials. Calculators usually hinder us, because we use them so often that we are stuck when they are taken away. Nevertheless, this project required me to provide detailed information of how I came up with my solution without the use of a calculator. Therefore, I have now learned to not be so dependent on one. Keep reading if you would like to be...
Words: 872 - Pages: 4
...method used for many sectors. An incident is critical when it illustrates what the employers has done or failed to do. The critical incidents for performance appraisal are a method in which the manager writes down positive and negative performance behavior of employees throughout the performance period. Each employee will be evaluated as such and one’s performance appraisal will be based on the logs that are put in the evaluation form. The manager maintains logs on each employee, whereby he periodically records critical incidents of the workers behavior. At the end of the rating period, these recorded critical incidents are used in the evaluation of the workers’ performance. The critical incidents file of performance appraisal is a form of documentation that reflects all data about employee performances. Most frequently, the critical incidents technique of evaluation is applied to evaluate the performance of superiors rather than of peers of subordinates. Disadvantages of Critical Incident This method suffers however from the following limitations: • Critical incidents technique of evaluation is applied to evaluate the performance of superiors rather than of peers of subordinates. • Negative incidents may be more noticeable than positive incidents. • It results in very close supervision which may not be liked by the employee. • The recording of incidents may be a chore for the manager concerned, who may be too busy or...
Words: 4332 - Pages: 18
...Kenworth Motors Case Study Essays and Term Papers As a consulting. i believed it absolutely was simply a proper personal review of a gathering that 2 business partners that reach out for facilitate. additionally it permits you to suppose . He failed to have associate degree agenda of what the business was all concerning and he wasn't centered concerning the agenda. He simply talks to the shopper and attend a firm that he knew nothing concerning. I don't believe that the adviser was ready for the meeting. Everything wasn't in writing and also the time to arrange for the retreat is just too short to even harden. additionally each the manager and adviser had a positive perspective toward everything. The proposal should be gift at the meeting. he wasn't professionally gift his action and plans to gift however it'll facilitate the potential shopper. He manager himself doesn’t even grasp what's the matter that running within the company before having the consulting to return in. If he's an expert adviser. One issue that I will offer credit to the current consulting is that he's a decent trafficker. he ought to initial analysis concerning the organization and ready himself a trifle higher. additionally he has to do some analysis on the management and it operation inside the organization. As i'm reading this case study.Kenworth Motors Case Study Essays and Term Papers. 3 Kenworth Motors Case As a consulting you mostly have to be compelled to come back and prepare before you meet the...
Words: 1243 - Pages: 5
...School Environment Analysis Essay Grand Canyon University: EDA 575 September 25, 2013 School Environment Analysis Essay Environmental /contextual factors refer to the characteristics of the learning environment that influences the effectiveness of instruction. They can be distributed into community factors, school and classroom environments and individual student characteristics (Harris, 2013). Such factors can have an effect in the teaching and learning process. After researching it is evident that these factors affect all schools in the country. Although every school is different due to their geographic, socioeconomic, ethnicity, schools and student characteristics, all school have the same factors that affect the teaching and learning process (McDoniel, 2009). Keeping these factors in mind and looking at my school, I would have to agree that these are important elements that influence the difficulties we face. The school is located in a rural area but is adjacent to a large city; in fact it is our state capital. Although the school is located in a rural area the students that attend our school are not necessarily students that live around the area. We have a mixed population. All students are bussed or driven to school. We do not have what is considered a neighborhood school. We get a population from nearby rural areas and from close by outer city population or urban. The school promotes attendance and provides incentives for students that have perfect...
Words: 1279 - Pages: 6
...Fear of the Unknown Taking any kind of a risk is a gamble. They have the potential to lead to a harmful or dangerous outcome, yet can still provide the opportunity for an outcome that can perceived as positive. The essay, “Into the Wild” by Jon Krakauer is his account of Chris McCandless’ search for himself through taking a risk and inhabiting the Alaskan wilderness. Through his lack of survival skills, it is evident that McCandless is a person who likes to take part of risky and dangerous behaviors. “Immune to Reality” by Daniel Gilbert is an analytical essay that revolves around the existence of the psychological immune system. This defense system proves to work as a mechanism that can create positive views out of a negative experience thus producing happiness to an individual. Through Gilbert’s analysis he discovers that people are usually not in favor of taking risks out of fear of feeling regret. However he proves how the psychological immune system can turn a negative consequence of taking a risk into a more pleasant and bearable one. The essay “Another Look Back, And A Look Ahead” by Edward Tenner is an insightful discussion about how people often miscalculate the way technologies will work in the future and to what extent they are useful. People may find themselves getting an unexpected outcome of some new technology which can lead to dangerous risks in the future. People take risks because they want to attain happiness however in the process of this, sometimes people’s...
Words: 1605 - Pages: 7
...HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATION LEARNING OUTCOME COURSE SYLLABUS REQUIREMENTS SY 2015-2016 Term 1 Prepared by: Prof Jean I. Maligaya September 03, 2015 |Learning Outcome Output |Requirement |Due Date | | | | | |Learning Outcome No. 1 (LO1) |No specific template. (Essay, Bullet type, Test |September 09, Wednesday | | |Tools, etc.) | | |Self Assessment Report on the level of your behavior, skills or |Minimum one (1) page, double space, Font Size 12,| | |capabilities related to: |short bond | | |Communication |20% as Project Grade | | |Motivation | | | |Leadership | | | |Conflict Management ...
Words: 400 - Pages: 2
...the job is necessary so as to have a competent and dynamic workforce. Therefore, the purpose of this essay analyses on a Human Resource (HR) perspective what is competency, the importance of competencies in the current workforce and its tandem relationship to staff undertaking international assignment. Importance of Competency in workforce Mcshane, Olekalns & Travaglione (2010) mentioned that information technology and transport systems enhanced the effects of globalization by bringing connectivity and interdependence between countries around the globe to a whole new level. Therefore, in order to meet the competitiveness of the environment, recognizing core competencies needed by the organizations in its employees is essential as it promotes customer value on the external aspect and allows creation of new business through innovation on the internal aspect (Nankervis et al 2011). As such, it’s no surprise that the same job of past and present now has very different scope of duties. Cooper, Robertson & Tinline (2003) affirm the above by highlighting that in the global environment, jobs are constantly changing due to both internal and external factors. Therefore, it is important that HR constantly analyses the environment and re-design existing jobs in order to maintain its competitive edge to achieve its organizational objectives. This process of analyzing is called Job Analysis. Jobs consist of a spectrum...
Words: 2005 - Pages: 9
...Branson has been tagged as a 'transformational leader' by management lexicon, with his maverick strategies and his stress on the Virgin Group as an organization driven on informality and information, one that's bottom heavy rather than strangled by top-level management. Although Branson says his success was not planned, and it just happened, he has said that he has 10 secrets to success: 1. You've got to challenge the big ones. 2. Keep it casual. 3. Haggle: everything is negotiable. 4. Have fun working. 5. Do the right things for the brand. 6. Smile for the cameras! 7. Don't lead "sheep", herd "cats". 8. Move like a bullet. 9. Size does matter. 10. Be a common, regular person. He was 9th in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006, worth just over £3billion. He is the No 1 Admired Businessman in Britain, and 2nd choice amongst youth for Prime Minister (after Tony Blair)[3]. He has a cameo appearance in the new Superman film, credited as "Shuttle Engineer", alongside his son Sam, with Virgin Galactic-esque commercial suborbital shuttle at the center of his storyline. He will have a cameo in the upcoming James Bond film Casino Royale as well. Although Branson says his success was not planned, and it 1. Introduction on team work 2. Richerd philosophy of team work 3. Example of team work 4. Some picture demonstrate team work Words of Wisdom Branson on building a business Don't bother doing something unless you're radically...
Words: 3599 - Pages: 15
