...B. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 2 1. Better promotion and protection of human rights? 2 2. Homogenization of social and cultural identities? 5 C. CONCLUSION 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 A. INTRODUCTION Over the last decades, the rapid acceleration of a process so called “globalization” has shifted our society to an era where interconnectedness, integration and interactions centered in the development of a new world, where everyone and everything are linked together one way or another. In a few recent decades, with the development in communication and technology that the world has witnessed the rapid increase in international trade, investment, immigration and the culture assimilation at an unprecedented quantity and quality never recorded before in human history. As such, globalization can be interpreted in some main characteristics: disembedding, acceleration, interconnectedness, movement, mixing, and vulnerability and re embedding. Characterized by these features, effects of globalization on different aspects are various but one cannot deny its long-term impacts on the enjoyment of human rights as well as social and cultural identities. On the one hand, people argue that this globalizing trend means homogenization of culture and social identities which diminishes the attainment of human rights, while the others believed that the concept itself not only enhance and liberate the full enjoyment of such basic rights of each individual but also mix and produce diversity of identities...
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...Animal Equality: Effects of Giving Animals Rights PHI 103 Informal Logic June 2, 2014 Argument When it comes to animal equality it can be hard to imagine a dog, cat, or even a hamster of having equivalence. When I think of animals, I picture our pets, wild animals, and even those in which are consumed. The question of what is and what is not ethically appropriate in the treatment of animals has is debatable. Peter Singer’s provides a utilitarian arguments for why animals with a certain level of perceptive justify equal moral attention with humans. Introduction Singer calls for the establishment of a “liberation movement” comparable to those that remained emerging up throughout the dated in which he wrote his essay and attentive on such problems as gay, women’s and African-American rights. Noting how previously “legitimate” forms of judgment and prejudice, over time, correctly came to be observed as unfairly and immorally damaging towards definite classes of people, Singer argues that the time has come for a similar pledge to the rights of species that walk on four legs instead of two. The animal liberation movement, which was essentially begun by Singer’s book, Slate.com (2001) argues “It is ethically wrong to use animals in such a way that we cause them suffering, either by deprivation of essential components of a happy existence, or by causing them pain.” (Slate.com, 2001) The animal liberationists would like to disallow most medical experimentation using animal...
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...THE FORD PINTO CASE: THE VALUATION OF LIFE AS IT APPLIES TO THE NEGLIGENCE-EFFICIENCY ARGUMENT Christopher Leggett Law & Valuation Professor Palmiter Spring, 1999 Abstract Text of Paper Abstract The cases involving the explosion of Ford Pinto's due to a defective fuel system design led to the debate of many issues, most centering around the use by Ford of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics surrounding its decision not to upgrade the fuel system based on this analysis. ISSUE Should a risk/benefit analysis be used in situations where a defect in design or manufacturing could lead to death or seriously bodily harm, such as in the Ford Pinto situation? RULE There are arguments both for and against such an analysis. It is an economically efficient method which has been accepted by courts for numerous years, however, juries may not always agree, so companies should take this into account. ANALYSIS Although Ford had access to a new design which would decrease the possibility of the Ford Pinto from exploding, the company chose not to implement the design, which would have cost $11 per car, even though it had done an analysis showing that the new design would result in 180 less deaths. The company defended itself on the grounds that it used the accepted risk/benefit analysis to determine if the monetary costs of making the change were greater than the societal benefit. Based on the numbers Ford used, the cost would have been $137 million versus the $49.5 million...
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...Humanitarian intervention is a label that has been employed to describe economic to military intervention. The main types of intervention include military, diplomatic, developmental and economic sanction. Mill’s (1859) stated that "There seems to be no little need that the whole doctrine of non-interference with foreign nations should be reconsidered, if it can be said to have as yet been considered as a really moral question at all... To go to war for an idea, if the war is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect”. This essay will demonstrate how humanitarian intervention efforts are not reaching the goals that are needed to properly aid the disadvantaged nations in developing nations. Economic humanitarian intervention emerged at the end of the Second World War. Historically, it is apparent that foreign aid was used explicitly to prevent the expansion of communism during the Cold War, and not solely to help those in need. It can be argued that humanitarian intervention has done more harm than good to the nations. Northern/ Western countries have enriched themselves from their unequal relation with Southern either under colonialism or under the trading system, which has the Southern nations paying more towards their ongoing debt and receiving an irrelevant amount of foreign aid to help assist these nations...
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...How Personal Can Ethics Get? Introduction Ethics are principles or morals in which one distinguishes right from wrong based on their beliefs, social and economical environment in addition to their upbringing. Businesses and organizations should implement good uncompromised ethical practices, policies and procedures in order to obtain a positive reputation and to be successful. Employees are faced with many personal ethical decisions on a daily basis; a wrong decision could lead to stress, a bad reputation from colleagues or retaliation from management. Organizational leaders should build trust with their employees, display integrity and good ethical business practices. This was not the case with Valerie Young and the CEO of the company, Lionel Waters. In this paper I will discuss the personal differences and preferences can impact organizational ethics, how organizational policies and procedures can impact ethics, the ethical dilemmas Valerie is facing, and the best recommendation for Valerie. Personal Ethics As individuals in the United States we are entitled to our own opinions, preferences and thoughts; whether it’s deciding organizational affiliations or potential places of employment. The impact of personal difference and preference on an organization can be both positive and negative, in addition to the correlations of personal values to organizational values. There are many diversified organizations, clubs and groups all of which have values...
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...substitution for reading the text. You are only likely to get the maximum value out of this summary by reading it in conjunction with the text. The question of ‘the law in whose context’ may be worth keeping in mind as you read. This is an interpretation seen through my eyes, not yours. My comments are not unbiased, as it is as equally unlikely that yours may be. So my ‘advice’ is consider what is said here and in the book considering the need to understand the ‘mechanics’ that help make sense of the more involved themes that develop in the book as you progress through Law in Context. The observations, important in their own right, may be particularly useful for seeing how their often ubiquitous expression is taken as ‘normal’ in the areas of wider society, such as in discussions of economics and power. It is unlikely that you will find any ‘right answers’ from this summary, but I do hope it helps you in synthesising opinions. A bibliography of books I used is given at the end of this summary. If your head isn’t spinning too much, maybe it is worth getting together earlier in the semester with friends and talking about some of the issues that particularly interest you. Don’t be worried if ‘you don’t know anything’. It’s probable that you, as for most of us, are neither as enlightened nor as...
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...responsibilities on certain programs. Block grants are used as a tool for redistributing power and accountably by using devolution and decentralization of authority (Conlan and Posner, 2008, 264). Sternberg has divided block grants into three distinct approaches: full devolution, partial devolution, and intergovernmental decentralization. Full devolution is the total removal and redistribution of federal policy, funding, regulatory, and administrative responsibilities (Conlan and Posner, 2008, 264). In the 1990s, this was referred to as “devolution revolution” and consisted of rhetoric proposing to push more power away from the federal government and down to the state and local levels. Full devolution was not popular and was only successful a few times, using legislative, executive, and administrative devolution to shift functional responsibilities from the federal level to state governments, for example, the regulation of marine port pilots, insurance, interstate horse racing, shipping, and boundary waters (Conlan and Posner, 2008, 264). In an attempt to be more successful than full devolution, approaches were made for partial devolution, where states could exercise more authority and discretion, but the federal government was still involved in major policy, programmatic and financial ways (Conlan and Posner, 2008, 264). With this, it was proposed to restructure categorical...
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...Kaamashri Latcha Every year, the United States studies and presents reports on hu- man rights practices in more than 190 countries around the world. In the 2010 Human Rights report, China was chastised by the U.S. for its poor human rights record. The Chinese government has been accused of imprisoning citizens for practicing their religious faith and op- pressing freedom of expression and information. The one child per family policy has been attacked continuously by the U.S. and they have also con- demned the arrest, detention and disappearance of Chinese citizens. This latest human rights report issued by the U.S. has highlighted many human rights transgressions in China. Yet the U.S. criticism on China’s human rights has been contradicted by China. As the fastest developing economy in the world, China is intent on defending its position where human rights are concerned. The two countries have had dialogues on human rights issues, the latest being held on April 27-28, 2011 in Beijing. The discourse came after prolonged foot- dragging on the part of both nations; talks were suspended for a few years. Both countries have not been able to publicly accept their human rights errors, but each has been focusing on violations committed by the other. Against the backdrop of military buildup by both countries, the con- troversy over whether the U.S. is morally justified in criticizing China’s hu- man rights can have far reaching and devastating effects for the entire world. The two “powers”...
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...Institute PREAMBLE I want to begin with some comments on what led me to the topic of ethics and A Man for All Seasons. I had been looking at some fairly heated exchanges in the late 1990s in the journal Philosophy and Literature between Richard Posner and Martha Nussbaum on the possibility of ethical criticism (Posner 1997, 1998; Nussbaum 1998). Briefly, Posner takes up what he believes to be an aestheticist stance that ethics has nothing to do with literature, so that ethical criticism is ruled out, whereas Nussbaum argues that literature can be ethical and ethical categories legitimately be applied to it. In the background is Nussbaum’s view that certain works of literature may be necessary for ethics (Nussbaum 1990). Neither position seemed entirely satisfactory. It appeared evident to me, as against Posner, that literature could provide ethical insights, but Nussbaum’s suggestion that ethics is dependent on literature seemed too strong. But whatever the merits of the latter thesis, the weaker thesis that literature can be ethically revealing is worth defending. At some level a great work of literature represents a form of human existence, to which we may respond as human beings. That there is a moral dimension to human existence I assume. Hence, it seems clear that literature may represent that dimension. Robert Bolt’s 1960 play can serve as an instance of how literature can stimulate ethical reflection. And, at the same time, it is not the kind of text where...
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...Leadership, Ethics, and Scandal Leadership and ethics are two topics that are a part of the training for all military leaders, both officers and enlisted and across all branches of service. Leadership can be defined in any number of ways. Kouzes and Posner quote Genentech executive Alan Keith as saying “Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen” (Kouzes & Posner, 2007, p. 16). Keith’s idea of what defines leadership is one of the better definitions in print today. Ethics are defined as the moral principles that dictate a person’s or a group’s behavior. By using the ideas and writings of Terry Price (2008) and Craig Johnson (2012) a concept of what ethical leadership can be obtained. Ethical leadership is knowing what your core values are and having the courage to live them in all parts of your life in service of the common good; whether it is in private or in public (Price, 2008/ Johnson, 2012). Over the past few years the Army has seen its share of scandals involving a number of top leaders. A few of the more notable reports involved former four-star General William “Kip” Ward, one-star Brigadier General Jeffrey A. Sinclair, former Colonel James H. Johnson III, and former CIA Director and retired Army four-star General David H. Petraeus (Briggs, 2012, Nov. 15). Army four-star general William “Kip” Ward, the first officer to open the new Africa Command in 2008, came under scrutiny for allegations...
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...Introduction The pure origin of law was founded on the rudimentary platform of customs, or what H. L. A. Hart describes it as “rules of obligation”. It forms the essence of the framework of order within a society. He stated the conditions required for the existence and effective implication of an “obligation” in a society would be the introduction of constrictions on the actions of its citizens and those who oppose the idea of it constitutes the minority of the population. This would effectively conjure social pressure for people to adhere to the rules. This has worked well in primitive societies. However, home to many societies bearing differing culture and religious practices, the sources of law of a modern nation does not simply come from the amalgamation of legally binding customs from respective societies as a solitary and direct source. By far, the law has been compounded, overruled, refined and developed over past centuries under the influences of historical, economical and social events. As such, the sources of law in a developed nation of UK today would involve common law and statutes as the leading sources, supplemented by delegated legislation, academic doctrines, customs, constitution, transnational and European Law. The Ius Commune In 1066, William the conqueror emerged victorious in the Battle of Hastings and became King of England. He unified counties with disparate customary practices into a national legal system, giving birth to common law. The word “common”...
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...Master Thesis Ethnic Conflicts and Transition to Democracy in Africa: Recurrence of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya (1991-2008) Author: Berita Musau Matrikelnummer: 0601567 Academic degree aspired Master (M.A) Vienna, August, 2008 Studienkennzahl: A 067 805 Studienrichtung: Global Studies - a European Perspective Advisor: Prof. Dr. Walter Schicho Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………………………………………………. iii Acknowledgment …………………………………………………………….. iv List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………….. v List of Tables and figures …………………………………………………….. vii Abstract in English …………………………………………………………… viii Abstract in German …………………………………………………………... ix Chapter One: Introduction ………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………… 1 1.2. Problem statement …………………………………………………….. 2 1.3. Aim and objectives of the research …………………………………… 4 1.4. Research questions and hypotheses …………………………………... 7 Chapter Two: Literature review and theoretical framework ……………. 8 2.1. Literature review ……………………………………………………… 8 2.2. Transition to democracy and ethnic conflicts in Africa ………………. 12 2.3. Definition of concepts ………………………………………………… 16 2.4. Theoretical framework for analysis of ethnic conflicts ……………….. 18 2.4. Research methodology ………………………………………………... 21 2.5. Significance of the research …………………………………………... 23 Chapter Three: Background to the struggle for democracy and ethnic conflicts in Kenya……………………………………………………………. 24 3.1. A short retrospect in to Kenya’s colonial...
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...Human Rights final essay What rights to privacy do celebrities have? Do many celebrities often have their privacy rights breached? Privacy rights are difficult to explain as every individual perceives them as something different. The privacy of celebrities in the media has been an issue since the start of time and has only been getting worse as technology is improving. I believe that everybody should have equal rights but unfortunately celebrities privacy rights are not acknowledged as much as they should be by most magazines, newspapers and other forms of media. High profile individuals are not looked at as normal people with real feelings, but rather as money makers and news stories. There is a blurred line in relation to privacy when it...
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...| Leadership and Management | | Executive Summary The assignment has shown the leadership mechanism in relation to management. Who a leader is, what he possesses within the organization, what he should do in decision making, motivating employees are the main theme of the assignment. The managers or leaders motivate the employees using which theories are also shown. Managers use performance management techniques to contribute higher performance of the employees and team. Here, the development and models of team have also been showed with the benefits of it within the organization. However, by going through the article, anyone can get an exact idea on leadership management. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Task 1 4 1.1an analysis of the concepts of leadership and management 4 1.2 An evaluation of the key management and leadership theories 5 1.3 An assessment of the challenges of leadership and management practice 7 Task 2 8 2.1 An analysis of the key motivational theories and how they influence organizational success: 8 2.2 An evaluation of the role of leadership and management in employee motivation: 11 (Task 3) 11 2.3 An analysis of the contribution of performance management techniques as organizational processes: 11 Task 4: 12 3.1 An analysis of the development of teams: 12 3.2an analysis of the roles and models of team leadership: 13 3.3 An evaluation of the role and usefulness of teams within the organization:...
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...were correct and essential answers to some aspects of the exam. For example, either you knew or did not know the essential provisions of the UN Charter, the basic rules regarding use of force, what constitutes genocide, the jurisdiction of the ICJ, CEDAW’s requirements, the difference between immunity and inviolability, the difference between a party and a signatory to a treaty, etc. Wrong answers counted heavily, including especially in part IV. Failure to answer a question, or portions of a question, counted seriously against the overall evaluation. Long, discursive recitations of the history and principles of international law were generally beside the point and usually detracted from the grade. By and large, the responses to the short questions in Part IV allowed the weakest exams to avoid failure; the strongest answers definitely helped. But because these were essentially take-home questions, weak or incorrect answers counted heavily against. I do not offer comments here on these questions, since...
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