...The Evolution of Menopause and the Grandmother Hypothesis Throughout the natural world trade-offs between reproductive success and longevity have been noted by scientists for many years. Most wild animals remain fertile until death, as do human males, and although human males do become less fertile with age, they in general experience no complete shutdown of fertility. Men as old as the age of 94 have been noted to father children (Diamond, 1996). The situation for human women is strikingly different. They undergo menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, by the time they are in their mid fifties (Lahdenpera et al., 2004). In fact, natural conception after the age of 50 is extremely rare. Menopause has become quite the evolutionary puzzle for modern scientists because natural selection favors increased reproduction, therefore increasing one’s own fitness. The essence of natural selection is that it promotes genes for traits that increase an animal’s number of descendents bearing those genes. Thus, the great question is: How could natural selection result in every female member of a species carrying genes that destroy her ability to leave more descendents? Many theories on the evolution of menopause have arisen in the past 50 years in an attempt to answer this question but they all also have key assumptions and limitations. Proponents of the Grandmother Hypothesis believe that their theory holds the greatest promise to answer this question. The Grandmother Hypothesis...
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...To: Mr Sheikh Abdul Muhaimin Bin Sheikh Abdul Majid Managing Director of Solution Medic Sdn. Bhd. From: Mrs Janet Lim Ah Moi Business Development Manager of Solution Medic Sdn. Bhd. Subject: BUSINESS TRIP REPORT TO SEARCH FOR NEW SUPPLEMENTS SUPPLIERS Solution Medic Sdn Bhd is an established company since 1992. We started as a retail pharmacy and expanded to producing our own healthcare and beauty products. We offers innovative products, programs and activities that are designed to benefit consumers, trade partners and the community that we operate in. We carry more than 300 types of health food and natural toiletries that are imported exclusively by us. So to look for enthusiastic and energetic product and partners me with a group of two other representatives from our company have traveled to USA started on 1st Jun 2011 and ended at 15 Jun 2011. Beside me, Mrs Stacey Yong, Pharmacist and Mr Mohd Ikmal Bin Mohd Rashid, Accountant are came along with me to the trip. “Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai said obesity is becoming the major health issue with the number of obese people almost tripling in the past 15 years from four per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2010. And since obesity is the gateway to other chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, heart and kidney problems, he said the risk of more Malaysians developing these diseases will become greater in future ”- Wed, Feb 10.2010 New Straits Times. From this statement, we tried to...
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...Abstract Menopausal symptoms in women are commonly overlooked, misdiagnosed or mistreated. Learning more about what menopause is and when it can occur is important in understanding who the target population is that should be included in early education and possible treatment of symptom alleviation. Symptoms of menopause can occur earlier in age and last longer than previously contended by traditional medicine. General awareness of this information is undervalued as is the fact that menopause may be expedited by unhealthy lifestyle choices. Understanding healthy life style choices and its relationship to these symptoms are paramount to decreasing health risk factors and potential chronic disease associated with the perimenopausal to menopausal woman. Additional health problems can complicate the hormone therapy treatment of menopausal symptoms and should be evaluated and followed carefully by the woman’s healthcare provider before initiating. Educational materials, information, and awareness need to be brought to attention of both the patient and the physicians for the consideration of the underrepresented stages and symptoms of menopause. Overall Program Goal It is the goal of this coalition to increase awareness of signs and symptoms of menopause to the general public thereby working to increase effective interventions. By helping women to understand what their body is going through it is possible to help influence healthier lifestyle choices that can...
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...Saga Magazines... How does ageing affect you? MENOPAUSE The menopause, sometimes known as “the change of life”, is where a woman’s ovaries stop producing an egg every 4 weeks, meaning she no longer has periods and is unlikely to get pregnant. Monthly periods can sometimes stop suddenly when you reach the menopause; however it is more likely that your periods will become less frequent, with longer intervals between each one, before they stop altogether. In the UK, 51 is the average age for a woman to reach the menopause, although some women experience the menopause in their 30’s or 40’s. Symptoms The menopause can cause a wide range of physical and mental symptoms. The first symptom is usually a change in the pattern of your monthly periods. This is called the premenopausal stage, during this time you may have light or heavy periods (menorrhagia). Other symptoms can include: * Hot flushes and night sweats * Loss of libido (sex drive) * Headaches * Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety or tiredness * Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s) * Noticeable heartbeat * Vaginal discomfort, pain, itching and dryness The severity of symptoms and the overall duration of the menopause will vary depending on a number of factors including genetics, lifestyle, diet, stress, and overall health. Although if you experience the menopause suddenly, rather than gradually, your symptoms may be worse. The menopause is caused by a change in the balance of the body’s...
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...loss of sleep and frequent trips to the bathroom. What I just described are just some of the things that women go through as they experience a significant change in their life. The change I am speaking about is known as menopause. Menopause literally means “end of the month’s cycles.” Menopause is a part of life for aging women. Just as puberty was, but there are aspects of our lives that directly influence the rate and timing of menopause. In our culture, menopause is frequently seen as a negative milestone, a time of loss, and it is sometimes viewed as a disease or medical condition requiring a cure. With messages like this from the medical establishment and the media, it is no wonder many healthy women in the midst of this transition develop negative feelings towards their bodies. Some women may think “it’s the end of the world, or I’m old and no will want me”. The Center For Disease Control and Prevention also known as the CDC reported in 2000 that 37.5 million women were going through the life change of menopause. Pub Med states that as a society we are not fully aware of what menopause truly is and there is misleading information everywhere we look. Therefore this essay is meant to be informational and informative. Web MD defines Menopause as permanent cessation of the primary functions of the ovaries: the ripening and release of ova and the release of hormones that cause both the creation of the uterine lining, and the subsequent shedding of the uterine lining...
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...There are many stages to aging and menopause is one of the things women go through as they become older. Menopause is a normal condition that women experience as they age, and it is a term used to describe the many changes they go through. It is a period where they stop menstruating and it marks the end of their reproductive period. This is something that typically happens around the age of 40, but it can happen sooner or later depending on the individual. If it does happen before the age of 40 it is still considered normal aging but it is referred to as premature menopause. This can occur if there is an ovarian failure, autoimmune disorders, or medical procedures. There are three known stages to menopause which include perimenopause, menopause, and post-menopause. Perimenopause lasts up until menopause and it will usually begin years before menopause when the ovaries begin to make less estrogen. In the last years of this stage is when the drop in estrogen levels drops very quickly and where women begin to experience menopause symptoms. This continues on with menopause which is the point when it has been a year since a woman last had her menstrual period. In this stage the ovaries stop releasing eggs and stop making most of their estrogen as mentioned before. The last known stage is post-menopause and this is all after menopause. During this stage most menopausal symptoms are at ease for most women such as hot flashes, but unfortunately health risks related to the loss of estrogen...
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...Midlife Crisis Dalia Brown PSYCH/600 November 11, 2013 Dr. Jody Pendleton Mid-life Crisis As individuals get older his or her emotions and wisdom become more mature. It is a view that mid-life crisis occurs when an individual realizes that he or she is halfway through his or her life. Mid-life crisis is a state of different emotions, such as anxiety and depression. Individuals experiencing mid-life crisis begin to look at life different. Mid-life crisis can last a minimum of three years and some experience as long as 10 years. This crisis typically begins between the age of 35 and 60. During this time people experiencing mid-life begin to think about his or her life, and they things that he or she have accomplished along with the things he or she has failed to accomplish. At this time he or she may decide to set new goals and begin to exhibit different behaviors. Individuals experiencing mid-life crisis place a certain value on his or her life. Williams, (2008) stated, “ The crisis period of an individuals life is a reflection of flaw in the development of an individuals ego at the time of his or her childhood.” In this paper is a summary of mid-life crisis and how it is a normal stage in one’s life. This paper will provide indicators and exhibited symptoms of mid-life crisis. There will also be information on ways to avoid mid-life crisis, sex during mid-life crisis and the experience of mid-life in men and women. Mid-Life Crisis Mid-life crisis is a term...
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...Brandon Davis Anthem College Medical Assisting DEcember, 2013 Menopause Menopause (626.0) is by definition the cessation of menstruation and fertility, after, (1) year of amenorrhea (626.0) (Buck, 2012) from the menstrual cycle. The average according too, some statics women in the United States begin around 8 - 12 years of transition (Goldman, 2000) (Buck, 2012).Menopause is a natural female biological process (628.0). Some studies have shown that due to changes combined in the atrophic endothelial site in the vaginal region have shown changes characterized by thinning of the endometrial endothelium, decrease ability to produce lubrication with sexual arousal. This reduced sexual drive (799.81). The condition that happens as a result of menopause (626.0) is, associated with dyspareunia (306.5) (Buck, 2012). For some the decreased circulation of blood flow to the vagina can also, be responsible for loss of secretions. Some of the various symptoms of menopause (626.0) can range from, physical to emotional. Such as, a roller coaster of emotions feeling sadness and loss regarding no longer is being able to reproduce. (http://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/menopause-symptoms-types) In the beginning (626.1), irregular menstrual cycles, vaginal dryness, night sweats, and weight gain with slowed metabolism (627.2) http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-edge-newspaper-2013/jan-04b.html) (Buck, 2012). Studies have shown that, certain anti-depressants in the class of selective...
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...* PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) * ENDOCRINE REPORT. * Common signs and symptoms Depression. Anxiety. Lower pelvic pain. Swelling of hands and feet. Tender breast Mood swings. Craving salty and sweet foods. Low energy. * Severe symptoms of PMS * Heavy bleeding * Severe pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting. * Painful intercourse * Possible Treatments * Usually you would try to treat the symptoms. * Ibuprofen for discomfort. * Diuretic for swelling. * Avoid salty sweet foods * Exercise 3 to 4 times a weak. * Get plenty of rest. * Treatments for severe symptoms. * Birth control may help alleviate some s/s. * Dilation and curettage.(D&C) Dilation of the cervix so that the surface wall of the uterus can be scraped. This may minimize bleeding. * Hysterectomy which is surgical removal of the uterus. * Hormones involved. * Prostaglands * Estrogen * Prolactin * Progesterone * Cortisol * ESTROGEN * is produced by the ovaries, is a sex hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics and for cyclic changes in the uterus. * Prostaglands * is a group of fatty acids that are present in menstrual and brain fluid. Prostaglands aid in uterine contractions. * Prolactin * is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and aids in the development of breast and the formation of milk . Stress of all kinds can stimulate the production of prolactin...
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...There are constant changes your body goes through when you reach a certain age that can affect your health. Illnesses such as: Diabetes, cancer, hypertension (high blood pressure), complications in the kidneys and gallstones. Studies show that people with lower incomes are more likely to acquire more health problems than those who are blessed with better finances, due to the lack of proper insurance coverage. Many of these problems are hereditary or can occur from unhealthy dieting. Eating healthy and exercising can help eliminate some of the risk of getting these health problems. Also, regular check-ups from an assigned physician can help detect health problems before they become incurable. Whether the conversation is about female menopause or the male climacteric stage, the discussion is definitely middle aged occurrences in the human life cycle. These milestones for both men and women, trigger an evaluation of a person’s life by that individual. How smoothly the transition takes place is dependent on the overall stability of said person mentally and emotionally. Their self-image is a determinant of successful transitioning as well. For the most part,...
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...Combined Impact of Smoking, Early Menopause on Mortality The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). (2015, August 5). Combined impact of smoking, early menopause on mortality: Current smokers who experienced early menopause expected to die 2.6 years earlier. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 25, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150805075236.htm This article takes findings from The Journal of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS). This was a Swedish study and it showed how the effects smoking on age, menopause, and even mortality. Horrible reports of younger age at menopause have been recorded, but have been since changed after taking into account new factors. The study followed women for 16 years. Recorded was a smaller median age of women at death at 40 and 60 years was 1.3 years. Cigarette smoking has proven to allow menopause to effect you at a younger age. Smoking is a not only effects menopause, but that falls into mortality effects. The smoking can cause estrogen deficiency on women. The study proved that nonsmokers had a later menopause time and also more likely to use hormone therapy. The study shows how woman can without knowing delay chances or increase chances of menopause with one single bad habit. Analyzing this article I believe it makes valid points. As a woman I want to take as many precautions as possible with my body. Smoking is proven to increase health related damages in the body. Women and probably men too want to stay young...
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...curious about the affects of menopause. The more I read into this topic, the more that I realized I needed a little more help from a professional when it comes to perimenopause and how to suggest treatment and training. It was at this point that I decided to do the unthinkable... I turned to the internet! Whenever I have a supplement related question, the first thing I do is type in examine.com on my phone or computer and allow the insanely intelligent minds on the other side of the computer to send me back the examination of the data surrounding whatever supplement I'm interested in. I decided to take this one step further one day and ask Sol Orwell for some advice, outside the scope of supplements, on a good Doctor to talk to about an article on menopause and training. As if it was not cool enough that I was talking with Sol, he then forwarded the message on to Dr. Spencer Nadolsky (just some guy who manages to be the director of examine.com while practicing medicine AND looking WAY better than me with his shirt off) who said he would love to contribute. The following is based on an interview that I was fortunate enough to get from Dr. Spencer Nadolsky: Interview with Nadolsky: Me: What is perimenopause, menopause, and what are some of the symptoms to look for? Nadolsky: Menopause is the time in a woman's life where her ovaries stop producing eggs and the menstrual cycle ends and brings on hormonal changes. The average age of Menopause is around 50-51 and 40-45 is...
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...fBIOL 3350 Exam 2 Review 1. What is the function of the seminal vesicles? Adds fluid to the ejaculate to propel the sperm forward. The fructose secreted by the seminal vesicles provides the energy for sperm motility. 2. What role does nitric oxide play in erections? It involves increased inflow of blood into the corpora cavernosa due to relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle that surrounds the sinusoidal spaces and compression of the veins controlling outflow of blood from the venous plexus. 3. What nervous system controls erection? Parasympathetic nervous system 4. What are the major sources of estrogen in premenopausal and menopausal women? Ovaries and adipose tissue 5. What hormones would be used to treat exceptionally tall children by effecting early epiphyseal closure? Estrogen and testosterone 6. What describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina? Cystocele 7. What is testicular torsion and what is it a common consequence of? A Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis. It is a consequence of cryptorchidism along with infertility and malignancy. 8. What is the most common cause of cancer in males between the ages of 15-35? Testicular cancer 9. What cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in the US affecting men 65 years of age and older? Prostate cancer 10. What condition is characterized by heavy bleeding during and between menstrual cycles? Menometrorrhagia 11. What role does oxytocin and prolactin...
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...Defining the disease * Chronic disease marked by presence of endometrial tissue (glands and stroma)outside of endometrial cavity * Can be located anywhere in body * Common places in decreasing order: 1. Ovaries, Anterior/Posterior cul-de-sac, Posterior Broad ligament, Uteroscacral ligament, Fallopian tubes, Sigmoid colon + MORE Three Theories of pathogenesis 1. Halban Theory – Transport via lymphatic system 2. Meyer Theory – multi-potential cells in peritoneum undergo metaplastic transformation 3. Sampson Theory – Retrograde menstruation via fallopian tubes 4. Altered Immunity – deficiency in cellular immunity or NK cells result in inability to recognize the presence of endometrial tissue Epidemiology 1. Prevalence between 10-15%; true Prevalence is unknown – need surgical confirmation for diagnosis 2. Age group : found almost exclusively in age of reproductive women 3. Single most common reasons for hospitalization of women in this age group 4. Suspected in 20% chronic pelvic pain and 30-40% of infertility Clinical Manifestations 1. Timing 1. Begins: Cyclic Pelvic pain begins 1 or 2 weeks before menses 2. PEAKS: 1-2 days before onset of menses 3. Subsides: at onset of menses or shortly there after 2. Classic symptoms: Dysmenorrhea, Pelvic Pain, Dyspareunia, infertility 3. Severity of pain does not reflect extent of disease Perform exam during early menses; implants are more likely to be...
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...B1 Mini test B HT- Questions (25 min) Q1. A student investigated growth responses in plants. The student grew a bean seed in a box filled with moist soil, as shown in Diagram A. After the seed had started to grow, the box was turned onto its side and placed in a dark room, as shown in Diagram B. (a) Complete Diagram C to show what the root and shoot will look like three days later. (2) (b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. light. The results of the investigation show that the root is sensitive to moisture. gravity. (1) (c) A hormone in the plant causes the growth responses. What is the name of this hormone? Tick ( ) one box. Auxin Statin Steroid (1) (d) Gardeners can use some plant hormones Page 1as weed killers. (i) Give one different use of plant hormones by gardeners. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Selective weed killers only kill some plants in a garden. Killing weeds in a garden reduces competition between plants. Give three factors that plants compete for. 1 ............................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................ 3 ...
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