...Final Exam Study Guide Important to Know the function of anterior and posterior pituitary gland. Anterior Pituitary Gland: (Adenohypophysis) The anterior pituitary gland regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, reproduction and lactation (Adrenal, liver, bone, thryroid and gonads). -It is regulated by negative feedback and the hypothalamus. Major hormones: ACTH: Stimulates the adrenal cortex. TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone, promotes secretion of thyroid hormone. FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone, promotes growth of reproductive system. LH: Luteinizing hormone. Promotes sex hormone production GH: Growth hormone, promotes growth, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. PRL: Prolactin, Milk production and progesterone/estrogen. -Hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus to the A. Pituitary so these hormones can be released. Posterior Pituitary Gland: Mainly axons extended from the hypothalamus. These axons contain and release neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin: Targets the uterus, and mammary glands causing contractions and lactation. Vasopressin (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, argipressin. Stimulates water retention absorbs it back into blood causing raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, and inducing male aggression. Very Important to know and understand Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology: -In DKA, the lack of insulin prevents glucose from being utilized by the tissues...
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...Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections In our laboratory, we offer tests for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections-pharyngitis, sinusitis, ocular and ear infections, and lower tract infections including pneumonia and bronchitis. Today we will focus on the diagnosis of common bacterial causes of pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infections. Dr Miller will cover mycobacterial, fungal, and viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections with a special emphasis on the use of molecular methods to detect these organisms. Upper respiratory tract infections Pharyngitis- Group A streptococci is the most important bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Although pharyngitis is typically a self-limited disease, the diagnosis of group A streptococci may be attempted. The reasons may be to prevent the overuse of antimicrobials to treat pharyngitis (GAS negative patients are not treated) and to prevent ping-ponging of GAS in family with susceptible children. 1. GAS diagnostic strategy- Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT)- can be used in adults; test has high specificity (99%+) but sensitivity ranging from 80-90% (dependent upon test used and quality of specimen collection). Antigen positive patients would be treated but antigen negative patients would not. a. What about back-up culture- pro-can detect other agents of pharyngitis including Group C and G strep which is a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis as well as Arcanobacterium. ...
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...Postpartum Case Study May 26, 2016 Postpartum Case Study Admission Assessment J.B. a 38-year-old female, G5, P3 (SAB 2, L3) admitted on 5/09/16 at 0930 for a scheduled repeat cesarean section. The patient’s chief complaint is minor contractions and concern from previous SAB (Spontaneous Abortions). J.B’s 1st pregnancy ended at 13 weeks with a SAB. 2nd pregnancy ended by C-section at 37 weeks due fetal intolerance. Her 3rd pregnancy ended at 38 weeks with a repeat C-section and her 4th pregnancy ended at 11 weeks with a SAB. Bringing us to this pregnancy number 5. J.B. chose to have a repeat C-section, because her physician recommended it due to a prior C-section. Multiple scars on uterus increase the risk for several serious problems for women and fetus. These risks include: scar rupture, placenta previa, placental abruption, and placenta accrete (Tobah, 2015). A high-risk pregnancy involves at least one of the following; the woman or baby is more likely to become ill or die more than usual. Complications before or after delivery are more likely to occur than usual. High-risk pregnancies must be closely monitored. Some risk factors are present before women become pregnant. These risk factors include certain physical and social characteristics of women, problems that have occurred in previous pregnancies, and certain disorders women already have. In J.B.’s case she had a high-risk pregnancy due to several reasons, she has advanced maternal age > 35, prior miscarriages...
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...Overview: The Galveston Obstetrics and Gynecology clerkship consists of 1 week Labor and Delivery Days, 1 week of Labor and Delivery Nights, I week of Antepartum, 1 week of Post-partum 1 week of Gynecology, and 1 week of Out-patient clinic. However, the structure of the course is often changed in response to student feedback, so please refer to your syllabus for details! The obstetrics portion focuses on labor and delivery, antepartum, and postpartum aspects of patient care. The weeks that you spend in gynecology vary widely and can range from community clinics to gynecologic surgery. This clerkship is highly dependent on how much effort you put into it, as evaluations from residents and faculty make up a significant portion of your grade. The clerkship is generally VERY organized, which you will learn to appreciate as you go through other clerkships. Didactics: There are lectures one day per week, which are mandatory. You will be excused from all clinical duties on your didactic day. Apart from the lectures, you will have quizzes over certain topics in Ob-Gyn (refer to syllabus for schedule). The course textbook (Beckman) is an excellent study guide for these quizzes, but make sure you have the latest edition! Other helpful study resources are the online APGO quizzes, Blue Prints, First Aid and Case Files. You are allowed to wear casual clothes on didactic days. Small Groups: The small group sessions are where you will present your H&P and discuss your patient...
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...NRSG240 Final Test note CARDIAC NURSING 4 AMI 4 Definition (3marks)- very detailed needed. 4 Clinical manifestations of AMI. (5marks) 4 Nursing Interventions and Rationale for Managing a patient with Acute Chest pain(6marks) 4 and Ineffective Tissue perfusion (6marks) 5 Acute chest Pain 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 1. PQRST questions to evaluate MI- intensity, location, radiation, duration, precipitation & alleviating factors, in order to accurately evaluate, treat and prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 2. Semi-Fowler’s position & O2 therapy 2L via Hudson Mask in order to increase oxygenation of myocardial tissue & prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Administer medications- Morphin (normally 2.5-5mg) & anginine 600mcg (given every five minutes; maximum 3 tablets in order to relieve/prevent pain & ischemia to decrease anxiety & cardiac workload. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 4. 12-lead ECG & monitor in order to check hypotension & bradycardia, which may lead to hypoperfusion. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. Ineffective tissue perfusion 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 1. Monitor vital signs (Hourly) and saturation oxygen to determine baseline and ongoing change. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 2. Administer oxygen by Hudson’s mask (6-10L/min) and monitor the effectiveness to increase oxygenation of myocardial tissue and prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Monitor respiratory status for sysptoms of heart failure to maintain appropriate levels of oxygenation...
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...personal relationships can also suffer. Types of Anxiety Disorders Panic disorder People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic attack include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking, which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or "going crazy." Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing thoughts are called obsessions, and the rituals are called compulsions. An example is a person with an unreasonable fear of germs who constantly washes his or her hands. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) PTSD is a condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or...
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...dehydrationMod dehydrationSevere dehydrationReplacing ongoing losses | MAJOR TEACHING POINTS | NURSING CONSIDERATIONS | Teach parents at well childcare visits in first yearKeep 24 hour supply of ORT in homeBegin with first sign of diarrheaReplace with ½ cup ORT for each diarrheal stoolSeek medical attention prn signs or dehydrationAfter re-hydration resume breast/formula feeding or normal diet in the older childAdvise them never to try to formulate an OR solution themselves.Teach personal hygiene/ hand washingProper preparation and storage of breast milk or formulaCareful food preparationImmunization for RotavirusAvoid unnecessary antibiotic usage | Acute diarrhea is leading cause of illness in children <5 years (10’s of millions cases in US)65% of hospitalizations and 85% of...
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...factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity F c) Craniopharyngioma T d) Hypomagnesaemia T e) Birth asphyxia T 7. Bronchial asthma: a) is associated with recurrent rather than chronic persistent cough T b) Is inherited in a Mendelian fashion F c) May be associated with flexural eczema T d) Rarely occurs in infancy T e) Requires laboratory investigation for diagnosis T 8. Both human breast milk and cow's milk can be used...
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...of insects and bugs while they are abroad. Indeed, travelers to exotic locales are often affected by nasty diseases transmitted by insects or bugs and bring such disease home with them. The greatest dangers lurk closer home and one need not travel across the world to face tiny pests. Many local insects and bugs in North America can cause serious diseases. Therefore, protecting the entire family through the prudent use of good quality insect and bug repellents is a necessity. Insects and bugs as vectors Each year, millions of people die from diseases transmitted by insects and other pests acting as vectors - an organism that acts as a host or carrier of some minute pathogenic organism that it transfers or transmits to a human host. In the case of malaria, for example, the mosquito is a vector, while malaria is actually caused by the protozoan parasite plasmodium. The human being is the final host. Not all diseases passed on by...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
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...NCSBN ON-LINE REVIEW 1.A client has been hospitalized after an automobile accident. A full leg cast was applied in the emergency room. reason for the nurse to elevate the casted leg is to A) Promote the client's comfort B) Reduce the drying time C) Decrease irritation to the skin D) Improve venous return The most important D: Improve venous return. Elevating the leg both improves venous return and reduces swelling. Client comfort will be improved as well. 2. The nurse is reviewing with a client how to collect a clean catch urine specimen. What is the appropriate sequence to teach the client? A) B) C) D) Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream Void a little, clean the meatus, then collect specimen Clean the meatus, then urinate into container Void continuously and catch some of the urine A: Clean the meatus, begin voiding, then catch urine stream. A clean catch urine is difficult to obtain and requires clear directions. Instructing the client to carefully clean the meatus, then void naturally with a steady stream prevents surface bacteria from contaminating the urine specimen. As starting and stopping flow can be difficult, once the client begins voiding it’s best to just slip the container into the stream. Other responses do not reflect correct technique 3. Following change-of-shift report on an orthopedic unit, which client should the nurse see first? A) B) C) D) 16 year-old who had an open reduction of a fractured wrist 10 hours ago 20 year-old...
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...that is not an inherent natural constituent of the food itself, in an amount that poses a reasonable possibility of injury to health, or (2) a substance that is an inherent natural constituent of the food itself; is not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other contamination; and is present in an amount that ordinarily renders the food injurious to health. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second is the tetrodotoxin that occurs naturally in some organs of some types of pufferfish and that ordinarily will make the fish injurious to health. In either case, foods adulterated with these agents are prohibited from being introduced, or offered for introduction, into interstate commerce. Our scientific understanding of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins is continually advancing....
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...Alexander Fleming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Alexander Fleming (disambiguation). Sir Alexander Fleming FRSE, FRS, FRCS(Eng) | | Born | 6 August 1881 Lochfield, Ayrshire, Scotland | Died | 11 March 1955 (aged 73) London, England | Nationality | Scottish | Fields | Bacteriology, immunology | Alma mater | Royal Polytechnic Institution St Mary's Hospital Medical School Imperial College London | Known for | Discovery of penicillin | Notable awards | * FRS (1943)[1] * Nobel Prize (1945) * Knight Bachelor (1944) | Signature | Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS,[1] FRCS(Eng) (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Contents * 1 Early life and education * 2 Research * 2.1 Work before penicillin * 2.2 Accidental discovery * 2.3 Purification and stabilisation * 2.4 Antibiotics * 3 Myths * 4 Personal life * 5 Death * 6 Honours, awards and achievements * 7 See also * 8 Bibliography * 9 References * 10 External links Early life and education Fleming was born on 6 August 1881...
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