...Running Head: Physical Activity and Stroke Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke His/her Name University Name Abstract Researchers and scientists have always favored preventive measures to avoid the conditions which result in undergoing a rigorous treatment. In this view physical activity or fitness training programs have been found having significant effects in the prevention of strokes as well as at post care stage as treatment and a measure of rehabilitation in survivors of cardiac arrests. Further, it has been noted in recently conducted studies that quite a remarkable evidences are discovered in favor of physical activity as therapeutic as well as rehabilitative in nature. Organized physical activity in the form of exercise, tailor made programs according to the needs of the patients at post care stage and fitness training exercise therapy have been found considerably helpful in rehabilitation in the survivors of stroke. In addition, further research is proposed to explore the different types of organized exercise programs according to the physical and mental conditions of survivors and as preventive measures among them. Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke Cardiac arrest is a one of the growing and leading causes of death around the globe. According to available data, more than 130,000...
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...The Use of Music Therapy on Stroke Victims When normal blood flow to the brain fails, a stroke occurs, there are more than 780,000 strokes every year in the United States causing more serious long-term disabilities than any other disease that number is expected to increase in the coming years. (Know Stroke). While preventing strokes is obviously a goal, the development of successful rehabilitation strategies is equally important. Music therapy has shown promise as a way to help stroke victims recover a variety of lost functionality. In this paper I will be describing the beneficial effects that music has on stroke victims. There are two main types of stroke ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs when blood vessels are blocked, usually by a clot. This accounts for four in five strokes. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a broken or leaking blood vessel in the brain (NIH). The effects of a stroke vary by its type, severity and location within the brain. A stroke may affect only one side of the body or part of one side. It can cause cognitive deficits, muscle weakness or paralysis. A stroke in the right half of the brain can cause visuospatial issues, impaired judgment and behavior, along with short-term memory loss. A stroke in the left half of the brain can cause speech and language problems, slow and cautious behavior, as well as memory problems. A stroke in the cerebellum can cause abnormal reflexes, balance problems, and dizziness, nausea, or vomiting (Office on...
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...Managing Client with Cerebrovascular Disease Introduction Stroke is a part of a cardiovascular disease that occurs when the supply of blood or oxygen to the brain is disrupted by a blockage in the artery or when there is usually a trauma that causes spontaneous bleeding in the brain (Duncan, Zorowitz & Lambert, 2005). Bleeding in the brain, is referred to as a haemorrhagic stroke which results from either ruptured blood vessels or due to an abnormal vascular structure such as arterio-venous malformation. Although stroke can be classified into two different categories (ischemic and haemorrhagic), one should note the indispensable relationship between the two. This would be later explained at a greater detail into the case study. The following would be a brief introduction of my chosen case study. Emergency Department A 22 year old gentleman was brought to the Emergency Department at 1235hrs on 28th October 2012 via ambulance. Patient was unresponsive upon arrival, GCS= 3, E1V1M1, bilateral pupils non-reactive to light and slight epistaxis noted. History obtained from eye-witnesses stated that patient just finished boxing practice and complained of severe giddiness before fainting shortly after and never regained consciousness. On arrival at Emergency Department, patient was sent for a CT (computed tomography) Brain with chest and cervical spine X-ray followed by a swift intubation at 1315hrs. Patient, as per trauma protocol, was nursed on cervical collar although...
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...more than any condition in women over the age of 50, including cancer (1) and in fact is responsible for more than a third of all deaths in women (2). It is estimated that 370,000 women in the United States die from heart disease each year. However, our knowledge base regarding CVD in African American (AA) women has not kept pace with the accumulation of data on white females. Thus, there is a deficit of information about this subgroup and the prevalence of CVD despite the fact that black women have more risk factors for CVD than do white women (3). The purpose of this paper is to review the subject of CVD in African American women and to focus upon four principal CVD categories: Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF).The impact of gender and race on each of these entities will be examined in comparison to white women, and a determination will be made as to whether a different approach to the management of these disorders should be made based on ethnicity and sex. Coronary Artery Disease It has long been held that men have much more of a problem with CAD than women do; the belief has been that men are more susceptible to the disease, whereas...
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...NURSING MANAGEMENT OF A STROKE PATIENT INTRODUCTION Stroke is the only largest cause of adult disability which leaves a devastating and lasting effect on people and their families (DoH, 2007a). The government of the United Kingdom had recognized stroke as a health care priority. Several government agencies developed clinical guidelines which are being implemented today in local health care settings (Williams et al, 2010a). This essay will focus on stroke as the cause of impaired mobility and will tackle on the patient-centered rehabilitation care plan along with its evidence-based rationales. Health and social care policies and its effect on the patient’s chosen journey will also be discussed. PATIENT PROFILE This is a case of a 68 year-old, married female who lives in the south of England. Mrs. G was admitted on 12 October 2010 with a presenting complaint of left-sided weakness. Prior to admission, she experienced persistent pain on the back of the head for 2 days, which was unrelieved by Paracetamol intake. On the morning of admission, she collapsed in the bathroom and was found by the husband after 3 hours. She was brought to the hospital via ambulance and upon initial assessment, no shortness of breath, slurred speech, dizziness, palpitation and chest pain were noted. Her vital signs were as follows: blood pressure of 169/59 mmHg, pulse rate of 80 bpm, respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute, body temperature of 37.5 degrees...
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...also known as stroke can broadly be described as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Without blood the brain cells are staved of oxygen, and can begin to die within minutes if the blood supply is completely cut off. It is this cellular death which has the greatest influence on the sequelae or after math of the stroke. Hemiplegia is the most common sequelae of stroke, this medical condition characterised by paralyses of one side of the body. It is similar to, but should not be confused with hemiparesis which is when one side of the body is weak but still mobile. While the leading cause of hemiplegia is a Cerebrovascular Accident, it is not the only cause, other neural conditions such as a unilateral pyramidal (UMN) lesion may also cause hemiplegia. It is difficult to discuss Hemiplegia without also discussing Stroke, similar to cause and effect, if stroke is the cause then hemiplegia is effect. A sudden stroke can be deadly, and how well someone recovers or if they recover depends largely on how fast they receive treatment. In Australia the most popular method for identifying stroke is the FAST test: * Face – Check their face. Has their mouth dropped? * Arms – Can they lift both arms? * Speech – Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you? * Time – Time is critical. If you see any of these signs Call 000 now! Thanks to implementation of tests such as this and advancements in emergency medical treatment of stroke, the numbers of stroke survivors is...
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...striding toward his office at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston; he nearly collided with Lee Schwamm, MD. Knowing that Dr. Schwamm’s overfull schedule as Vice Chairman of Neurology and Director of Acute Stroke and TeleStroke Services meant he had little time to chat, Farrell used the near-collision as an opportunity to quickly mention a recent conversation with a nurse from Falmouth Hospital on Cape Cod. An active participant in the TeleStroke service, Falmouth Hospital was regularly honored for its adherence to best practices in stroke care. “Recently some Falmouth nurses asked how we can convince other MGH departments—such as in critical-care pediatrics—to provide similar telemedicine consultation services,” Farrell stated, adding “Their nurse stroke coordinator, Jean Estes, is a huge cheerleader for TeleStroke.” Dr. Schwamm continued moving toward his office as he replied, No tC Shawn, don’t we already have too much to do? I need to see patients, complete the analysis for a study I am working on, submit a grant application. Next week I will speak at an international neurology conference. Telemedicine can certainly be invaluable in many clinical domains, but there just are not enough hours in the day for us to get involved beyond stroke care. Before entering his office and shutting his door, Dr. Schwamm added one last remark: “We can’t do everything, Shawn—but we can do TeleStroke very well.” Shawn Farrell was not a medical doctor. A graduate...
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...rather what he did. The 58-year-old former athlete and civil engineer had been fighting in the British courts for the right to end his suffering from Locked-In Syndrome, an incurable condition, following a stroke he suffered in 2005 (Burns). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Locked-In Syndrome is “a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles in all parts of the body except for those that control eye movement…Individuals with locked-in syndrome are conscious and can think and reason, but are unable to speak or move…Communication may be possible with blinking eye movements.” Nicklinson’s only way of communicating was through a system that allowed him to write messages on a computer screen by blinking his eyes (Burns). His message was clear—“I want permission to die.” Before his case went to trial, Tony wrote an essay to the courts expressing his astonishment that a 21st century British court would deny him the right to take his own life just because he was handicapped (Burns). His case was emotionally charged and highly profiled; nevertheless, the British courts rejected his request to die. Lord Justice Sir Roger Toulson, the judge writing for the three-panel court that heard Nicklinson’s case said a decision in his favor would constitute “a major change in the law” (Burns). Nicklinson died six days after the court’s decision. Currently, euthanasia, or its more politically correct term, assisted...
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...extractions; and humans can be purged of such feelings and their validities by demolishing the theories that give them life. The cognitive restructuring model is a proven model in addressing behavioral issues concerning stroke victims and adolescents. Team A’s focus will be addressing the perceptions into these interventions. Behavioral changes can be difficult, but for a stroke victim it can be even more challenging due to cognitive deficiencies after a stroke. These changes are not only grueling to accept, but create a challenge due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments. After a stroke, the ability to return to a consistent routine and activities now depend on the individual’s ability modify behaviors. One of the challenges one may face after a stroke is difficulty relating with others among other behavioral challenges relating to this type of injury. One of the main steps in overcoming this challenge is building a trusting relationship with the stroke victim; this develops throughout the rehabilitation process. Encouraging the patient too understand the benefits of setting goals. This trust is achieved through honesty, caring and regular interaction always trying to achieve realistic expectations. “Other Interventions include developing a plan that the stroke victim is happy with, so that it is more likely to be effective” (White, Seckinger, Doyle, and Strauss, 1997). Take into consideration their weaknesses and strengths, and prioritize their needs. Also reflect on the...
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...Melanie Amento Professor Post SC-108-1 April 29, 2013 Progeria Progeria, also known as Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome, and Progeria syndrome, is an extremely rare genetic disease wherein symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. The Progeria come from the Greek words “pro” meaning “before” and “gēras” meaning “old age”. The disorder has a very low incident rate, occurring in an estimated 1 per 8 million live births. Those born with Progeria typically live to their mid teens and early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation, and is rarely inherited. Although the term Progeria applies strictly to all diseases characterized by premature aging symptoms, and is often used as such, it is often applied specifically in reference to Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria Syndrome. At present there are 53 known cases of Progeria around the world and only 2 in the UK. There is a reported incidence of Progeria of approximately 1 in every 4 to 8 million newborns. Both boys and girls run an equal risk of having Progeria. Progeria appears to affect children of all races equally. Over the last 15 years the following countries have had reported cases - Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Puerto Rico, South Africa, South America, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, the US, Venezuela, Vietnam and Yugoslavi. Children with Progeria are born...
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...having a stroke. Having a high blood pressure is the biggest reason and factor which causes stokes. The 50 percent of strokes that occur are due to some blockage called the ischemic stroke. It also increases the chances of bleeding occurring in the brain which is called the hemorrhagic stroke (Willmot, Leonardi-Bee, & Bath, 2004). Having a high blood pressure puts a lot of pressure and strain on the blood vessels throughout the body which includes the ones which lead to the brain. Due to which, the heart has to work hard in order to make sure that the blood circulation keeps on going. This strain that occurs damages the blood vessels which make them harder and narrower. This condition is called atherosclerosis. This makes it more likely that the blockage will occur which causes a stroke or transient ischaemic attack which is also called the mini stroke (Chobanian et al., 2003). On some very rare instances, the extra strain causes the blood vessels to get weak and burst inside the brain which causes bleeding into the surrounding tissues. This is called as a hemorrhagic stroke. The common symptoms of having a stroke include severe headache, confusion, losing coordination, losing vision, feeling numb or weak. The symptoms depend on the amount of damage which has been done to the brain. A stroke often leads to physical disability. It is possible for people who have had strokes in their life to recover the abilities that they lost over time but this is not always the case and sometimes...
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...Modern Medicine RACHNA BAJAJ INTRODUCTION Human dissection has historically been carried out in search for humours, worms, miasmas and divine spells to explain what caused illness and death. However, as ‘scientific’ thinking advanced, there was a desire to understand disease based on the empirical evidence obtained from post-mortem examinations.1 This gave birth to one of the most important gold standards of diagnosis, a great tool for medical audit and probably the best teaching method of medicine – the autopsy. The words ‘autopsy’, ‘necropsy’ and ‘post-mortem examination’ are synonymous with each other and refer to the investigation of the human body involving an external examination followed by the dissections of the head, thorax and the abdomen. The word autopsy literally means ‘to see for oneself’. Autopsy rates in the United Kingdom (UK) currently stand at 21.9%, out of which only 0.4% are not requested by a coroner and the most common request for an autopsy occurs in cases of unexpected deaths where the cause is not apparent. Autopsies are also carried out for determination of manner of death, evaluation of ante-mortem and post-mortem diagnosis, epidemiological purposes, survey outbreaks, medical audit, research, teaching, forensic purposes and to enlighten/reassure families or inform then of hereditary diseases. Despite the well-recognised importance of autopsies in twenty-first century medicine, there has been a huge decline in autopsy rates across...
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...injuries are categorized as mild, moderate or severe based on the amount of damage that occurs to the brain. (ninds.nih.gov, 2015) A1. Pathophysiology To understand traumatic brain injuries, we must first discuss the numerous causes of brain injury. When injury occurs to the brain, the patient encounters the primary injury that is directly related and occurs at the time of the injury. Secondary injury occurs as a result of the primary injury but often leads to a more significant sequela based on the type of initial trauma. Non penetrating injuries to the cranium that lead to traumatic brain injuries are not always related to direct blows of the cranium. Rapid acceleration and deceleration injuries along with compression injuries may lead to traumatic brain injuries. This type of injuries can lead to injuries to the brain tissue that could include compression, stretching and shearing injuries to the brain tissue. These type of injuries are classified as “diffuse axonal injuries”. Diffuse axonal injuries are one of the most common and extensive types of traumatic brain injuries. These injuries often lead to death or severe irreversible damage due the magnitude of the injury. Over 90% of patients that experience a diffuse axonal injury remain in a persistent vegetative state and never regain consciousness. (wikipedia.org, 2015) The most common closed traumatic head injury is related to a direct blow to the cranium. The two most common are results of a fall or a motor vehicle...
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...to dealing with stroke survivors the focus is always on the patient, how she will live, and the quality of her life. While dealing with these situations is the appropriate response it is also important to take into consideration that the patient is not the only one who had been affected by a stroke. This leads families and medical professionals alike by asking the question, how does a stroke impact the lives of the immediate family members of the stroke survivor? The aim of this study will be to determine the answer to this question by connecting how the changes in the quality of life for the survivor impact the lives of the immediate family. Developed Research Methodology As the main care giver of a spouse who has survived multiple strokes, it means that I am known by other immediate family members of stroke survivors as one of them and consequently I am aware of what they are experiencing. Acting as a participant observer is the most logical methodology to use for answering this question. The rationale behind this is that in the referred to situation I am known as a member of the group that is being studied rather than as a researcher, which is definition of a participant observer (Dorsten & Hotchkiss, 2014). The main technique of direct data collection that I intend to use is conducting interviews. Interviewing the immediate family members of a stroke survivor will allow me to determine how the changes that occurred as a direct result of the stroke have impacted...
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...Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called “hardening” or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling...
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