...Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA . Abstract. (The relationship between mussels and intertidal organisms within a particular community in the intertidal zone is a great example of the competitive exclusion principle. The alternative hypothesis for this study would be that there is a direct relationship between organisms due to interspecific competition, Introduction: California mussels (Mytilus californianus) are abundant where there is surf along the outer coast. They form massive beds, sometimes several meters across, on surf exposed rocks and wharf pilings in the upper middle intertidal zone and offshore, up to 24 meters deep. Like barnacles, mussels like to gather in dense clusters in the middle intertidal zone. Mussel beds are often large enough to be a home to many other creatures, like snails and worms. California mussel beds accumulate a gritty mixture of sand and bits of shell which provide a home for a various assemblage of animals including a number of polychaete worms, snails, crabs and a blackish sea cucumber. The Ochre sea stars are California mussels' main predator. Ochre sea stars affect the distribution of the mussels because the sea star generally occurs lower on the shore than the mussels and moves up to feed during high tide. Mussels are also eaten by shorebirds, crabs and snails. When a predator eats the dominant species, then predation may prevent the dominant species from monopolizing a limited resource, thereby increasing diversity of species in...
Words: 2730 - Pages: 11
...Poisons Abi Barnes Aconite A poison is a substance that can cause illness or death among an organism when introduced to the body and a toxin is a poison that originates from an animal or plant; a lethal dose is an amount of something that will cause death. The different types of poisons are those from various different types of animals, medicines, common household cleaning products, mushrooms and plants. In their own way all poisons are helpful, such as for animals; animals use poisons as a defence technique against their predators, as do some plants. Cleaning products are harmful if ingested, inhaled, or sometimes even when they come into contact with skin, but they are also helpful to sanitize and clean our home and/or...
Words: 877 - Pages: 4
...Dear Mr. Rawls, I appreciate sending me your view points when it comes to the subjects of Capital Punishment and your views on war. I do have to agree with you, when you state that nobody knows what the true standard of Justice is, as I feel that is determined by an individual mandate on specific situations. That is the problem from my perspective, is we try to find a global answer to questions such as Justice, when something such as that is purely based on perspective itself. This also applies to war, and the more generalized topic of capital punishment. I wish to hear your views based on the following situation Mr. Rawls, as it would be most interesting to hear from your perspective when the word “sacrifice” is brought to a level you may have never witnessed before. I am referring to the upcoming event of the zombie apocalypse. I first wish to discuss the origins of such an event. First, let me just clarify the term “zombie,” as it has variable meanings. In this case, a zombie is a person who is not undead, as that digresses from an unrealistic situation, but instead is infected with a disease that numbs the human brain to any type of central pain. It also brings the human to a primitive state, and as a result, finds any creature that does not resemble it or its kind as either a type of food or just hostile to its existence. This is a practice commonly used by most animals of today, but not in a state such as this. This infection causes the zombies to crave the flesh and...
Words: 1398 - Pages: 6
...ABSTRACT The intent of this proposal argument is to show that manned aircraft should be utilized in combat and multi-role missions over Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The major differences between manned and unmanned aircraft will be explored. The issues of cost, payload capacity, situational awareness and effectiveness, their role in combat conditions, and the pilot’s decision making capabilities in both aircraft will all be covered in the proposal. In addition, the history and how each type of aircraft came about will be discussed in order to show the experience level and usefulness of manned and unmanned aircraft. Many of the current ideas the military has about what should be the course of action when it comes to manned and unmanned aircraft will be included. Any good or bad consequences of the current proposals will also be discussed. Finally, the future for manned and unmanned aircraft will be reviewed. INTRODUCTION The United States Navy’s manned aircraft are more effective in aerial combat and multi-role missions than Unmanned Arial Vehicles or UAV drones. Exclusively utilizing unmanned aircraft in place of manned fighter and attack aircraft could lead to military failures in combat situations. Pilots controlling the Unmanned Arial Vehicle or UAV drones from remote locations are incapable of making split second decisions or having the awareness that pilots in the cockpit on location possess. Over the past 80 years, the U.S. Navy has trained some of the most elite...
Words: 2410 - Pages: 10
...Branding Strategies strategic partnerships * ensuring that adidas remains relevant to the style-conscious consumer adidas has partnered with Stella McCartney and Porsche Design, designing sports-inspired fashion, high-end functional ranges or even luxury sportswear. adidas Originals continues to engage in unique collaborations in fashion, such as with Jeremy Scott, David Beckham and Opening * Ceremony, * In 2012, Reebok deepened its partnership with CrossFit * On the Classics side, Reebok and Alicia Keys announced a new and exciting partnership as well as design collaboration. Alicia Keys’ first project was the launch of her own signature Reebok “AK” collection. Activation and validation via a relevant set of promotion partnerships * adidas brings its passion for great products to the biggest stages in the world, with sponsorship agreements for the FIFA World Cup, the NBA, the Boston Marathon, the European Rugby Cup and the upcoming IAAF World Championships in Moscow in 2013 For example, the 2012 London Olympic Games were an enormous global platform to showcase adidas. As official sponsor, adidas kitted out over 5,000 athletes, 11 National Olympic Committees and 21 national sporting federations. 30% of medals were won by athletes wearing adidas, amongst them gold medallists David Rudisha, Jessica Ennis, Andy Murray and the US women’s gymnastics team. * adidas had considerable success leveraging the event with the “Take the Stage” brand...
Words: 1060 - Pages: 5
...Introduction The United States first began the invasion of Afghanistan in October of 2001. Since then, the ensuing war has taken many turns, the most significant of which came when Al Qaeda's figurehead and 9/11 mastermind Osama Bin Laden was captured from Afghanistan. The two statements that just followed provide a significant number of anomalies to foreign policy experts. Firstly, the country of Afghanistan never declared war on the United States or ever officially threatened its sovereignty. Secondly, the main aim for the U.S invasion of Afghanistan, at least in theory was to capture and kill Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda, but has since not only shifted to become a war against the Taliban but also another exercise in nation building. Thirdly, though America (at least publicly) had been chasing Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan, he was ultimately captured from about an hour's drive from Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad. Fourthly, Osama Bin Laden's assassination came after a blatant violation of Pakistan's national sovereignty by American special forces and without the knowledge of its infamously strong military. Fifthly, Osama Bin Laden's body was disposed in secrecy, and though the opportunity was there to bring the most wanted man in the world to trial, it was deemed unsuitable for the American cause to do so. However, all these concerns though important, are dwarfed when compared to the American policy of conducting drone attacks within Pakistani borders. Interestingly...
Words: 3157 - Pages: 13
...(Reuters) - With the failure this weekend of BP's "top kill" attempt to plug its leaking Gulf of Mexico oil well, fears are growing that the economic and environmental impact of the nearly six-week-old spill can only spread. Here are some facts about effects of the worst ever U.S. oil spill, triggered by the April 20 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon rig: THE SCALE OF THE CATASTROPHE "This is probably the biggest environmental disaster we have ever faced in this country," top White House energy adviser Carol Browner said on Sunday. "There could be oil coming up 'til August." Browner told CBS's "Face The Nation," "We are prepared for the worst." Louisiana, the nearest state to BP's gushing undersea well that is 42 miles out in the Gulf of Mexico, has been the most impacted by the spill so far. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal said this week that more than 100 miles of Louisiana's 400-mile coast had so far been impacted by the spilled oil. State officials have reported sheets of oil soiling wetlands and seeping into marine and bird nurseries, leaving a stain of sticky crude on cane that binds the marshes together. Billy Nungesser, president of Plaquemines Parish, saw dying cane and "no life" in parts of Pass-a-Loutre wildlife refuge. "Oil debris", in the form of tar balls and surface "sheen", has also been reported coming ashore since the April 20 accident in outlying parts of coastal Mississippi and Alabama. In the week of May 17, Coast Guard officials found tar balls...
Words: 3669 - Pages: 15
...Her mother abandoned her and her brother Keith, her father killed himself in prison after being convicted of child molesting. Being raised by her alcoholic grandmother, and abusive grandfather, she was beaten and raped, and conceived at age thirteen after being assaulted by a stranger and subsequently giving birth. After Aileen gave birth she gave the baby up for adoption. When she was fifteen she was kicked out of her house and worked as a prostitute on a Florida highway. The first person she killed was a man named Richard Mallory; he was found in a junkyard with five more men’s bodies (College). Aileen Wuornos was found out and convicted with the death sentence; even if her sanity was questioned she was executed by lethal injection in 2002. On the psychological side of the scale, both Nature and Nurture are present in this case. Aileen had a very bad upbringing being abused, and abandoned which in tow would seem as if the nurture of her past drove her over the edge to commit those murders, but on the biological side of things her dad had some sort of problems as well, her father being a child molester that it could be argued that he gave her traits of being a molester, through heredity. This being said, in this case both nature and nurture had some play in part to why Aileen Wuornos became a serial...
Words: 2068 - Pages: 9
...CONSERVATION OF LEOPARDS IN AYUBIA NATIONAL PARK, PAKISTAN By Asad Lodhi M.Sc (Chemistry), University of Peshawar, Pakistan, 1991 M.Sc (Forestry), Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan, 1994 Professional Paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Biology The University of Montana Missoula, MT Spring 2007 Approved by: Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean Graduate School Dr. Daniel Pletscher Director Wildlife Biology Program Dr. Kerry Foresman Division of Biological Sciences Dr. Mark Hebblewhite Wildlife Biology Program Lodhi, Asad M.S. May 2007 Wildlife Biology Conservation of leopard in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan Director: Dr. Daniel H. Pletscher Large carnivores are important for biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet are very difficult to conserve because of their large home ranges and conflicts with humans. I examined human-leopard conflicts in and near Ayubia National Park, Pakistan, to provide management recommendations for the conservation of leopards. Persecution of leopards by humans has been on the rise primarily due to depredation on livestock and risk to human lives. Since 1989, 16 humans have either been killed or injured in and around Ayubia National Park while leopards faced 44 human-caused mortalities during the same period. I examined the management strategy adopted by NWFP Wildlife Department for leopard conservation, identify gaps, and suggest possible management...
Words: 18821 - Pages: 76
...SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF FORESTRY AND NATURE CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE: OPPORTUNISTIC SAMPLING AS A TOOL FOR SURVEILLANCE OF PARASITIC DISEASES IN WILD ANIMALS; A CASE OF MIKUMI NATONAL PARK STUDENT NAME: KIBONA, Juma A REG. NUMBER: WLM/D/11/T/0057 A SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT FROM THE SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MOROGORO – TANZANIA SUPERVISOR: Prof. E.K. BATAMUZI 2013/2014 0 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 BACKGROUND OF INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .................................................................................................... 4 1.3 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.0 General objective ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................
Words: 4723 - Pages: 19
...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Euphorbia hirta, belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae which is a large family of dicotyledons, with about 300 genera and over 5,000 species. Here in the Philippines, the Euphorbia hirta, is commonly referred to as Tawa-tawa or Gatas-gatas in some provinces. It is also known as Asthma weed or Snake weed in the United States. The plants of 3 different species share Phoretic variations, these plants are: (1) Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), (2) Gatas-gatas (Euphorbia hirta) and (3) Botoncillo (Gomphena globosa). Tawa-tawa is usually very abundant in tropical regions such as the Philippines. A simple weed scattered in sunny lawns, waste places and open grasslands. It is pantropic in distribution. The plant is an annual, hairy herb, usually branched from the base, spreading up to 40 cm long. The stem is slender and often reddish and purplish in color, covered with yellowish bristly hairs especially in younger parts. The leaves are oppositely arranged, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 cm long, toothed at the edge, and blotched with purple in the middle. In the axils appear numerous involucres, purplish or greenish, dense, axillary, short stalk clusters or crowded cymes, about 1 mm long. The capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5 cm. The small green flowers constitute the inflourescence characteristics of the euphorbias. The stem and the leaves produce white or milky juice when cut (Lind and Tallantire...
Words: 8195 - Pages: 33
...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
Words: 20207 - Pages: 81
...Human Population and Environmental Problems by PAUL R. EHRLICH, Ph.D.(Kansas) Professor of Biology and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A. rather small number that are thought of as 'important' forms of wildlife—will have a dramatic negative feedback effect on the capacity of our planet to support human life. This is because, although politicians and laymen tend to focus attention on air pollution and water pollution as the most serious environmental problems, in fact the most devastating of all is the destruction of the life-support systems of our planet. These are the natural ecosystems that provide us with a series of public-service functions without which we cannot persist indefinitely on this Earth—such functions as maintaining the quality of the atmosphere, controlling roughly 99 % of the potential agricultural pests, recycling of our waste products, and many other services that we cannot perform for ourselves (Ehrlich et al., 1973). The third message which I would like to give you is that the time for research as a major approach to the world's problems is long past. If you are trapped in a forest, downwind from a forest fire, and it is raging towards you at ten or more kilometres per hour, you do not immediately convene a committee to study reforestation—you call for water. In human society, calling for water basically consists of promoting political action...
Words: 5349 - Pages: 22
...Content Water they say is life, and indeed they were right. With about 70% of the earth’s cover being water; it undeniably becomes one of our greatest resources. Water resources are used in various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation, fisheries, hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation, environmental protection, the disposal and treatment of sewage, and industrial effluents. Water has sources and supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and challenging natural resource to manage. Water resources refer to the supply of groundwater and surface water in a given area. Water resources may also reference the current or potential value of the resource to the community and the environment. The maximum rate that water is potentially available for human use and management is often considered the best measure of the total water resources of a given region. With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste material. Further in the body, it regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood and glandular secretions. An average adult body contains 42 litres of water and with just...
Words: 11852 - Pages: 48
...RICHARD DAWKINS-The Selfish Gene. Ebook v1.0. 'Who should read this book? Everyone interested in the universe and their place in it.' Jeffrey R. Baylis, Animal Behaviour Our genes made us. We animals exist for their preservation and are nothing more than their throwaway survival machines. The world of the selfish gene is one of savage competition, ruthless exploitation, and deceit. But what of the acts of apparent altruism found in nature-the bees who commit suicide when they sting to protect the hive, or the birds who risk their lives to warn the flock of an approaching hawk? Do they contravene the fundamental law of gene selfishness? By no means: Dawkins shows that the selfish gene is also the subtle gene. And he holds out the hope that our species-alone on earth-has the power to rebel against the designs of the selfish gene. This book is a call to arms. It is both manual and manifesto, and it grips like a thriller. The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins's brilliant first book and still his most famous, is an international bestseller in thirteen languages. For this new edition there are two major new chapters. 'learned, witty, and very well written...exhilaratingly good.' Sir Peter Medawar, Spectator Richard Dawkins is a Lecturer in Zoology at Oxford University and a Fellow of Mew College, and the author of The Blind Watchmaker. Preface to 1976 edition This book should be read almost as though it were science fiction. It is designed to appeal to the imagination. But it is not science...
Words: 118698 - Pages: 475
