...MWENGE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FACULT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY COURSE TITTLE: SOCIALIZATION PROCESS COURSE CODE: SOC-108 TERM PAPER HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA STUDENT’S NAME MDODI F MDODI REG: T/DEG/MWUCE/2012/ 0578 Section one HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA 1.0 Introduction Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual activity between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. "It also refers to an individual's sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviors expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them.’’(Giddes2009) The homosexuality rights leads to the formation of International Lesbian and Gay’s Association in 1978 in USA (ILGA). (Giddes1989) Transsexual is a process by which a person who strongly identifies with the opposite sex and may seek to as a member of this sex especially by undergoing surgery and hormone therapy to obtain a necessary physical appearance (as by changing the external sex organs). The most common terms for homosexual people...
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...DHS WORKING PAPERS Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang Sara Sulzbach Susna De 2010 No. 67 February 2010 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH RESEARCH The DHS Working Papers series is an unreviewed and unedited prepublication series of papers reporting on research in progress based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. This research was carried out with support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the MEASURE DHS project (#GPO-C-00-03-00002-00). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or the organizations to which the authors belong. MEASURE DHS assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Additional information about the MEASURE DHS project can be obtained by contacting ICF Macro, Demographic and Health Research Division, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705 (telephone: 301-572-0200; fax: 301-572-0999; e-mail: reports@macrointernational.com; internet: www.measuredhs.com). Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang1 Sara Sulzbach2 Susna De3 February 2010 Corresponding authors: Wenjuan Wang, International...
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...infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV was high. Among the sample, which consisted of students’ aged 15-21, 99.5% had heard of HIV. More than 90 % could identify three main routes of contracting the infection. The same study also showed that knowledge of other STDs was lower than the knowledge on HIV, and that some of the students did not know that STDs could cause infertility. The study showed...
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...The impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population.1 AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. During 2008 alone, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS.3 Although access to antiretroviral treatment is starting to lessen the toll of AIDS, fewer than half of Africans who need treatment are receiving it.4 The impact of AIDS will remain severe for many years to come. The impact on the health sector In all heavily affected countries the AIDS epidemic is adding additional pressure on the health sector. As the epidemic matures, the demand for care for those living with HIV rises, as does the toll of AIDS on health workers. In sub-Saharan Africa, the direct medical costs of AIDS (excluding antiretroviral therapy) have been estimated at about US$30 per year for every person infected, at a time when overall public health spending is less than US$10 per year for most African countries.5 The effect on hospitals [pic] Nurses working on the HIV ward at Kisiizi Hospital in Uganda ...
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...1. IMPACTS OF HIV/AIDS The impacts of HIV/AIDS on poor rural populations are many and intertwined. The impacts can be felt most dramatically in entrenched poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition, in the reduction of the labour force, and in the loss of essential knowledge that is transmitted from generation to generation. And the impacts are felt disproportionately among women. What's more, these same consequences of HIV/AIDS - poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, reduced labour force and loss of knowledge - contribute to making the rural poor more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection. This devastating cycle must be broken, and the agricultural sector has a critical role to play. It is estimated that 42 million people in the world are infected with the HIV virus. Assuming that each HIV/AIDS case directly influences the lives of four other individuals, at least 168 million people are likely to be affected by the epidemic. And approximately 95 percent of them live in develping countries. Food security HIV/AIDS takes its toll on food security in a number of ways. For example: HIV increases fatigue and decreases work productivity, which means less food on the table. In households coping with sick family members, food consumption generally decreases. As adults fall ill, families face increasing medical and health care costs, thus reducing the possibility for them to purchase the food that they can no longer produce. While the number of productive family members decline...
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...Ideally, set one up 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Most vaccines take time to become effective in your body and some vaccines must be given in a series over a period of days or sometimes weeks. If it is less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see your doctor. You might still benefit from shots or medications and other information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC divides vaccines for travel into three categories: routine, recommended, and required. While your doctor will tell you which ones you should have, it's best to be aware of them ahead of time. Before visiting Nigeria, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for vaccine-preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note: Your doctor or health-care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned activities.) To have the most benefit, see a health-care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed vaccines, anti-malaria drugs and other medications and information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC recommends that you see a health-care...
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...HIV Introduction H - Stands for Human. The virus is only found in humans and not in animals or insects. I - stands for Immunodeficiency – This means the virus weakens the bodies' ability to fight other infections. In time this leads to the group of illness called AIDS. V - Stands for Virus. It is an infectious agent that is non cellular. It is capable of self replicating only inside living cell. They are therefore parasitic because they rely on the host cell multiplication mechanism. AIDS A-Acquired an acquired condition is the one that is not inborn. AIDS patient acquire a condition that makes them not able to fight infections. I - Immune A normal human being has an immune system that helps them fight disease. The immune system involves structures such as the skin to keep away entry bacteria and other pathogens. The environment we live is full of micro organisms some living in the air, others water and others in food. Our bodies are well adopted to keep away these micro organisms. D – Deficiency. When it comes to HIV AIDS there is deficiency of adequate immunity. HIV virus infect immune cell (to be particular T-helper or CD4+ cells). T - Helper cells are very instrumental in the immune system thus when they are attacked by the virus they deplete in number. S - Syndrome: A variety of different symptoms and illness. The grouping of well recognized illness connected with AIDS makes a syndrome. TYPES OF HIV Two types of HIV are currently recognized: HIV-1, HIV-2. - Transmission...
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...Social Marketing Campaigns and Children’s Media Use Social Marketing Campaigns and Children’s Media Use W. Douglas Evans Summary Media-related commercial marketing aimed at promoting the purchase of products and services by children, and by adults for children, is ubiquitous and has been associated with negative health consequences such as poor nutrition and physical inactivity. But, as Douglas Evans points out, not all marketing in the electronic media is confined to the sale of products. Increasingly savvy social marketers have begun to make extensive use of the same techniques and strategies used by commercial marketers to promote healthful behaviors and to counter some of the negative effects of conventional media marketing to children and adolescents. Evans points out that social marketing campaigns have been effective in helping to prevent and control tobacco use, increase physical activity, improve nutrition, and promote condom use, as well as other positive health behaviors. He reviews the evidence from a number of major recent campaigns and programming in the United States and overseas and describes the evaluation and research methods used to determine their effectiveness. He begins his review of the field of social marketing by describing how it uses many of the strategies practiced so successfully in commercial marketing. He notes the recent development of public health brands and the use of branding as a health promotion strategy. He then goes on ...
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...HIV/AIDS is a devastating disease that has killed thousands of people all over the world. It is one of the most widespread and devastating epidemics we are currently dealing with. Many factors about this virus contribute to making it spread faster, become deadlier, and leaves no one unaffected. HIV/AIDS reaches the young and the old, the rich and the poor, and those in developed and undeveloped countries. Education about the virus and how it is approached to different people also affects how it is spread, several cultural factors come into play as to how effective it is in preventing future contraction of the virus. The cultural perceptions of the virus also affect how the virus is researched and how medicines are developed for it. Religion also plays a role in how the virus is spread and can have an impact on how those who are researching the disease research it. The spread of HIV/AIDS is affected by several factors the main ones being the approach of education taken, cultural perceptions of the disease, and religion. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized as a disease in 1981 (Kshatriya, 2005, pg. 69). Before 1981 it was found in the Caribbean and in African countries but it wasn’t until those first cases in the United States were diagnosed that the disease was officially recognized. HIV/AIDS exploded in America in the early 80’s, and initially they thought that AIDS was a “gay disease” and called it GRID standing for “gay related immune disease” (Lovell...
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...Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges August 2005 © 2005. Economic Commission for Africa Material from this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The views expressed are those of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. Project coordinator: Adrian Gauci Editorial coordination: Cristina Müller Team: Abebe Shimeles, Workie Mitiku, Vanessa Steinmayer, Reto Thoenen This report was produced with guidance and input from Augustin Fosu, Director of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the ECA. It benefited greatly from the revisions of Bartholomew Armah and Kwabia Boateng. Special thanks to Lorna Davidson for the final editing, to Akwe Amosu for her valuable input, and to Seifu Dagnachew and Teshome Yohannes for creative and efficient lay-out and production. The report was designed by the ECA Communication Team and printed by the Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Photo credits (left to right): Front cover- R. Zurba/USAID, J. Dunlop/USAID, R. Zurba/USAID, M. Crozet/ILO. Back cover- J. Maillard/ILO, T. Brunette/USAID, I. Getachew/UNICEF. Table of Contents Acronyms .....................................................................
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...HIV/AIDS AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES OF STANDARD EIGHT PUPILS IN MATHIRA EAST CONSTITUENCY: A CASE STUDY OF RAGATI, KARURA, KIRIGU AND D.E.B PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS PRESENTED BY: GRACE MUNGA EDU/DECD/5018/09 A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO KARATINA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF A DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION (ECDE) May-August 2011 Supervisor: SW Macharia DECLARATION I, Grace Munga, ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 declare that this proposal is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any college or university. ______________________________ Date_____________________ GRACE MUNGA ADM NO. EDU/DECD/5018/09 This research proposal has been submitted for the examination with my approval as the supervisor. ___________________________ Date ______________________ Sw Macharia Dedication I dedicate this research project to my family, especially my mom and dad who offered me great emotional and financial support while I was carrying out the study. Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the standard eight pupils who took part in this research study and willingly answered the research questions that I asked them. Also the school heads for allowing their students to be part of this research. Without their participation, this study would not have been successful. I also acknowledge my lecturer Mr. Macharia for offering academic guidance and corrections when I was carrying out the study. ...
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...Oxford journals Impact of a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia Results The assessment confirmed the population's poor health status and limited knowledge and application of recommended child care practices. The campaign reached its target: at follow-up, 67% had seen media messages within the past month, 82% had received the IMCI informational booklet, and 30% had seen other materials. Evidence of the success of the programme included the following: exclusive breastfeeding increased 31.4%, maternal knowledge of child illness signs increased 30%, knowledge of HIV increased 28.5%, and physician attended deliveries increased 15%. Conclusions This evaluation documented the significant and substantial impact of the community IMCI programme on both knowledge and practice in rural areas of Armenia. Consideration should be given to continuing and expanding this project as a complement to health sector development activities in this region. Impact of a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) programme in Gegharkunik, Armenia 1. Michael E Thompson1,* and 2. Tsovinar L Harutyunyan2 +Author Affiliations 1. 1 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA. 2. 2 Center for Health Services Research and Development, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia. 1. * Corresponding author. Department of Public...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...OurOur responsibility money, A Citizens’ Guide to Monitoring Government Expenditures by Vivek Ramkumar T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L B U D G E T P R O J E C T Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgments PART I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction: Why Civil Society Groups Need to Track and Monitor Budget Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Chapter 1: Overview of the Budget Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter 2: Why Government Expenditures Can Deviate from the Annual Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PART II The Budget Execution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 3: The Budget Execution Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Chapter 4: Case Studies on Successful Civil Society Initiatives to Monitor Budget Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1: MKSS Undertakes Social Audits in India . . . . . . . . . . . .21 2: CSCQBE Carries Out Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys in Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter 5: Other Successful Initiatives in Monitoring Budget Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 PART III The Procurement Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 6: The Procurement Process . . . . . . . ...
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...International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Control of communicable diseases 7 This measles 'jab' will help prevent this child from the consequences of measles such as pneumonia, malnutrition, blindness and brain disease. Photo:Marko Kokic,Canadian Red Cross Control of communicable diseases in emergencies Description This chapter gives an overview of common and emerging communicable disease threats among displaced populations because of natural and human-made disasters. General and disease-specific strategies for monitoring, preventing and controlling disease outbreaks are discussed. Learning objectives To review communicable diseases of public health importance; To discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; To plan a communicable disease control programme for emergency settings; To discuss simple but effective ways of preventing outbreaks of communicable diseases; To describe how to manage specific disease outbreaks in emergency settings; To review re-emerging and other diseases that may affect displaced populations; To discuss how to monitor and evaluate communicable disease control programmes. Key competencies Identify communicable diseases of public health importance; Discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; Discuss how to design and evaluate disease control programmes; Describe common disease control...
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