Free Essay

Principle of Animal Production

In: Science

Submitted By Ysilver10
Words 1369
Pages 6
RAISING RABBITS IN THE TROPICS
The importance of the domestic rabbit as a supplier of meat for human consumption is widely recognised throughout the world. There are rabbit farms in the tropics and sub-tropics. The size of these varies from the large commercial rabbitries to small backyard rabbitries. Apart from being a good source of meat, rabbits provide useful skins, manure and, with some breeds wool.
Reasons for keeping rabbits
Most of the countries in both the tropics and sub-tropics face an increasing demand for meat production, especially in expanding urban areas. The rabbit has several points in its favour as a meat producer, and can be raised either on a small-scale by individual households, or on larger commercial scales. Furthermore, there are few cultural or religions or beliefs which do not allow the eating of rabbit meat.
Rabbits can be fed on a great variety of locally available foods, some green leaves and kitchen vegetable scraps can be given to rabbits at almost no cost. Commercial rabbitries buy more expensive concentrate rations for their rabbits. Rabbits can breed and grow quickly. This means that a rabbitry can expand quickly and take advantage of a plentiful food supply. Even the backyard rabbit keeper can provide a constant supply of meat for his family. Rabbit skins can be used for several purposes (mats, rugs and clothes). The manure is a valuable organic fertilizer for use in a vegetable garden. Housing can be built from pieces of wood and/or bamboo. No special materials or equipment needs to be bought for the construction of a backyard rabbitry.
The number of rabbits in a group can easily be matched to the rabbit keeper’s resources, for example available space, or quantity of feed supply. Even six does and one buck will provide a useful supply of meat for the family. The small size of rabbits means that they can be easily handled and cared for by women and children. It also means that the carcass is small enough to be used at once, without having to store any part of it.
The disadvantages of keeping rabbits
There are very few disadvantages of rabbit keeping. The small size of rabbits means that they are more easily stolen or attacked by predators. They need to be protected from these by fences and other barriers. Large numbers of rabbits require a lot of labour, particularly if they are kept in individual hutches. Each hutch has to be cleaned out daily. Each rabbit needs to be fed and watered two times daily.
The production must also be aligned with and liked to the market and correspond to food habits (or preferences) of consumers.
Climate and environmental requirements
Rabbits need protection against extremes of climate. They are especially sensitive to heat and must always have access to shade. Rabbits can no longer regulate their internal temperature and hyperthermia occurs at temperatures of between 30 and 35°C. They are better adapted to highlands and sub tropical areas than to lowlands areas with high temperatures.
Production systems
There are three main systems for production of rabbits: 1. Small-scale backyard rabbitry. Here the aim is to provide meat for the household. 2. Small commercial rabbitry with from ten to 50 breeding does. The aim of this type of rabbit production is to sell rabbit meat for a profit. The rabbits are usually fed on concentrates as well as bulky foods. 3. The large commercial rabbitry. These are currently less common in the tropics. As well as the meat they provide, they serve a useful purpose in the multiplication of breeding stock for distribution. Housing
Major considerations include: * Space: There must be sufficient room otherwise stress, fighting and injury may result. * Suitable temperature: The ideal temperatures range is 10-20°. This is very difficult to maintain all the time, and especially so under tropical conditions. In general rabbits can tolerate cold more easily than heat. However they may suffer as a result of cold draughts or sudden changes in temperature. * Dry conditions: The rabbit cannot tolerate constantly wet conditions, so the hutches must be rainproof. * Ventilation: Movement of fresh air through the rabbitry is essential, especially in hot weather. This air must be free from smoke and dust. * Security: Rabbits are easily frightened by sudden noise and the presence of predators such as small wild carnivores, snakes, rats, dogs and cats. A rabbitry should be built in a quiet place and if necessary a fence should be built to keep predators away from the rabbits. * Cleanliness and hygiene: Disease is much more likely to occur under dirty conditions. Rabbits themselves are clean and animals and prefer to be kept in clean surroundings. * Food and water: Without regular feeding and a plentiful supply of clean water, rabbits will not thrive. In the absence of these, even for short periods, they may suffer stress.

SNAIL REARING (HELICICULTURE)
Snails are derived from the wild life bank and are used as food, feed or source of revenue in given parts of the world. Usually unknown to animal production specialists trained in industrialized countries and often officially ignored also by the livestock services of their home areas, even though their meat often considered bush meat or game meat, may be appreciated and command a higher price than the more conventional animals.
The two main areas of snail consumption in the World are Western Africa and Western Europe. Snails are invertebrates with soft bodies that are covered with hard Carcareous shells. Snails belong to the phylum of animals known as mollusca. Some other members of the mollusc are slugs, mussels and oysters. Many species of edible land snails are recognized but the popular species of economic interest is the West Africa giant snails. Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina.
Snail meat is high in protein (37-51%) compared to that of guinea pig (20.3%), Poultry (18.3%), Fish (18%), Cattle (17.5%), Sheep (16.4%) and Swine (14.5%). Iron content (45-59mg/kg), low in fat (0.05-0.08%) and contains almost all the amino acids needed for human nutrition. In addition to the nutritional value of snail meat, recent studies indicated that the glandular substances from edible snails cause agglutination of certain bacteria, which could be of value against a variety of ailments including whooping cough. In folk medicine, the bluish liquid obtained when the meat has been removed from the shell is believed to be good for infant's development. It is believed in some quarters that snail meat contains pharmacological properties of value in counteracting high blood pressure.
There is a flourishing international trade of snails in Europe and North America. In France the annual requirement is about 5 million kg, over 60% of which is imported. The estimated annual consumption in Italy is 306 million snails. In West Africa, snail meat has traditionally been a major ingredient in the diet of people living in the high forest belt. In the Cote d'Ivoire, for example, an estimated 7.9 million kg is eaten annually. In Nigeria, although the consumption figures are not available, it is clear that demand outstrips supply.
Feeding: it’s better to feed snails with a dry meal, rather than a green fodder as it is more efficacious and hygienic. Calcium carbonate 30%, calcium phosphate 4%, soya meal 20%, sunflower seeds 5%, wheat flour 40%, and vitamin mix 1%; whole is finely ground. With 2 kg ( about 4 lb.) of this food, I product 1 kg (2 lb.) of snails.
Reproduction : breeding snails are put in cages with food and water ad lib., and some pots which are filled with a good soil. Ideally, these boxes are placed in a room which is kept at 20° Celsius (68° F), with a relative humidity of 95%, and a long photoperiod (16L / 8D). But we can also simply use a greenhouse. Snails are hermaphrodites but they have to mate before laying some days later. When a snail has laid, the pot is placed into an incubator at 20° C and covered. Three weeks later, about 100 new hatched snails appear under the lid. Usually, we can expect a yield of 70 young snails per breeder for 2 months.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Land Ocean and Climate

...200 Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 17 Credits Level 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. First Semester Climatology and Biogeography General Agriculture Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology Principles of Soil Science Principles of Agricultural Economics Introduction to Forestry Resource Manag~ment Introduction to Biotechnology Sub-Total 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Second Semester Principles of Animal Production Principles of Crop Production Principles of Food Science and Technology Introductory Biochemistry Introduction to Computers Introduction to Fisheries & Wildlife Introductory Statistics Entrepreneurial Studies I Introduction to Home Economics Sub-Total Credits 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 19 Credits Total = 37 Credits All courses are core-courses for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 300 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Level First Semester l\Ion-ruminant Animal Production Arable Crop Production Introduction to Soil Pedology and Physics Introduction to Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology Introduction to Farm Machinery Applications of Computer to Agricultural Production Crop Genetics and Breeding Introduction to Farm Management and Production Economics Sub-Total 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16....

Words: 20312 - Pages: 82

Premium Essay

Mrs Muduhwa

...stipulate that candidates for assessment must have received at least 500 hours of theoretical training and at least 400 hours of practical training covering the areas specified in the regulations The Level 3 Diploma award is broken into 8 units: Unit 1 Introduction to food safety management Unit2 Regulations and responsibilities in meat processing Unit 3a Post mortem inspection of poultry (boilers and hens) Unit 3b Post mortem inspection of poultry (turkeys) Unit 3c Post mortem inspection of poultry (ducks and geese) Unit 3d Post mortem inspection of poultry (game birds) Unit 4 Meat hygiene and regulation Unit 5 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in poultry Unit 6 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in red meat animals Unit 7 Post mortem inspection of red meat Unit 8 Principles of hygiene and HACCP regulatory auditing ©2008 RSPH Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection Unit One: Introduction to Food Safety Management Level 2 20 Guided Learning Hours (20 theory/0 practical) Rationale This core unit develops a broad knowledge and understanding of food safety and food hygiene thereby enabling individuals working in food processing to identify problem areas and to assess solutions to ensure that food safety hazards are controlled. It is likely that this unit...

Words: 14130 - Pages: 57

Premium Essay

Agricultural Science Sylabus

...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC 07/G/SYLL 06 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council © 2010, Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2006, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB11158, Barbados CXC 07/G/SYLL 06 Content RATIONALE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 AIMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 CAREER CHOICES ............................................................................................................................... 2 SUGGESTED RESOURCES ...............................................................................................

Words: 11571 - Pages: 47

Premium Essay

Food Inc By Robert Kenner

...When discussing food consumption, transparency is an issue that is not addressed as openly as it should be within the food industry. The conditions in which food is produced should be a cause of concern not only for me, but for everyone as well. Unfortunately, the food industry operates within a productivist, capitalistic system (Lappé, 2011). This means that increased production is the focus, and the interests of powerful stakeholders within the industry are protected more than the people. In the film Food Inc. (2008) – where the following information in this paragraph were obtained - filmmaker Robert Kenner exposes the food agribusiness as an industry teeming with corporations that prioritize profits over the health of the consumers, the...

Words: 320 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Marx and Frued

...so explicate his support for his answer, then I will do the same for Carl Marx in the Marx / Engels Reader, and lastly I will discuss which theory I find more persuasive and why. Since it is necessary to discuss and define key concepts and terms in order to understand Freud’s support for his answer I will give a synopsis of the book titled Civilization and It’s Discontents. Freud begins this book by defining the three parts of the psychic apparatus: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the unconscious; it includes everything at birth but later separates off an external world from itself. This external world or conscious is the ego. With the development or separation of the id and ego comes the development of the pleasure principle and reality principle. The id wants instant satisfaction of...

Words: 2704 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Tasd

...environmental temperatures where normal body temperature is maintained and heat production is at the basal level. The ranges of thermoneutral zone are from lower critical temperature (LCT) to upper critical temperature (UCT). LCT is the environmental temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature. UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animal increases heat production as a consequence of a rise in body temperature resulting for inadequate evaporative heat loss (Yousef, 1985). Thermoneutral zone depends on the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, previous state of temperature acclimatization, production, housing and stall conditions, tissue (fat, skin) insulation and external (coat) insulation, and the behaviour of the animal. UCT is given as 25-26 ºC , LCT as a range from -16 to -37 ºC for dairy cows (Berman et al., 1985; Hamada, 1971). LCT for newborn calves is 10 ºC in dry and draught-free environment. LCT decreases to 0 ºC by the time the calf is 1 month old. Temperature-humidity index (THI) could be used as an indicator of thermal climatic conditions. THI is determined by equation from the relative humidity and the air temperature and is calculated for a particular day according to the following formula (Kadzere et al., 2002): THI=0.72 (W+D) +40.6 Where W – wet bulb temperature ºC D – dry bulb temperature ºC The principle of THI is that as the relative humidity at any...

Words: 2801 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Major Practice in Dairy Production and Milk Processing

...MAJOR PRACTICE IN DAIRY PRODUCTION AND MILK PROCESSING By CHRISTIAN ANDREW J. PERALTA INTRODUCTION Importance of the Major Practice The Philippine local dairy industry is considered as a "repacking and reprocessing" industry because of the limited supply of dairy products due to the less developed dairy industries in the Philippines. It is greatly dependent on imported milk as raw materials, leading to continuous importation from Australia, USA and New Zealand. Philippine’s dairy milk production remains at less than one percent of total dairy requirements despite the continuing government and industry efforts to support and aid the increase of dairy production. Dairy farming goes back for thousands of years and has great difference in management process compare to today’s dairy farming. It was originally done on a mixed farm unlike in modern dairy production in which has specific dairy farm. ________________________ Undergraduate Major Practice Outline in Dairy Production to be presented as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Animal Science from Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija to be conducted in the Philippine Carabao Center, CLSU Dairy Farm under the supervision of Edgar A. Orden Dairy farming started around villages where most people don’t own cows due to the lack of fields for them to graze. Farmers take the opportunity to make extra money on...

Words: 6802 - Pages: 28

Premium Essay

Gene Technology

...following biotechnology topics to write about:  * Genetically modified animals 1. Biological basis. Describe the technology. Discuss what it accomplishes. Elaborate on the scientific principles that make this technology possible. Your goal in this section of the paper is to show the instructor that you understand the underlying science behind the technology. Describe how exactly the technology works. Discuss the biological principles that underlie this technology. Genetic engineering is the use of tools of modern biotechnology and molecular biology to introduce new characteristics or traits into organisms. It is a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal to introduce new genetic material, or delete or alter existing genetic material. Genetic engineering comes from foreign genes of bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans which enables people to introduce a much wider range of new characteristics into an organism than is possible by conventional breeding. Animals that have had genes artificially added or removed from their DNA are described as genetically modified animals. Genetic modification of an animal involves altering its genetic material by adding, changing or removing certain DNA orders in a way that does not occur naturally. It aims to modify specific characteristics of an animal or introduce a new trait, such as disease resistance or enhanced growth. Changes...

Words: 1101 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Gene Technology

...advanced with the evolution of biotechnology. Animals models through genetic manipulation has greatly helped the development of scientific and biomedical knowledge. New ideas for treatment of genetic diseases and other diseases that benefit human and all living things The initial studies of George Mendel in 1865, researchers have contributed to the understanding and the consolidation of his idea which until then was only promising. (Chaible, 2010) During decades of studies important events took place such as discovery of relationship of DNA with the transmission of genetic traits, DNA cloning and sequencing, and allowing the production of the production of the first transgenic mice. (Chaible, 2010) The start of the 20th century, the appearance of the first genetic studies involving animal models. Mutant animals appeared in production colonies, differing from their parents and able to pass on this to their offspring. Rudolph Jaevisch published the first report of introduction of an exogenous DNA virus(SV40) into mouse embryos. (Chaible, 2010) Gordon and Ryddle reported the birth of a mouse that had been genetically modified through microinjection of purified DNA into single-cell mouse embryos. This methodology marked the birth of transgenesis and controlled genetic alteration in animal models. (Chaible, 2010) Some types of genetically modified animals are transgenic animals, knockout animals, knock-in animals, conditional knockout animals, and mice that host fragments of chromosomes...

Words: 509 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

The Development of Civilization

...point for all this advancement is known as the Neolithic Revolution, also referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the shift from a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture to a more settled agricultural lifestyle. The domestication of plants and animals was a major turning point in mankind’s evolution, but it took more than a millennia to transform from nomads to agrarians. Archeological data indicates that several different forms of plant and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide. “The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Middle East about 8000 B.C.E., in China about 4000 B.C.E., and in India about 3600 B.C.E.” The first farming was largely grain based in fertile river-valleys with adequate climate and natural resources to sustain farming. Over time man began developing the where-with-all to change his surrounding environment to suit his needs even further. Certain crops were grown in areas according to availability geographically and ease of production rather than chosen by preference. Not all attempts were successes; some crops were abandoned only to be produced with great ease a thousand years later. In some instances the crops actually adapted as a response to farming, through production plant species were less prone to natural selection and therefore had their own natural evolution altered. This led to eventually larger crops that were more useful to...

Words: 1446 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Acc 310 Case 1

...Accounting Standards Codification Case 1 ACC 310 – Section 2 1. The topic number that addresses the accounting for agricultural production activities in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification is, FASB ASC 905. The title of this topic is Agriculture. 2. Entities that must apply the guidance contained in topic FASB ASC 905, are noted in FASB ASC 905-10-15-3, “The Agriculture Topic provides guidance for all entities in the agricultural industry, including agricultural producers and agricultural cooperatives.” According to FASB ASC 905-10-15-4, the following entities would not apply the guidance in this topic: a. Growers of timber b. Growers of pineapple and sugarcane in tropical regions c. Raisers of animals for competitive sports d. Merchants or noncooperative processors of agricultural products that purchase commodities from growers, contract harvesters, or others serving agricultural producers. The Red Hen Company produces, processes, and sells fresh eggs. The guidance in this topic would apply to The Red Hen Company according to FASB ASC 906-10-05-1 “Operating poultry and egg production facilities” is listed as one of the examples of the entities that follow the guidance in this topic. 3. FASB ASC 905-360-30-4 describes the type of animal that the egg-laying flock would be categorized as: The production costs of chickens raised for an egg-laying unit shall include the initial cost of the birds (or, if hatched, the costs of eggs and...

Words: 509 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Essay

...Week 2 Reading summaries Claude Fischler “Food, Self and Identity” (1988) * Food goes deeper than being a source of nutrition, it is central to our individual identity given that we are constructed, biologically, psychologically and socially by the food we choose to incorporate into our lives. * Omnivore’s paradox: One of the fundamental components of our identity as omnivores is that we have the autonomy, freedom and adaptability to consume a wide range of food. However this liberty also implies dependence and constraint. Omnivores cannot obtain all the nutrients it needs from one food alone and omnivores must also avoid harmful foods. * The principle of incorporation dictates that food and cuisine are a central component of the sense of collective belonging. * Disgust is a socially constructed biological safeguard. The psychology of eating behavior reveals that children have the tendency to accept only a limited range of food they are familiar with. This gives us insight into our natural instinct as humans to put new exotic foods through thorough examination before we consume it. * Because of how complex identifying a food can be based on its cultural origins, the culinary system provides a pre-fabricated matrix where one can identify a food by understanding its place in the world. * In today’s society as food is becoming more processed and integrated through globalization our cultural and physiological identity through food is becoming...

Words: 1688 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Concept of Halal Food and Biotechnology

...and 1Humaira Ismatullah 1 Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2 Adaptive Research Farm, Karor, District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan 3 Islamic Food and Nutrional Council, Toronto, Canada Abstract: Almost every Muslim either fully practicing Islam or not is seriously concerned about what he or she eats. Muslims observe the divine laws in every aspect of life. There is a complete code of dietary laws present in the Holy Quran for the followers of Islam. Some basic principles are described as all foods are permitted except those mentioned clearly in the Holy Quran. The most recent advancements of biotechnology in field of food industry like status of GMO’s, use of genes, enzymes, food additives or enhancer in food in Islam deduced by the Ijma or Qiyas. These if obtained from plant origin would be considered as Halal. If obtained from animals then Islamic Shari’ah put some restrictions about the animal that it should be permitted by Supreme law giver, and should be fit, clean and wholesome for health. The world has become global supermarket with the presence of improved communication and transportation system. Islam is the world second largest religion and more than 1.2 billion Muslims consume Halal products. The need of Halal food increases with the increase of Muslim population globally. The Halal foods should be mentioned clearly by labeling the hidden food ingredients, for example enzymes. The Muslim scholars need to...

Words: 3856 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Factory Farming

...Factory Farming Abstract Factory farming is the mass production of pigs, chickens, turkeys, and cows to be slaughtered and made into food. Many activists and organizations have attempted to reduce the problem of factory farming, but it is still a long way from being fixed. Factory farms are used to produce everyday products like bacon, pork, steak, chicken nuggets, milk, cheese, etc. The cost of buying a burger at a local McDonalds is around one to three dollars. If companies were forced by legislation and government officials to practice proper farming techniques, the price of your beloved McDonald’s hamburger will be sure to rise. This could cause a brief stage of net losses for food manufacturing companies. I think it is mandatory to incur these extra expenses for the sake of humanity and animal rights. A small loss in profits is far less important than the pain and suffering these animals have to deal with on a daily basis. In this research paper I will discuss the ethical dilemmas and the conditions of the factory farms, as well as solutions to the problem of animals not having the proper rights. Main Points Animals come in all different shapes and sizes. Society debates how to classify some animals. Scientist view animals as operating equipment. Businessmen see them as commodities. Religious advocates classify them as God’s gift to us. And the majority of Americans see them as food. In America we cannot keep our minds off of cheap tasty...

Words: 2756 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Case Analysis- Inventory or Property Plant and Equipment

...company’s specific situation. Finally, the essay will provide recommendations on how to present the hens in the financial statement, and draw a conclusion based on the previous recommendations. Identification Based on Accounting Principles and Specific Situation When preparing financial statements at the end of its first operating years, Red Hen Company has to identify the classification of its egg-laying flocks. Whether the items should appear in the inventory section under the current asset, or be treated as fixed asset? Admittedly, the egg-laying flocks can be identified as fixed asset (Property, plant, and equipment), which used to create and distribute an entity’s products and services [FASB ASC 360-10-05]. Specifically, egg-laying flocks could be treated as equipment. [FASB ASC 905-360-25-4] points out “except for animals with short productive lives classified as inventory, breeding animals, livestock (which includes cattle, hogs, sheep, and goats) production animals shall be recognized as fixed asset”. “Egg-laying flocks are typical representative of production animals, which provide a service or primary product other than their progeny”, similar to dairy cow produce milk. [FASB ASE 905-360-20] regulates poultry (eggs) belongs to production animals. So the flocks could be identified as fixed asset. Alternatively, the egg-laying flocks...

Words: 862 - Pages: 4