...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES BANK SUPERVISION AND CORPORATE FINANCE Thorsten Beck Asli Demirgüç-Kunt Ross Levine Working Paper 9620 http://www.nber.org/papers/w9620 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 April 2003 This paper’s findings, interpretations, and conclusions are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. We thank J. Boyd, G. Caprio, C. Schenone, seminar participants at the University of Minnesota and the Banco Central de Chile for helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. ©2003 by Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and Ross Levine. All rights reserved. Short sections of text not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit including ©notice, is given to the source. Bank Supervision and Corporate Finance Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, and Ross Levine NBER Working Paper No. 9620 April 2003 JEL No. G3, L51, O16, G21 ABSTRACT We examine the impact of bank supervision on the financing obstacles faced by almost 5,000 corporations across 49 countries. We find that firms in countries with strong official supervisory agencies that directly monitor banks tend to face greater financing obstacles. Moreover, powerful official supervision tends to...
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...operates in the spirit of ‘kerekere', a Fijian custom in which a relativ e or neighbour can request something that is needed and it must be willingly giv en with no ex pectation of repay ment. The café's y oung ethically minded owner sees this process as fostering ‘a culture that promotes community wellbeing'. At this café, the traditional economic ex change associated with the purchase of a cup of coffee has been subtly mov ed into other territories through the introduction of questions of gift giv ing, and of responsibility , care and ev en lov e (as we see here, the café's logo is a coffee cup with a series of hearts rising from it) into the ex change ritual. Such attempts by social justice-oriented businesses to reconfigure the priv atized moment of spending as a communal act, thus positioning consumer choice as a site of responsibility , are increasingly commonplace in today 's marketplace. No longer purely associated with fringe politics or hippie lifesty les, terms such as ‘ethical' and ‘responsible'...
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...CASE STUDY #1 MEMO TO: Taxpayer FROM: DATE: 13 September 2013 RE: Tax treatment of employer-funded health insurance premiums I. FACTS The taxpayer was laid off from ABC Corporation after 15 years of employment. ABC has a health insurance program that provides coverage to all employees, including those who have been laid off or retired within the last two years. ABC continues to pay all health insurance premiums on behalf of the taxpayer even while he is not working. II. ISSUE(S) A. Is the taxpayer required to include the employer-funded health insurance premiums in gross income? III. SHORT ANSWER No. The taxpayer is considered an employee and continues to participate in an employer-funded health plan. The taxpayer is not required to include employer-funded health insurance premiums in gross income. IV. ANALYSIS A. Framework of Authorities 1. Statutory Authority IRC § 106(a) generally allows an employee to exclude employer-provided coverage under a health plan from gross income. 2. Treasury Regulations An employee’s gross income does not include employer contributions to a health plan that provides compensation in the event of personal injury or sickness incurred by the employee or the employee’s spouse and dependents. Treas. Reg. § 1.106-1. 3. Treasury Publications (or IRS Position) In Rev. Rul. 82-196, 1982-2 C.B. 53, an employer contributes to a health plan on behalf of its employee. Under...
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...Hint: One word has two examples of schwa. All the others have only one. docto r banana difficult to mo rro w s u mme r le ve l prote ct survive pupil the atre me a s u re w izard Pronunciation Schwa © BBC Learning English bbclearningenglish.com Pronunciation Schwa Exercise 2 In this exercise, look at these sentences and decide where the schwa sound occurs. It may occur more than once in each sentence. The minimum number of schwas in a sentence is 1, the maximum 7. 1. It’s for y ou /e/ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. It tak es a lot of time How about a cup of tea? What are y ou doing tonight? What time will y ou arriv e at V ictoria? I was going to tell y ou The leisure centre is closed for a priv ate function 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The airport is not far from the capital city The book is about pronunciation We need more financial support You need to pay attention all the time It is a v ery thorough report Pronunciation Schwa © BBC Learning English bbclearningenglish.com Pronunciation Schwa ANSWERS Exercise 1 docto r...
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...Impact of the economic recession on the pharmaceutical sector February 2010 I.M. Buysse (UU) Supervised by: R.O. Laing (WHO) A.K. Mantel (UU) WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY & PHARMACEUTICAL POLICY ANALYSIS Impact of the economic recession on the pharmaceutical sector Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 8 History of recessions ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Asian Crisis 1997-2000 .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Economic crisis 2008-2009.................................................................................................................................................. 12 WHO involvement in assessing the impact of the recession .............................................................................................. 14 Hypotheses ...................
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...living conditions of the campus. When reading some articles I was personally very surprised about this since normally the living conditions should be influent more than the other factors in the enrolments. Based on this, I was very interested which other factors influence to students’ decisions. That is why I chose this dataset to analyze for the final term paper in the course of econometrics. 2. Multiple regressions 2.1 Data source The numerous data used in this paper (reference see below), consists of observations on six variables. The variables are: • enroll • priv = private collage • police • crime 2.2 Model specification At the first place it is necessary to run a regression with all variables: [pic] In the first step the variable priv is removed, because according to the t-test it has a low significance. In that case, this means that priv is not significant at the 10% level. [pic] In this decision...
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...•Many Nat. Amer. guardians opposed sending their kids away; when all else fizzled, the military seized the youngsters and sent them off to class. •Once at the school, youngsters' dress and assets were reallocated; hair style off; issued regalia; got Anglo-Amer. names; educat. modules highlighted farming and manual expressions for young men and residential abilities for young ladies; understudies sent to live with white families amid get-aways; tried to impart the estimations of priv. enterprise. •In the 1880s, the act of migrating the Ind. onto reservations lost energy for allocation—another arrangement intended to energize absorption through cultivating and the respon. for prop. •People thoughtful to the Ind. were dismayed by the neediness on reservations •Helen H. Jack. in A Century of Dishon. contended Ind. had been dealt with unjustifiably. •the Ind. Rights Assoc. battled for the destroying of reserv. •Passed in 1887; abrogated reserv. and dispensed terrains to indiv. Indians as priv. prop. •Ind. rights bunches saw the Dawes Act as a positive activ. , however the demonst. successfully diminished Ind. grounds from 138 mill. sect. of land to a sparse 48 mill.; managed a devastating hit to convent. tribal culture. •Faced with the annihilation of their convent. lifestyles, diverse gatherings of Ind. reacted in various routes in the fading many years of the nineteenth century; the Crow, Arik., Pawn., and Shosh. battled close by the U.S. Armed force against their...
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...Cost Control Conte nts Pref ace to the New Edition The Cost Manager’s Toolkit – PDA-size Summary 1 GOOD COST MANAGEMENT The Unsung Hero Cheaper and Better Managing and Cutting Costs – Intelligently 2 COST LEADERSHIP A Challenging Base Case Indiv idual Accountability Persistence A Continuous Improv ement Culture Short Timef rames Feedback Loops Strategic Skepticism Top Team: Finance Top Team: Human Resources Role Models Toolkit – Cost Leadership 3 TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS Understanding Cost Dy namics Management Accounts and Metrics Bang f or Buck Slice and Dice Understanding Natural Cost Trends Cash Cost Not P&L Cost Best Practice (and Lev el Play ing Fields) Competitiv e Analy sis Toolkit – Techniques and Tactics 4 PEOPLE Why Is People Cost So Problematic? Hiring Pay ing Technology and Productiv ity Firing Managing the Av erage Perf ormer Minimizing the Core Organization Toolkit – People 5 SUPPLIERS Who Manages Supplier Costs? Understand the Balance of Power Consolidate to Fewer Better Suppliers Negotiate Intelligently Don’t Get Locked In Manage Total Cost of Ownership Get Tough on the Costs of Serv ices Toolkit – Suppliers 6 COST CUTTING CASE STUDY Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 7 WIRED AND GLOBAL The Internet Globalization Toolkit – Wired and Global 8 LATERAL THINKING Indirect Cost Generators Let the Customers Do the Work Cost into Rev enue Toolkit – Lateral Thinking ...
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...Global Economic Review Vol. 37, No. 1, 107Á123, March 2008 Performance and Capital Structure of Privatized Firms in Europe ´ ´ MARIA JOSE ARCAS & PATRICIA BACHILLER Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to analyze whether there are differences in performance between private firms and recently privatized firms in the European Union, as well as to determine whether ownership (state-owned versus private) and regulation affect capital structure. Focusing on economic reasons that justify privatizations, we analyze whether there are differences between recently privatized state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private firms in their profitability, leverage and efficiency during the period 1999Á2002. Also, we analyze the determinants of the capital structure of these firms. Contrary to previous studies, our results show that privatized firms are not less efficient than firms with private ownership. KEY WORDS: Privatization, efficiency, capital structure, regression, Wilcoxon test Summary In recent decades, the privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has been one of the most common policies carried out in economies worldwide and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries have also been involved in this phenomenon. Many studies have focused on the impact of privatization on the performance of the privatized firms...
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...Bare Bones Revision Guide AQA A2 Business Studies Unit 4 The Business Environment & Managing Change y y lic po ar e h th ow gr ar et on m y ion lic o yp t ec ot tive pr pec t s st n o em ti un xa idy ta ubs s c e l se w s po ket ies ar eg e m at g str ad y c s tr gin te er ra oli ver ersment n of emorpo m l p o rg ploy xatio ts ke e cl er ers n m lder p yme u ns keho plo a co n io t fla in g lin r e ng hao a ke c eed c a m fis t objectives t fr d men aims an ic environnment m econo enviro ment social nviron ange h legal e e em un ta of c causes ship leader g and proc hange g for c ess entin implem ing change s manag decision plannin rship exch st rates intere tives objecg markets in g emerg tion inflaange rates cto phic fa nemp subsid taxa hea u n envirot l M e ade s on na a n gi ra demog al dec politic ow ons er su n c C change i nfl subunemployateion men si m nt t re gula dy tio p an h envir social u lea ence ns d s fisc ersh al p i olic p y ge leade e cultur nt onme leg al inte stra rnal c teg au infl ic decisio ses enviro n missio tec al envir ecisio nt ra hno onm ns logi ent po cal or c strategi es influenc ent nm han...
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...3/13/2014 Car Hire – Atlaschoice Remember, for the best Choice, it's got to be Atlaschoice. Mr Paul Mannheim, Thank you for booking! Your booking request for Tucson Airport, USA Arizona is being processed. Booking reference number: 29398835 We recommend You to take note of Your booking reference number. Steps to do now: 1. Check your e-mail address! Please check if provided e-mail vinay.nenwani@gmail.com is correct. If it is not, please contact our support team! It is important, because you will receive voucher on this e-mail. Also we recommend You to take note of Your booking reference number. 2. Print this page for your records 3. Your booking is not confirmed until you receive confirmation voucher from us Thank you for booking with Atlaschoice. Your rental for Tucson Airport is now being requested directly from our supplier. Your booking number is 29398835. We will confirm the services requested by email to vinay.nenwani@gmail.com. If you have not received your booking request e-mail within 48 hours, please contact us by email to customercare@atlaschoice.com. Your vehicle is not confirmed until you receive your voucher from us, which you must present on arrival at your destination. 4. Login to self-service You can visit self service at any time to check or modify your booking, to print your voucher or re-read the specific terms and conditions applicable to your booking. 5. Enjoy your trip ;) Booking overview Nissan Versa 3door or similar...
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...1,http://www.library.cornell.edu/ 2,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus 3,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/coll/strength/select 4,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/collections 5,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/collections/strength 6,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/collections/strength/special 7,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/culpartners 8,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside 9,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/depts 10,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/depts/ils 11,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/history 12,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/libraries 13,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/policies 14,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/publications 15,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/inside/strategicplanning 16,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/nondisclosure 17,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/partners/Cornell%20Faculty%20and%20Programs 18,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/partners/Corporate%20Partnerships 19,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/partners/Global%20Engagement 20,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/partners/Other%20Universities%20and%20University%20Libraries 21,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/partners/othergrants 22,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/staff 23,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/staff/leg 24,http://www.library.cornell.edu/aboutus/staff/staffdir 25,http://www.library.cornell...
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...9/4/12 Adrenocortical Carcinoma Hom e Contact Us Español Refer a Patient Donate Now search our site >> About St. Jude Patient Resources Clinical Programs Research Ways to Help Disease Information Solid Tumor: Adrenocortical Carcinoma Alternate Names: None Definition Adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare tumor that grows from a gland that is located on top of the kidney – the adrenal gland. This gland normally produces hormones that help to keep our body in balance. When a tumor grows from this gland, it may also produce these hormones, but at an increased rate. For this reason children with this tumor may present with a variety of signs due to excess of hormone production. Some of these signs may simulate puberty – axillaries and pubic hair, increase in the size of the genitals, changing in the voice, etc. It is also common that the child's appetite will increase his/her appetite and his/her weight. Incidence Adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare disease occurring in less then 0.2 percent of all childhood cancers. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland can also grow in adults, but those tumors are considered different diseases with different behaviors. Influencing Factors The cause of adrenocortical carcinoma is unknown. Sometimes it may appear in families. Treatment Strategies Patients with suspected adrenocortical carcinoma should be referred to a specialized center. Complete removal of the tumor by surgery is the best chance of cure. It may be necessary to complete...
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...Final Synopsis towards the partial fulfillment of the PhD degree On “Impact of Organizational Culture and Communication on Employee Engagement” Submitted by Swatee Sarangi Under the Guidance of: Dr. R.K. Srivastava, PhD Director General, Sterling Institute of Management Studies Professor Emeritus, K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Research Guide, SNDT University Submitted to SNDT University For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Management Thesis Title : “Impact of Organizational Culture and Communication on Employee Engagement”. Name of the Candidate : Research Guide : Swatee Sarangi Dr. R.K. Srivastava Director General, Sterling Institute of Management Studies Professor Emeritus, K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Research Guide, SNDT University Place of Research : K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research, Mumbai Registration No: Ref.No. Acad : RRC-26/2009-10/901 Signature of Candidate: Signature of Guide : TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to the Study 1.2 Employee Engagement 1.3 Drivers of Employee Engagement 1.4 Indian Banking Industry 1.4.1 Nationalization 1.4.2 Liberalization 1.4.3 Co-operative Banks 1.4.4 The Current Scenario 1.5 Opportunities and Challenges 1.6 Need of the Study 1.7 Key Concepts Explained in the Study 1.7.1 Organizational Culture 1.7.2 Organizational Communication 1.7.3 Employee Engagement 1.8 Benefits of the Study CHAPTER...
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...ABSTRACT This term paper discusses the security exposures of a server that occur due to a SQL injection flaw in a web application that communicate with a database. Over ten years have passed since a famous hacker coined the term “SQL injection” and it is still considered one of the major application threats. A lot has been said on this vulnerability, but not all of the aspects and implications have been uncovered, yet. This paper aim is to collate some of the existing knowledge, introduce new techniques and demonstrate how to get complete control over the database management system's underlying operating system, file system and internal network through SQL injection vulnerability in over-looked and theoretically not exploitable scenarios. This paper also discuss about the prevention from the SQL Injection, not only in ORACLE but also in PHP, C#, JAVA and other languages. INDEX ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….....02 INTRODUCTION……………….…………………………….…….………………………….04 BLIND SQL INJECTION…………………………………….………………………………..05 SQL INJECTION OVERVIEW…………………………….………………………………....06 CATEGORIES OF SQL INJECTION ATTACKS…………………………………………..07 WHAT’S VULNERABLE…………………………………………………………..…………08 WHAT’S NOT VULNERABLE…………………………………………………….………….08 SQL INJECTION METHODS……………………………………….……………….……….09 SQL MANIPULATION………………………………………………………..……………….09 CODE INJECTION……………………………………………………….……………………10 FUNCTION CALL INJECTION……………………………………………………………….11 BUFFER OVERFLOWS………………………………………………………………………13 ...
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