...In order to study the past, present and future implications of the probation and parole system, I had to study the history of both. I will begin with the history of probation and then talk about the history of parole. I will also talk about how probation and parole work in the present and how and what will happen to both probation and parole in the future. Probation comes from the Latin verb probare which means to prove, to rest. Probation was first introduced to the United States in 1841 when a boot-maker by the name of John Augustus attended court to bail out a drunkard. This offender was released to the custody of Mr. Augustus making him the first true probation officer, the offender was told to return to court in three weeks time for sentencing. During the time the offender was in the custody of Mr. Augustus he cleaned up his appearance and demeanor. Mr. Augustus had the belief that abusers of alcohol could be rehabilitated through the use of understanding, kindness, and sustained moral suasion not convictions and jail sentences. His beliefs were based on his affiliation with the Washington Total Abstinence Society, they abstained from alcohol. Augustus was a volunteer probation officer for 18 years. He began the practice of evaluating the prospective probationers paying close attention to whether the candidate would prove to be a successful candidate for probation. Things that were considered in a successful candidate were the character, age, and influences...
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...Probation System There are three theories or models of criminal justice. The first one is the retributive theory while the second is the rehabilitate theory and the last is the restorative theory. The first basically concerns itself with the punishment of people by putting them in boot camps, in order to deter their ways. Such instills discipline and fear, which in turn reduces crime. The second one believes that working with these people change their ways to reduce crime, the U.S. Penal System: Restorative and Retributive Justice. The third aims to reintroduce and reincorporate the person back into the community after retribution or rehabilitation. To begin, the first one is optimistic and believes that people are innately good such that prison cells are built so that the prisoner inside the cell can be silent. As he is silent, he can meditate on his wrong-doings. This tradition believes that then spiritual transformation may take place thus rehabilitating such person. On the other hand, the second one is pessimistic, which is why facilities were built to bring about obedience. What is done is to “instill habits of work in people, help build their skills then they will be rehabilitated. The third one, which believes that true rehabilitation, takes place when such person is allowed back into the community and is a combination of both retributive and rehabilitative theories, such as deter future and past criminals from doing a crime because the threat of incarceration...
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...Supervision which include probation and parole, during 2016 this number was reduced by 49,800 down 1.1%, this is the lowest level since 1999, this downward trend began in 2008 with declines from between 0.5 to 2.6%. “Bureau of Justice Statistics defines probation as a court-ordered period of correctional Supervision in the Community” as an alternative to incarceration (Kaeble 2018). Community Supervision Parole is a supervised release in the community after serving a prison term. In the United States, about 1 in 55 adults were under community supervision during the year 2016, During this time the number of adults in Community Supervised probation declined to 1 on 68. Parole rates also declined 1 in 285 to 1in 287....
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...mental illness lies in the assumed need for the offender to recognize the danger and undesirability of his criminal behavior and make a significant effort to renounce it. The treatment model does not "remove" criminal behavior, as surgery might remove a malignancy or chemotherapy extinguish an infection; rather the "patient" or inmate is made to see the rewards of socially acceptable behavior and encouraged to adopt it as a mode of conduct for himself. (1) Contrary to some popular misconceptions, the treatment ideology does not mean that inmates are "coddled" and permitted to do as they please within an institution. ______________________________ (1) Sanford Bates, "The Establishment and Early Years of the Federal Probation System," Federal Probation 51 June 1987, p : 4-9. - National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, A National Strategy to Reduce Crime, Washington , U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973p: 121. In fact, some form of treatment ideology can permeate the most restrictive and security-oriented institution . The major difference between the treatment and punishment ideologies is that in the former the inmate is assigned to a correctional...
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...Rehabilitation Antanetta Binns CJA/234 Instructor: Sherri Webster March 12, 2012 Rehabilitation This report will specify and study the sources of reclamation in prison and the choice of parole supported reclamation. Captive reclamation, parole, probation, and community disciplines will be outlined along with talking about how captive reclamation strike prisons also as how it bears on general society. Additional subjects to deal include the how parole is dissimilar from obligatory release, how probation equivalences to other cast of condemning, and how community disciplines bear on society. The author will recommend betterments to captive reclamation, suggest a finer resolution to the ongoing probation and parole systems, and make a conjecture about the overall efficiency of community corrections. The final step implies describing prison systems in foreign nations, accosting how other states see captivity and put it into use, and ascertaining what would take place if the U.S. prison system adopted another state's prison system. Prisoner Rehabilitation Prisoner reclamation involves particular programs that assist make a captive a ameliorate individual with the purpose of ceasing their felonious behavior. Reclamation in prisons comprises of educating captives, instructing them vocational skills, providing spiritual and extra activities, and providing therapy. These programs assist captives amend themselves and hopefully put a finish to their felonious behavior. Captive...
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...The United States Dual Court System and its Historical Developments The United States court system is divided between two administratively separate parts. The first was established in early colonial times. The original thirteen colonies had established their own individual court systems based off the English system (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2007). According to an article “Early Development of the United States Court System US Courts in the Early Republic” written by Martin Kelly “In 1789 Article Three of the US Constitution stated that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." (Kelly, 2012) ” This article of the US Constitution created the Federal Court System. Because each of the original colonies had an established court system, the two court systems evolved separately into today’s modern dual court system (Kelly, 2012). This essay will break down the major historical events in the United States Court system to include probation, parole, and juvenile courts and how they have transformed todays United States Dual court system. In the late 19th century and early 20th century a social movement known as Progressivism had a strong hand in creating and molding the US Court systems. This movement primary goal toward the court systems was to change the thinking from retribution to rehabilitation (Net Industries, 2012). As the progressivism...
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...prepare them to enter the society with a different state of mind and start a new distant from the crime life.” In modern penology, the real purpose of sending criminals to prison is to transform them into honest and law abiding citizens by inculcating in them distaste for crime and criminality” (US-China Law Review; Mar2010, Vol. 7 Issue 3, p15-29, 15p). In United States of America the correction system provides many programs that are designed in order to rehabilitate inmates. Some of those programs include religion related services like Bible study groups or religious congregations. The other forms can include art crafts, sports, found raising activities or prison work assignments. For those offenders that are struggling with addictions, there are drug and alcohol treatment programs that offer anonymous group meetings. Also, definitely as a one of very supportive programs is visitation with family and nonfamily outsiders. Parole it is a supervision that offender receives after being released from the prison. It is a similar to probation method of supervision when it comes to its conditions. Just like on probation, while on parole the convict has to obey the law, stay away from substances like drugs and alcohol and report to his or her officer until the parole is over. The word parole came from old French parole d’honneur which means “word of honor” (Burk Foster, Corrections The Fundamentals). In United States of America parole came to life at the end of 1800’s and by...
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...The 2008 Parole and Probation in the United States states that number of non-violent offenders for every ten offenders has remained seemingly unchanged from 2004 through 2008 (Glaze & Bonczar, 2008). The rate of people entering parole has decreased while the rate of people exiting the parole and probation systems has increased. “The growth rate of parole population during 2008 (.9%) was a third of the rate of growth during 2007 (2.7%)” (Glaze & Bonczar, 2008). An increased percentage, 49%, of parolees completed their supervision terms in 2008 from the 2007 study’s 46% (Glaze & Bonczar, 2008). Many have questioned the parole system's effectiveness. Arguments for and against abolishing state-adjudicated parole have been presented. Those against giving parole to convicted individuals argue that a prison sentence is a better option because it successfully prevents criminals from entering the community and committing additional crimes. Parole system opponents claim that the system makes decisions that are sporadic and lack justification. Taking the best interests of the community into consideration, some States have abolished state-adjudicated parole. Supporters of parole say that low-risk, one-time offenders should be given parole by considering certain factors. These factors will help determine if one is prone to habitually revert back to crime. They include mental health, prison discipline record, family support, permanent residence, and potential employment (Traughber)...
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...prior state. Theoretically rehabilitation is special programs that focus on the needs of the inmate to reunite with society. The origin of rehabilitation evolved from different ideas starting in the 17th century England into the late 19th century in the United States. The purpose of jail and prison were forms of rehabilitation by punishment. By the removing the offender from society punishment would be the form of rehabilitation. In 1779 Parliament passed the Penitentiary Act that made rehabilitation of criminals a functioning part of the prison system. When examining the following histories of parole, Transportation, Norfolk Island, The Irish System, and New York’s Elmira each mention the conditions of behavior as a term of release. In the United States, Zebulon Brockway took the ideas of Alexander Maconochie and Sir Walter Crofton’s in which he modified and integrated in the 1869 New York’s Elmira Reformatory. The theory was to humanize prison life and make prisoners fit for society (University of Phoenix, 2011). “Definition of parole and how it differs from mandatory release” Parole is the supervised early release of an offender from confinement. The purpose behind parole is the offender will serve a substantial portion of time incarcerated with the opportunity to prove they can sustain a behavioral life within the community. Many states have differences with the parole decision makings. The two models used are the Parole Boards and Statutory release. The parole board...
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...Jail and Prison Mary A. Webster CJA/204 November 9, 2014 MARY ELLEN DE FRIAS Jail and Prison There is a deference between jail and prison. The federal government is in charge of the prison system in the United States where local and state governments are in charge of jails. There is many different types of prisons, where there is only one type of jail. The United States has an issue of over crowed prisons and jails. This in turn has led to many different kinds of prison violence which has but both the inmates and the correctional offices in danger. Two of the ways the government use to reduce prison and jail populations are probation and parole. It is important that the government finds other a ways to reduce the populations of the jails and prisons. In the federal government, there is several deferent types of prisons such as federal prison camps, federal correctional institutions, low security facilities, medium security facilities, high security prisons and administrative maximum (ADMAX) facility. (University of Phoenix, 2014) (Schmalleger, F, 2011) Then there is state and local jails that house prisoners with a sentence that is typically a year or less. (Schmalleger, F, 2011) These jails are low security where prisons can be anywhere from low security to maximum security. In Martinsburg WV, there is the Eastern Regional Jail, and then only a few hours away there is a high security U.S. Penitentiary Known as USP Hazelton, which is located in Hazelton WV. ("The Eastern Regional...
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...restoration. The six forms of punishments are fines, community service, probation, imprisonment, parole, and capital punishment. The relationship between sentencing and punishment in today’s courts in my opinion are carried out efficiently and effectively. The five philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. Retribution is a form of taking revenge on a criminal. Retribution in the early days was an eye or an eye situation where now it can be perceived as the implementation of justice in the criminal justice system. Incapacitation, is imprisoning a criminal to reduce the odds that the criminal will commit more crimes in the future. Deterrence is the attempt to inhibit criminal activity by using the fear of punishment. Rehabilitation is the attempt to reform a criminal offender through education and psychological treatment to reduce the likelihood of future criminal activity (Schmalleger pg 375). Restoration is an attempt to make the victim whole again which in my opinion I would describe as making the victim feel secure that their perpetrator is now somewhere where they cannot commit another crime. Therefore, the five philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. The six forms of punishments are fines, community service, probation, imprisonment, parole, and capital punishment. Fines are said to be one of the oldest forms...
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...How can a Probation Officer assist an Offender that suffers from a Mental Illness? Keith Arvanitis Due Date: December 16h, 2015 Abstract I am writing this research paper as it affects me on a personal level. I chose this topic so I could learn more about the subject and use the information to better assist me in my dealings with the Maine Department of Corrections and with my day to day mental health issues. I was recently released from Maine State Prison on March 20th, 2015 after serving a two year sentence. Recently, I went to a psychiatrist for an evaluation and the doctor diagnosed me with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and with Bipolar 1. This research paper will also provide me insight on how to better assist clients in this situation as I am pursuing my Bachelor’s degree in Mental Health and Human Services. I will be discussing through research I have located and with my own expert testimony how a probation officer can assist an offender with a mental illness. Research Methods The tools available to research my questions about this topic were within the University of Maine Augusta Library Resources such as OneSearch, Google Scholar, Ursus, and EBSCO Host. As well as searching various government agency websites such as the National Institute of Corrections (www.nicic.org) and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (www.samhsa.gov) . Each of the websites provided various information on stats, charts, and detailed information...
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...Community corrections is a range of alternative punishments for nonviolent offenders. There are two basic community corrections models in the United States. In the first model, integrated community corrections programs combine sentencing guidelines and judicial discretion ("front-end") with a variety of alternative sanctions and parole and probation options. In the second model, some states have instituted programs in which correctional officials may direct already sentenced offenders into alternative sanction programs and parole and probation options ("back-end"). Both models are designed to help reduce prison overcrowding and are less expensive alternatives to prison. Widespread development of community correction programs in the United States began in the late 1970's as a way to offer offenders, especially those leaving jail or prison, residential services in halfway houses. The first state community correction programs began in Oregon, Colorado, and Minnesota as pilot projects with very little government-funded support. They diverted nonviolent offenders in selected pilot project areas from jails and state prisons into local alternative punishment programs. The programs were referred to as "front-end" sentencing because they allowed judges to sentence offenders to a community-based punishment rather than jail or prison. Rehabilitation programs were the preferred punishment option. In the late 1980's, prison systems across the country began experiencing serious overcrowding...
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...Probation and Parole Officers the Carrying of Firearms Community Resources In Corrections - Fall, 2011 Date submitted Probation and Parole Officers have a common goal to protect the public. They play a vital role in the criminal justice process. The criminal offenders and the areas in which they work may be dangerous. The question of whether parole and probation officers should carry firearms has fueled controversy. Some who favor treatment-based model of supervision have objected to officers carrying a firearm, while others have embraced it. Some agencies throughout the United States have made carrying a weapon an option, some others have gone the mandatory route, while others still do not allow their officers to carry at all. Probation and parole officers experience violent incidents including verbal threats, attacks by offenders' dogs, bomb threats, physical assaults, and resisting arrest. Some argue that probation and parole agencies should authorize their officers to carry firearms in response to these challenges. Parole officers are supervising a violent offender population and are being asked to participate in more aggressive activities. Probation, like most important parts of the CJ system has tons of different positions from administration to actual Officers that get to work one on one with the offenders. The issue of probation/parole officers and firearms relates to whether the officer's role is counseling or...
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...Statutes Chapter 115 Section 115.133.2 it states that "No person who is adjudged incapacitated shall be entitled to register or vote. No person shall be entitled to vote: (1) While confined under a sentence of imprisonment; (2) While on probation or parole after conviction of a felony, until discharged from such probation or parole…" voting makes them a part of a group of citizens that make decisions and select other to represent them. A felons has violated that right and should serve their sentence without making decisions for a group they have wronged and while being punished. We are given due process and thanks to that felons are convicted of wrongdoings. The majority repeatedly are in and out of of prison. A study done by the U.S. Justice Department in the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2002 found "...that thirty percent of adult offenders are rearrested within the first six months of their release." Two out of three are arrested again within three years of being released from prison. Parole violations also account of thirty-five percent of prison admissions now, from Travis and Lawrence, also part of the study. Felons have also obviously done something wrong, they have to pay the consequences of that wrong....
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