...Problem Solving Paper Psych. 560 June 24, 2013 Prof. Pitt Problem Solving Paper Problem solving skills are a necessity in order to make effective decisions and manage a team. Without problem solving skills it is impossible for one to be credible and make reliable decisions each and every time. Problem-solving is a mental process that is used to discover, analyze, and solve problems. When problem solving, the ultimate goal is to conquer hurdles and come up with the best solution. Discovering and identifying the Problem can be complicated process. When individuals mistakenly identify the source of a problem incorrectly it will most often lead to inefficient or useless attempts to solve it. The aim of this paper is to identify the approaches to the study of problem-solving and inform the role of insight and creativity in the process of problem solving. The paper also seeks to examine issues with representation and solution. As well as examining the role of reasoning, judgment, and decision making in the process of problem-solving. Approaches to the Study of Problem-Solving The approaches to the study of problem solving include Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology and Cognitive Psychology. Behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. Discovered in the early twenties by John Watson but made popular by B.F Skinner, behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. They came up with a principle...
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...Applying Problem Solving Phl 251 April 1, 2013 Applying Problem Solving Major and minor problems arise in life, which called to be solved by using different methods. It is important that we able to utilize these methods, such as persuasive thinking and scientific thinking, in order to eliminate certain problems that may hinder us from achieving our personal goals. In the past, I have used both of these methods to solve problems that have been as simple as deciding which lotion was the healthiest choice for me and reminding my mother that I was an adult that wanted to travel. Using scientific thinking, I was able to eradicate a problem that involved using a certain type of body lotion. I went to a beauty store to purchase a new body lotion as my old body lotion was finished, and I wanted a change. I tested the scents of many lotions on the shelves and found a particular lotion that was in my budget and had a pleasant scent. The first day I used the lotion, I noticed that my skin was irritated and a few tiny bumps appeared on my arms and legs. Over the next few days, I still used the lotion, and the irritation grew worse; there were more bumps, and they were beginning to itch. The irritation never occurred when I used my old lotion, so I began to believe that was the problem. Kirby and Goodpaster (2007) state that the basic steps to solving a problem using the scientific method are observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and verification (p. 221). I observed...
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...Community Problem-Solving Janice S. Gordon-Caddy CJA/454 January 19, 2012 Kendra Owens-Johnson Community Problem-Solving Block watch is a program that was started to allow neighbors to look out for neighbors and to help prevent crime. Block watch aims to get citizens involved in discouraging and preventing crime at the local level. The ultimate success of Block Watch depends largely on a commitment to cooperate between area residents and the police, and more importantly, between residents themselves. In my neighborhood I am the Block Watch captain and have been since September 2007. I enjoy going to the meetings and learning how to be more proactive in eliminating crime in my neighborhood. I am also a member of Citizens on Patrol and I also enjoy patrolling different areas with other members. In my neighborhood there was a big problem that started around 2008 with homeless people sleeping and camping out around and under the interstate 101 bridge. Then the homeless people started being bolder in choosing to sleep closer to the residential area of our neighborhood. Since the problem encompassed my block watch area and another block watch area, both of our block watches got together and with the help of the Phoenix police developed a plan to stop the transients from sleeping and hanging out in our neighborhoods. The crime in our areas increased a lot due to the unwelcome visitors. Automobiles were broken into, stolen and vandalized. Homes were being burglarized...
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...Individual Strengths and Problem-Solving Techniques Paper PSY 430 Phillip Novick August 30, 2010 Individual Strengths and Problem-Solving Techniques Paper The greatest asset of any group is the individuals who comprise it. The diversity in which the individuals bring provides a multitude of experience supporting strengths such as critical thinking to the decision making process, and problem solving. However, there are two personality traits found within each diverse cultural background: introversion and extroversion; both of which support the group’s strengths to problem solving. The introvert thrives from being alone, and can accomplish much more than the extrovert who requires the group activity to set the work tempo (Huitt, 1992). I am one who likes to discuss the problem within the group identifying all possible solving techniques, but then prefers to go at it alone, much like an introvert, until I have at least an 80% solution prior to presenting it before the group for comment. In this two part paper, I will present a scenario in which I have worked as the example to present the following: Part I – Individual Strengths and Group Settings, and Part II – Problem Solving Techniques and Group Decision Making. Part I – Individual Strengths and Group Settings Not too long ago I was selected as the subject matter expert (SME) to represent the Marine Corps in a Department of Defense policy writing forum over a several month period in which the Chair was a...
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...Tamara Mouras Three brothers for whatever reason decided that they would get their local police department into a shootout. Upon starting a shootout with the first officer to cross his path many more officers joined in the shootout when an undercover cop found himself in the middle and heroically sacrificed himself to stop the shootout. The main problem here is that for some reason these three brothers chose to start a shootout with law enforcement and the crossfire caused the death of an officer which is of course no surprise due to their actions. Of course the issue here is that the undercover officer lost his life in the crossfire to help stop the shooter and that because of his intervention he was not actually shot by the young male but instead by his fellow police officers unintentionally. During the entire shootout his brothers recorded the entire incident without attempting to help their brother and escaped only for one to later turn himself in and the other to be apprehended later. For the purpose of this paper the main problem to look at is how could the death of the officer have been prevented and the young man stopped without the shootout going as far as it did. Due to the suddenness of this crime with the young man Michael planning to shoot at the first officer he saw there was no approach to resolving this crime before it happened mostly because the intent of this crime was to start a shootout with law enforcement...
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...Policing Paper Keith Tunstall AJS/502 12-23-2013 Mr.Hazen Policing Paper The policing paper will be based on the past, present , and the future of all of the operational and administrative and the paper will be based on the problem-solving relations and policing of the proper function of criminal investigations, major and crucial responses to drastic incident dispatches and of the future problem-solving trend. Policing Paper Proper policing and its structure of the policing structure has always been under scrutiny from the past, present and the future. Most professionals in the criminal justice system search for that one specific strategy that will dramatically instill a positive structure for policing. According to (Walker, S., & amp ; Katz, 2011) “ Herman Goldstein’s approach to policing represents a proactive to policing, rather than a reactive approach to policing. Policing is more than just a response to 911 calls policing involves problem solving to identify recurring problems and developing strategies to reduce and eliminate recurring problems.” Structure or Problem- Solving Policing From 1980 Herman Goldstein upstarted a new structure of policing by solving problems and preventing specific...
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... INTRODUCTION ¡ ¡ DECISION MAKING "Decision making is the process of identifying and selecting a course of action to solve a specific problem." CONSUMER DECISION MAKING ¡ ¡ Specific situations that trigger consumer to make a decision in between two or more alternatives question ¡ ¡ ¡ Define extensive problem solving, limited problem and rou6nized response behavior. What type of decision process would you expect most consumers to follow in their first purchase of new product or brand in each of the following areas: Ø chewing gum Ø Sugar Ø Men’s aBer shave lo6on Ø Carpe6ng Ø Paper towel Ø Cellular phone and luxury car What are the differences among the three decision-‐making approaches? levels OF CONSUMER DECISION MAKING ¡ There are three levels of consumer decision making ¡ They are : Ø Extensive problem solving Ø Limited problem solving Ø Rou6nized response behaviour Extensive problem solving ¡ ¡ ¡ The process of a customer trying to get all the informa6on they need in...
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...Scientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper Monique Reed BSHS/435 February 22, 2015 Dora Baker Scientific Method and Steps in Scientific Inquiry Paper In this paper in will provide details on how scientific methods can be used in the Human services. Explaining the steps of scientific methods, and how it serves as an important key to Human services professionals. Each steps will be included on how they are define and what purpose it serves will scientific methods are applied. Human services professionals use the scientific methods to gain information on the client as well as how to approach the clients issues. Also researching other resources to meet the needs of the client to ensure the client is receiving accurate help. Scientific Method Scientific method is a method that used to research and study that involves investigation and evaluation of present or future problems. Scientific method helps with produce the right answers to questions that cannot be answered with common sense alone. Researchers can use scientific methods to exploit all the facts, evidence, opinions, and records to find the right plan. As a Human service professional using scientific method can help with identifying the solution of the client’s problem and finding a resolution to ensure it will help to rebuild the client’s life. No matter field an individual is in when it concerns Human services, research will always be needed to ensure self-thoughts, bias, and ones on solution is not...
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...Gifted Education International 1993 Vol. 9, pp. 68-77 © 1993 A B Academic Publishers C. June Maker, The University of Arizona, USA creativity, intelligence, and problem solving: a defmition and design for cross-cultural research and measurement related to giftedness Abstract A new definition of giftedness is proposed based on a review of the constructs of intelligence, creativity, and problem solving. A research design employed in a series of studi~s of giftedness in children and adults is presented, along w1th a summary of important results. Finally, implications of the design for both research and practice are outlined. Intelligence A central concept in many theories and definitions of intelligence is solving problems or adaptation to one's environment. Although the phrase "problem solving" is not always found, the concept of "adaptation" or "ability to adapt", a central concept in many definitions (Binet & Simon, 1909 (cited in Terman, 1916); Boynton, 1933; Colvin, 1921; French, 1962; Piaget, 1981; Pintner, 1921; Stern, 1914; Wechsler, 1941 ), implies that individuals encounter situations (problems) to which they must devise ways of reacting. Thus, they are solving problems. Later theorists and researchers revised these general concepts of "adaptation" by adding the idea of adapting to the cultural as well as the biological environment (Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 1982_; Goodnow, 1976; Charlesworth, 1976; Olson, 1976; Ne1sser...
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...A. Knoblock School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 cak@cs.cmu.edu This paper describes an automated approach to generating abstractions for the Tower of Hanoi and analyzes the use of these abstractions for problem solving. The analysis shows that the learned abstractions produce an exponential reduction in the size of the search space. Since few problem solvers actually explore the entire search space, the paper also presents an empirical analysis of the speedup provided by abstraction when a heuristic search is employed. The empirical analysis shows that the bene t of abstraction is largely determined by the portion of the base-level search space explored. Thus, using breadth- rst search, which searches the entire space, abstraction provides an exponential reduction in search. However, using a depth- rst search, the search reduction is smaller and depends on the amount of backtracking required to solve the problem. Abstract 1 Introduction The Tower of Hanoi puzzle has be studied extensively in the problem-solving literature Ernst, 1969, Eavarone, 1969, Korf, 1980, Ernst and Goldstein, 1982, Knoblock, 1990b, Benjamin et al., 1990, Christensen, 1990]. Previous work has primarily focused on various approaches for generating abstractions, but has largely ignored the issues in using the abstractions for problem solving. This papers reviews an approach that generates abstractions for the Tower of Hanoi, shows that the abstractions provide...
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...Certificate of Education (A-level) June 2011 ICT (Specification 2520) INFO1 Unit 1: Practical Problem Solving in the Digital World Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all examiners participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from: aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2011 AQA and its...
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...Reflective paper of Math 213 and Math 214 Patsy Castanon Math 214 April 27 Dwight Filley Reflective paper of Math 213 and Math 214 In an elementary level, a positive learning atmosphere in a school for young children is a composite of many things. It is an attitude that respects children. It is a place where children receive guidance and encouragement from the responsible adults around them. It is an environment where children can experiment and try out new ideas without fear or failure. It is an atmosphere that builds children’s self-confidence so they dare to take risks. It is an environment that nurtures a love of learning. In order to be a successful teacher, you need to understand that each child has different ways in which they learn better. I feel a teacher should have a variety of teaching techniques and mix all the different ways of teaching in their lesson plans to help fill the needs of each individual student. As a teacher, Math can be and is a very tough subject to learn. Teaching Math and making it fun to learn. Teaching children that mathematics is a language that we use every day to identify, investigate and describe every day challenges. We can describe different situations and events that we have to prepare for or events that have already occurred. Understanding the world we live in is best because mathematics is all around us. Mathematics consists of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, measurement, statistics, and probability. We have numbers, quantities...
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...Decision Making and Problem Solving: Benefits and Techniques Defining Problem Solving and Decision Making Definition of a Problem: A problem exists when there is a gap between what you expect to happen and what actually happens. Definition of Decision Making: Decision making is selecting a course of action from among available alternatives. The Difference between Decision Making and Problem Solving While both processes are systematic, problem solving involves defining a problem and creating solutions for it. Decision making is selecting a course of action from among available alternatives. Problem solving always involves decision making. However, not all decision making involves solving a problem. For example, a supervisor may have to make decisions about employees, resources, workload, etc. without having a problem to solve. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Process Problem solving is a process in which we perceive and resolve a gap between a present situation and a desired goal, with the path to the goal blocked by known or unknown obstacles. In general, the situation is one not previously encountered, or where at least a specific solution from past experiences is not known. In contrast, decision making is a selection process where one of two or more possible solutions is chosen to reach a desired goal. The steps in both problem solving and decision making are quite similar. In fact, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Steps in Decision Making...
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...Five steps to problem solving Elena Martinez HUM/115 August 24, 2015 Five steps to problem solving There are five steps to problem solving. The first step in problem solving is to identify the problem. With this step, you must first figure out what the problem actually is so that you can begin to start the process of solving it. The second step to problem solving is discovering the causes as to why you have this problem. Figuring out what is causing the problem will help you figure out where to go from that point. Step three is options. Figure out some options that you can take to solve the problem that you are facing. There are so many options you may have to solving the problem; you would want to narrow it down to the best option. That brings us to number four on the problem-solving list. Evaluating the best option to solve the problem. The very last step you will want to take to solve the problem is to act. Now you have defined what the problem is, figured out what is actually causing the problem, suggested some options and chose the best solution for it, so now all you need to do is apply the option that you chose. In my life my biggest challenge today is finding the time to work out. For the past two years I have steadily worked out at the gym every day. So I know what the problem is, and now I need to figure out what is causing this roadblock in my life. Since moving to a new state, I cannot seem to get focused back to where I once was. The...
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...Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches | |to problems. (kinicki & Fugate, p. 7) | |Problem-solving: Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions. | |(Kinicki & Fugate, p. 7) | |Judgement and Decision Making: Considering the relative cost and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate ones. | |(Kinicki & Fugate, p. 7) | |Active Listening: Giving full attention to what other people are saying; taking the time to understand the points made; asking questions as| |appropriate and not interrupting. (Kinicki & Fugate, p. 7) | In the text, Understanding, and Managing Organizational Behavior, George and Jones define organization as a group of people that “work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a variety of goals” (kinicki & Fugate, p. 5) This paper will focus on explaining the main components of organizational behavior, while providing examples of how these elements relate...
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