...Throughout the period of the audit assignation PCAOB describes professional skepticism as a general duty of care that need to be applied by the examiner. Professional Skepticism is when someone has a questioning mind, that involves a critical assessment and analyze of audit evidence. It is primordial for an auditor to exercise professional skepticism when conducting the audit of financial statements. In order word, an auditor must refer to quality and credible reference. The auditor needs to question everything (words or data presented) that managers are feeding them in order to achieve reasonable assurance about the conclusiveness of evidence. In the end, this kind of attitude helps detecting fraud prior to the issuance of a company’s financial...
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...Auditor’s Professional Skepticism Independent auditors function as a “public watchdog” ensuring that the information available to investors and creditors is truthful and reliable. It is critically important that independent auditors exercise professional skepticism in the performance of audits. The auditor’s role is to offer an opinion on whether an entity’s financial statements are materially free from misstatements. However, the auditor’s role in business and society is greater due to the meaning their opinion imparts. The opinion of the auditor is what indicates to investors and creditors that the information contained within is free from material misstatement. The reason that responsibility has been placed with the external auditor is the public and business community’s skepticism of the management of companies. If that skepticism isn’t demonstrated and embodied by the external auditor, they have not fulfilled their most basic purpose. Additionally, failures to employ professional skepticism could result in management misleading the users of financial statements, even when an unqualified opinion is given. When this comes to light, it could erode the trust in an accountant or firm and threaten their ability to earn in the future. In addition to the fundamental demonstration of the public’s skepticism, a failure in professional skepticism may cause the auditor to err in their judgment or in their methods. An auditor may not obtain sufficient appropriate evidence to support...
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...There are two major schools of skepticism called as Academic and The Pyrrhonian . They are originated in ancient Greek philosophy. Academic skepticism derives its name from the Plato’s Academy which was highly inspired by the remark attributed to Socrates,” All I know that I know nothing” . As said by Arcesilas (c.315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c.213-129 B.C.) , This skepticism maintains that nothing can be known for certain. The standard greek perception between knowledge which means episteme and opinion which means doxa. If a proposition cannot be shown with the complete certainty which can also mean it might be false and it does not qualify as a true knowledge which is consign to the status of opinion. As per the academic skepticism both our senses and our reasons which are unreliable to some extinct so that we can never claim ti know the absolute truth or any real knowledge. The pyrrhonian skepticism is named after Pyrrho of Elis (c.360 -275 B.C) which is a figure who is portrayed in secondary accounts as a complete skeptic eminently in the ethical manners. The mental misery and misfortune comes from seeking knowledge in the field of values therefore Pyrrho is said to have suspended judgement, thereby attaining the state of mind known to Greek Philosophers as “ATARAXIA”. Pyrrohonian skepticism which was known as distinct theory by Aenesidemus (c.100-40 B.C.). It was Aenesidemus who “assumed” and “doubters”. The two major school academic and pyrrhonian skeptics besieged...
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...sometimes you just gotta let your hair down you can't judge a book by its cover spare the rod, spoil the child you're driving me insane like a fish out of water if it ain't broke, don't fix it resting on one's laurels she's got eye's in the back of her head butterflies in his stomach a taste of his own medicine cry me a river love is blind there's something fishy about that time stands still thank God it's friday A Blessing In Disguise: Something good that isn't recognized at first. A Chip On Your Shoulder: Being upset for something that happened in the past. A Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned: By not spending money, you are saving money (little by little). A Picture Paints a Thousand Words: A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words. An Arm And A Leg: Very expensive. A large amount of money. An Axe To Grind: To have a dispute with someone. Beat A Dead Horse: To force an issue that has already ended. Beating Around The Bush: Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue. Charley Horse: Stiffness in the leg / A leg cramp. Chew someone out: Verbally scold someone. Don't Look A Gift Horse In The Mouth: When someone gives you a gift, don't be ungrateful. Down To The Wire: Something that ends at the last minute or last few seconds. Ethnic Cleansing: Killing of a certain ethnic or religious group on a massive scale. Finger lickin' good: A very tasty food or meal. Green Room: ...
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...Abstract People wonder how they, and others, know what they know. There is a skepticism about accepting that there are inherent pieces of knowledge that people simply possess, that there is no such thing as true knowledge because it is so personal, that there is no way to prove what is truly right or wrong. This paper considers the views of Chuang Tzu and Roderick Chisholm, how their ideas should be researched further in order for leaders to address sharing knowledge with their followers. Scholars, researchers, mangers, and leaders can benefit in many ways by further researching the philosophies and how these ideas apply to one’s attempts to share knowledge. Philosophers and Epistemological Skepticism All arguments about knowledge involve skepticism in its genuine form, a doubt or disbelief. This suspicion is present in many workplaces as decisions made by leaders often result in having followers who do not understand how the choices have been made and how they will benefit employees. By exploring the philosophies on epistemological skepticism, perhaps leaders can appreciate the foundation of uncertainty and better address concerns moving forward. Chuang Tzu Chuang Tzu was one of the earliest skeptics. He suggests that our knowledge is nothing more than that, our knowledge, and the judgments we make have no real basis in reality (Cooper, 1999). After all, who can define what is real when it all boils down to our personal judgments? The following...
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...Reflections Introduction: In this paper I will discuss the ministry calling and doubt, more specifically self-doubt. These topics although they are common to those called to ministry are actually very conflicting. While the call to ministry is given by our Lord, doubt is given by our adversary. All Christians are called to ministry and we all at some point doubt our abilities. This will be discussed in more detail below. The great news is God is our provider and our ability is his ability. When we doubt our spiritual ability we doubt God’s ability. Part One – Ministry Calling: Definition: If we are all called to ministry then it is important for us to understand what a call to ministry means. It can often be difficult to define a call to ministry especially since there are so many different aspects of ministry. Thus, for the purpose of this paper I will define a call to ministry as a manifestation of the divine will that a one should preach the gospel. Biblical Foundation: First, I want to clarify what I meant in the introduction when I said all Christians are called to ministry. The Bible tells us we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do (Ephesians 2:10 NIV). We are told to go into all the Earth and create disciples (Matthew 28:19-20), and to be great in the kingdom of God, we must serve all (Mark 9:35). However, not all Christians are called to be in a full time ministry, but we all should...
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...Augustine and Skepticism Tina Cribb 6/17/15 Professor Solomon PHI/105 Augustine and Skepticism Skepticism is something that is part of every individual to some extent. Everyone has reasons to be skeptical but there are really only two types of skeptics. The first type are total skeptics, they believe “nothing can be known.” The second type are considered modified skeptics and it is their belief “that at least some things are known.” St. Augustine fell into the second type and developed three refutations to total skepticism. The first of these refutations is what is called the principle of non-contradiction which basically means that two different statements. While this is a strong argument one has to ask the question can anything be proven to be absolute truth. Some things can be proven with science but as science continues to advance some of those proofs are actually disproved. The next refutation is that by being skeptical proves at least one instance that a person cannot be skeptical about. That is the facts that “they are” or else they would not be able to be skeptical. This theory relies heavily on the previous theory because a person cannot be skeptical about who they are if they accept the fact that they are able to be skeptical. So they have to acknowledge at least one proof. The final refutation is that of “sense perception ant that it itself lends to a basic kind of knowledge...
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...Augustine and Skepticism St. Augustine lived a lifestyle as a young man philandering with many different women and bore a son. Although he did not live a mischievous lifestyle, he enjoyed observing those who did. St. Augustine questioned and doubted his way of life allowing his thoughts to ultimately control him. Even thought he was engaged and was to settle down out of respect for his family, he still chose to yet again take on a new lover. He went on to eventually become a professor in the field of teaching rhetoric. His mother a Christian woman had encouraged her son to become baptized which led to Augustine’s service as a Bishop in Northern Africa. Augustine’s beliefs on Total Skepticism is refuted in three different ways and should be considered when analyzing his theories. The first refutation that Augustine refuted was the principle of noncontradiction. This principle basically stated that a both a contradiction as well as a proposition cannot be true; it must be only one or the other. I believe that the contradiction of the stick being straight and not straight shows how a direct contradiction can easily take place. Example, a person says “I’m on a strict diet of not eating meat”, yet the person stating this claim while inside of a steak house eating a steak. The second refutation is Augustine’s holding the act of doubting. The act of doubting shows a person’s existence as something which is very certain: “from the fact I am doubting, it follows automatically...
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...Critical Thinking Kelly Ratisher Springfield College, School of Professional and Continuing Studies HUSB 138 Critical Thinking Through Literature Dr. Tanya Sessoms January 23, 2016 I have heard people mention critical thinking over the years, but never knew the meaning. After reviewing the questions for this assignment, I obviously had to do a little research. I guess you could say I have always been a non-critical thinker. I had a difficult childhood with no structure and little education. My only role models were my dysfunctional parents. I thought that everything I heard and witnessed was right and factual. It was all I knew. I was very set in my ways, and always had to be right. Everything was black and white, either or. Those thinking patterns began to change when I decided to change about five years ago. I am more open minded, active, and skeptical. Before this assignment, I did not realize the extent of how much my thinking has changed. However, I know there is more to learn for me to be a critical thinker. I would like to say to say I read tons of books, and I prefer reading to anything else. Unfortunately, that is not the truth. Maybe that is because I had never been told to read outside of school, so it never became a routine. The majority of the books I have read are fictional thrillers, which I did enjoy. When I did have to read as a kid, I read all of the Goosebumps books by R.L. Stine. When the Twilight series came out, I am embarrassed to say...
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...Philosophy essay #3: Descartes’ Meditations 996922415 The debate as to whether or not God exists is a crucial question in philosophy. René Descartes formulates the idea of the all good being, God, in Meditation Three of his essay entitled, Meditations on First Philosophy. The philosopher begins his essay doubting everything that is around him, his senses, his thoughts, and even basic arithmetic. The reason he wrote the essay was to find truth to his existence. It seems logical that Descartes introduced the evil demon, one that tries to instill doubt into the simplest of things, but the introduction of God being an all perfect being that does not let him be deceived, is not logically adequate. Descartes begins criticizing everything around him, essentially being a skeptic, but he ends up introducing an explanation, God, in order to answer the questions of doubt. I strongly disagree with Descartes’ introduction of God in Meditation Three because he is not being consistent with the methods of the first two meditations therefore not achieving his goal of solving questions of doubt. In Meditation One, Descartes begins to doubt everything he has experienced to date. He asks himself whether he exists, whether has past experiences actually happened and whether his senses are true to him. He finds senses to be deceptive sometimes and therefore believes that he cannot completely trust them. He even states the most obvious truths, such as arithmetic and geometry, could be false. Descartes...
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...René Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was arguably known as the "Father of Modern Philosophy." Descartes published many works of mathematics and philosophy throughout his life. In one of his most important works, Meditations on First Philosophy, he added a number of arguments for and against skepticism. Skepticism is the doubt about the truth of something and that absolute knowledge is not possible. Like past famous philosophers before him, Plato and Parmenides, Descartes believed that "evidence from the senses was inadequate to prove the kind of justification required for a claim of knowledge." In the first of Rene Descartes Meditations, he provided arguments for the skeptical position. He realized that, based off his senses, he had accepted many false opinions as true and that everything he afterwards built upon his opinions could only be doubtful and uncertain. In his project, a quest for knowledge, he decided to disregard and discard all beliefs that were based on any evidence which could be doubted and proven as less than certain. He wanted to create a new, firm foundation. He decided to go about this project because he, like other famous philosophers, believed that much of what is believed is based on ones senses. Descartes noticed that his senses had often deceived him and it was prudent to trust completely in what has deceived a person even once. Aside from deceiving senses, Descartes was also reminded that everyone has dreamed...
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...general a form as possible, principles of association will apply alone or in some combination in all cases. For our purposes, cause and effect is the most relevant principle which may cast light on Hume’s statement that “Custom, then, is the great guide of human life. It is that principle alone, which renders our experience useful to us,” (p.29). Before entertaining the suggestion that customs are in fact an important guide to human life, it is important to explore the line of reasoning which Hume follows in order to reach this conclusion. Hume, before continuing, looks to consider some skeptical doubts which may bring into question some of the ways by which we believe to have an understanding of ideas. He argues for the usefulness of skepticism, which can excite curiosity though it destroys implicit faith...
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...Instructions: In each of the following rows of four words, please mark an “X” in front of the one word that most often applies to you. Continue through all forty lines, choosing one of four choices across by each number. STRENGTHS 1. ___ Animated ___ Adventurous ___ Analytical ___ Adaptable 2. ___ Persistent ___ Playful ___ Persuasive ___ Peaceful 3. ___ Submissive ___ Self-sacrificing ___ Sociable ___ Strong-willed 4. ___ Considerate ___ Controlled ___ Competitive ___ Convincing 5. ___ Refreshing ___ Respectful ___ Reserved ___ Resourceful 6. ___ Satisfied ___ Sensitive ___ Self-reliant ___ Spirited 7. ___ Planner ___ Patient ___ Positive ___ Promoter 8. ___ Sure ___ Spontaneous ___ Scheduled ___ Shy 9. ___ Orderly ___ Obliging ___ Outspoken ___ Optimistic 10. ___ Friendly ___ Faithful ___ Funny ___ Forceful 11. ___ Daring ___ Delightful ___ Diplomatic ___ Detailed 12. ___ Cheerful ___ Consistent ___ Cultured ___ Confident 13. ___ Idealistic ___ Independent ___ Inoffensive ___ Inspiring 14. ___ Demonstrative ___ Decisive ___ Dry Humor ___ Deep 15. ___ Mediator ___ Musical ___ Mover ___ Mixes easily 16. ___ Thoughtful ___ Tenacious ___ Talker ___ Tolerant 17. ___ Listener ___ Loyal ___ Leader ___ Lively 18. ___ Contented ___ Chief ___ Chart maker ___ Cute 19. ___ Perfectionist ___ Permissive ___ Productive ___ Popular 20. ___ Bouncy ___ Bold ___ Behaved ___ Balanced WEAKNESSES 21. ___ Brassy ___...
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...that avoids extremes of pleasure and pain, and they used philosophy to undermine sources of anxiety and motivation for seeking extremes--e.g., the fear of death and the desire to please the gods. Philosophical ‘Rationalizations’ Hume observes that most philosophy (and religion) are subject to a certain ‘inconvenience.’ This inconvenience is that while they promote the perfection of our manners and the cultivation of wisdom they really serve to foster certain ‘predominant inclinations.’ I think this is essentially making the point that philosophies are frequently used to ‘rationalize’ our preconceptions, biases, prejudices, etc. Academic Philosophy The one philosophy that is not subject to this inconvenience is that of academic skepticism, since it is explicitly opposed to the “supine indolence of the mind, its rash arrogance, its lofty pretensions, and its superstitious credulity.” This school also offers a kind of therapy that seeks to remove a source of intellectual anxiety (philosophical puzzlement) by showing the limits of human reason and recommending a suspension of judgment on speculative matters. Still this moderate...
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...ESSAY The course ‘Person in context of changes’ positively affected my outlook on the world. I did not use to ask myself philosophical questions because I am not much of a thinker. But I found that it is quite interesting and absorbing to rack my brain over freedom, trying to figure out whether it has positive or negative meaning. The most interesting thoughts were actually delivered by Jared Diamond, who is a modern scientist and who is looking solutions to eternal problems like collapses of civilizations from the angle of history and science. I became acquainted with his findings after reading about agricultural revolution. The humanity always tries to find these milestones in its history when it has chosen a certain direction. It I like a crossroads. Such a milestone is believed to be the year 1917 for Russia, when it has chosen the Communist path. In Diamond’s book I learnt about another milestone in the history of the whole planet. He actually doubted the widely accepted idea that life of humans improved greatly after it started developing agriculture. We were taught that after people started to crop plants they got more time for arts because there was now more time left to devote to hobbies. Diamond made counterarguments to these statements which amazed me. I found that my understanding of the world and history is very doubtful. Moreover, Diamond poses that people with its developed agriculture are more dependent on food than those who collected plants...
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